包气带反硝化强度空间分布规律的整合分析

依据1970~2017年间发表的3955篇包气带反硝化强度相关论文,筛选出197组反硝化强度数据,利用整合分析,重点研究了包气带反硝化强度在典型生态类型（水平）和不同采样深度（垂向）的空间分布规律,识别了包气带反硝化强度的主控因素并研究其函数关系。结果表明:水平空间上,包气带表层0~0.5 m反硝化强度的分布特征显著,由大到小排序为:森林（8.03±0.21 mg/（kg·d））、农田（3.54±0.08 mg/（kg·d））、草地（3.38±0.12 mg/（kg·d））、湿地（2.32±0.23 mg/（kg·d））、沙漠（2.15±0.56 mg/（kg·d））。垂向空间上（6 m内）,各生态类型反硝化强度随深度的增加均呈“S”型变化规律。不同生态类型和不同采样深度下包气带反硝化强度的主控因素存在一定差异,主要为黏粒、有机质、全氮、硝态氮、有效磷,并给出了包气带反硝化强度与主控因素的回归方程。     

氮、氧同位素在地下水硝酸盐污染研究中的应用

硝酸盐是地下水中难以去除的稳定污染物之一,是地下水氮(N)污染的主要形式.不同氮来源的硝酸盐氮、氧(O)同位素组成不同,可利用N、O同位素并结合其他同位素技术示踪硝酸盐污染源,识别反硝化过程,对于有效控制污染源和评估地下水对硝酸盐污染的恢复自净能力有重要意义.本文介绍了N、O同位素技术在地下水硝酸盐污染源追踪和反硝化过程的识别方面的原理和应用以及目前发展状况.     

包气带土层防护地下水污染的反硝化测定影响综述

施加氮肥是农业增产的有效途径,土壤反硝化作用可使其中的剩余、淋洗氮素得到消散和净化,使地下水免受污染。但影响包气带土层中反硝化测定的因素较复杂,目前还没有较完善的测定方法。文章在论述包气带土层反硝化作用的实质与影响因素基础上,总结了现行反硝化测定方法的影响与不足。结合现有监测技术的发展及对包气带土层中物质、能量的转化和分布认识,探讨分析了适宜于研究包气带土层防护地下水污染的反硝化测定方法,为相关学科研究提供借鉴。     

利用~(15)N和~(18)O识别地下水硝酸盐污染源——以博茨瓦纳东南部拉莫茨瓦为例

硝酸盐污染是博茨瓦纳地下水最严重的问题之一,严重影响了饮水安全。以博茨瓦纳东南部的拉莫茨瓦地区为例,采用水化学和同位素技术,对拉莫茨瓦地区12个地下水样品和2个地表水样品中的氨氮、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的含量和分布特征以及~(15)N和~(18)O同位素进行了分析,研究拉莫茨瓦地下水中的硝酸盐的来源和形成机理。结果表明拉莫茨瓦地下水以HCO_3-Mg型为主,硝酸盐含量较高的地下水主要来自于拉莫茨瓦白云岩含水层内,南部地下水中NO_3~-浓度小于北部地区。研究区的地下水主要来源与大气降水,北部地区蒸发作用较强。拉莫茨瓦村子地下水中的硝酸盐主要来源于粪便污染,受硝化与反硝化作用和蒸发作用的影响,墓地也对地下水中硝酸盐也存在一定影响。     

硝酸盐氮氧同位素反硝化细菌法测试研究

进入21世纪,硝酸盐氮氧同位素测试技术的显著进展是反硝化细菌法测试技术的建立。反硝化细菌法具有可同时分析浓度低至μg/L的硝酸盐氮氧同位素组成、免去复杂的样品预处理、分析时间大大缩短以及从复杂溶液中只转化NO3-为N2O等优点。实验过程由细菌挑选和培养、样品NO3-转化为N2O、N2O提取纯化、同位素测试以及同位素测试结果校正等几个关键步骤组成。国外研究结果显示该技术不仅可用于海水和淡水中硝酸盐同位素测试,而且还可用于土壤样品,并得到不断的完善和应用;国内建立了这一技术,在包气带和地下水硝酸盐污染研究中取得重要进展。由于该技术诸多优点,建议大力促进这一技术在我国的研究和应用,希望有关部门加大支持力度,进一步完善该技术并推广应用。     

土壤包气带强化反应层脱氮的控制因素与性能研究

包气带作为防止地下水硝酸盐污染的天然屏障,其反硝化效果通常受到碳源的限制。针对地下水硝酸盐污染防治技术现状,本文采用Ca(OH)₂处理的玉米芯作为反硝化的碳源材料,构建包气带强化反应层,用响应曲面法研究硝酸盐浓度、含水量和温度的交互作用对脱氮性能影响,并用硝态氮去除率、亚硝态氮累积、pH值变化以及溶解性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon, DOC)淋失通量综合评价脱氮性能,最后采用高通量测序揭示脱氮层中微生物变化。研究结果表明:温度、含水量以及温度和含水量交互作用对硝态氮去除率影响显著,其中温度是反硝化过程中最关键的因素;系统运行74天后,硝态氮去除率达到50%,亚硝态氮累积量(以N计)大多低于3 mg/L,pH值维持在7.0左右,DOC淋失通量(以C计)介于0.10.2 mg/(cm²·d);高通量测序发现,脱氮层中微生物的丰富度降低,而与反硝化和碳分解有关的微生物相对丰度提高,在碳源的刺激下微生物向有利于脱氮的方向演变。     

地下水硝酸盐氮同位素分析最新方法——细菌反硝化法

细菌反硝化法是目前地下水中硝酸盐氮同位素分析的最新方法，包括反硝化菌的选取与培养、反硝化菌将硝酸盐完全转化成N2O气体、N2O气体的提取与纯化、N2O气体氮同位素测定。与传统方法相比，细菌反硝化法可分析低浓度微量水中硝酸盐氮同位素，且更为快捷可靠。     

氮氧同位素在河流硝酸盐研究中的应用

多年来，世界各地河流普遍存在硝酸盐污染问题。为控制河流的硝酸盐污染，确定河水中硝酸盐的来源以及研究氮的循环过程就显得尤为重要。由于在不同成因下，硝酸盐的δ¹⁵N和δ¹⁸O存在着较大差异，因此利用氮、氧同位素方法研究河流硝酸盐问题正日益受到国内外研究人员的重视。综述了用硝酸盐中氮、氧同位素来研究河流硝酸盐的不同来源(大气沉降、化肥、牲畜粪、土壤硝酸盐等)和示踪其地球化学循环过程，特别是反硝化过程，这两方面的研究进展，并对我国河流硝酸盐研究现状进行了讨论及提出今后的研究方向。      

细菌反硝化法同时分析天然水中硝酸盐氮、氧同位素组成研究

细菌反硝化法是目前同时分析天然水中硝酸盐氮、氧同位素组成的最新方法。该方法包括反硝化菌的选取与培养,利用反硝化菌将硝酸根完全转化成N2O气体以及N2O气体的提取、纯化和同位素测定。该方法采用硝酸盐标准,对测试结果需进行试剂本底、同位素分馏、同位素交换校正。与传统方法相比,细菌反硝化法可同时分析低浓度微量水中硝酸盐的氮、氧同位素组成,且速度更快捷,结果更可靠。     

氮同位素技术的应用:土壤有机氮作为地下水硝酸盐污染源的条件分析

在土壤排水良好、氧化的地下水环境中,地下水的氮同位素组成反映了源的特征。当地下水硝酸盐的δ15N值在+4‰～+9‰范围内时,这个值域指示地下水硝酸盐污染源是土壤有机氮或化肥与粪便的混合。通过分析对比前人研究资料,地下水中硝酸盐是否来自土壤有机氮的转化,其前提条件是研究区土壤有机氮是否丰富,特别是包气带中是否积累了大量有机氮转化的NO3-,并以石家庄市地下水硝酸盐污染为例,说明了这种条件分析在氮同位素技术应用时的重要性。通过包气带岩性、有机质和NO3-含量分析、施肥区与未施肥区灌水试验对比,土壤有机氮不是石家庄市地下水NO3-的一个主要污染源。当地下水硝酸盐低浓度时(1991),85.7%的样品NO3-的δ15N值在+6.1‰～+8.4‰范围内,指示污染源主要为化肥与粪便的混合,而当现今的高浓度时,样品硝酸盐的δ15N均值(+9.9‰±4.4‰)大于+8‰和超过半数(65%)样品的δ15N值大于+8‰,指示污染源主要是粪便或含粪便的污水。     

Nitrate in groundwater and surface water related to land use in the Karup Basin,Denmark

The content and distribution of nitrate in groundwater and surface water in the Karup Basin area have been investigated and analyzed. In addition to existing analyses, chemical profiles of the groundwater of the upper part of the water table sand aquifer were measured at a number of sites. The profiles indicate, in general, an upper oxidation zone with nitrate and a lower reduction zone free of nitrate. However, below plantation areas, the nitrate content in the oxidation zone is significantly low as well. The eight profiles are graphed separately, and all results are finally plotted on a single map by a graphic method that takes into consideration both the concentration and the level of the sampled water. The great variation in the nitrate content of the water from one water-supply well to another can easily be explained by plotting the values on maps using this graphing procedure, in conjunction with an examination of the nitrate zonation found in the profiles. The influence of agricultural activities is significantly related to the concentration of nitrate in surface water and groundwater under such water table conditions and circumstances as are found in the Karup Basin.     

The distribution of agricultural soil leachates in the unsaturated zone of the British chalk

In Europe the Chalk constitutes a major source of potable water supply. Its outcrop forms extensive tracts of agricultural land, where the groundwater resources largely originate as infiltrating excess rainfall. Research on the unsaturated zone of the aquifer beneath such cultivated land should allow an assessment of nutrient leaching losses from the associated highly permeable soils and the prediction of future groundwater quality trends. Pore-water profiles for nitrate and numerous other constituents from a site of exceptionally detailed study are presented and compared to results from sites elsewhere in eastern England to demonstrate the impact of modern arable agriculture. Environmental isotopes have also been investigated in depth to aid the study. The problems in evaluating the evolution of the unsaturated zone profiles are discussed. Presented at the International Symposium, International Association of Hydrogeologists, “Impact of Agricultural Activities on Ground Water Quality and Quantity,” Prague, Czechoslovakia, September, 1982.     

美国Sand Hills地区地下水数值模拟及水量平衡分析

利用地下水数值模型MODFLOW和非饱和带水平衡模型对处于半干旱半湿润沙丘地区(Sand Hills)地下水位进行了模拟,并分析了含水层补排水量,河流与地下水补排关系,以及区域水平衡过程。揭示了独特沙丘地形和土壤特性对地下水补排量的影响。模拟结果表明,入渗率大、非饱和带厚的沙丘有利于降水入渗补给,减少了地下水蒸散发损失。加上下覆含水层具有良好的地下水储水空间,是该地区储存丰富的地下水量,以维持河流稳定流量,供给众多湖泊和湿地的原因。该研究对我国地下水资源评价和生态环境脆弱地区水资源保护具有指导意义。     

A numerical technique for simulation of the effect of soil nitrogen transport and transformations on groundwater contamination

Two numerical models, one for the vadose zone and the other for the aquifer system, are utilized to predict nitrate pollution potential in groundwater. Transport by dispersion and convection of mobile species of nitrogen, ammonium ion exchange, first order nitrogen transformations, and nitrogen plant uptake are included in the formulation for the vadose zone. Transport of nitrate in the aquifer is assumed to be affected only by dispersion-convection phenomena. Justifications for one-dimensional conceptualization of flow in the vadose zone and two-dimensional representation for the aquifer, under various field conditions, are presented. To illustrate the concept, a simple hypothetical problem is solved. The approach presented here provides an efficient means of long-term simulation of large-scale field problems.     

An assessment of the risk associated with urban development in the Thiaroye area (Senegal)

Water quality data from 56 wells, aquifer characteristics, soil types and land use in the city suburb of Dakar were compared to assess the effects of land use on the Thiaroye groundwater quality. The study area encompassed an unsewered densely populated zone, agricultural land, low density villages, and undeveloped land located in the sand dunes. A method similar to GIS technologies was applied to evaluate the degree of vulnerability of the different parts of the aquifer in relation to urban development, land use and aquifer characteristics. The aquifer parameters (hydraulic conductivity, groundwater level depth, recharge, soil type) were re-evaluated qualitatively into three class rankings (high, moderate and low), depending on the likelihood for contaminants reaching the water table, then combined using the two matrix Boolean logic based approaches to identify the nine classes of vulnerability assessed in the aquifer domain. An attempt was made to explain the distribution of nitrate concentration with the assessed vulnerability. In the area assessed, in the densely populated zone running from Pikine, to Thiaroye and Yeumbeul, very high nitrate concentrations correspond with the highest vulnerability index (H1). Nitrate contamination in this area is a consequence of point-source seepage from individual septic systems improperly built in this area. In the eastern part of the aquifer, high nitrate concentrations at Deni B. Ndao, Mbawane and Golam localities coincide with a moderate vulnerability assessment. The major source of nitrate in these areas is induced by agricultural activities.     

Non-point pollution of groundwater from agricultural activities in Mediterranean Spain: the Balearic Islands case study

Mediterranean Spain is a region with intensive agricultural production combined with an important seasonal water demand for water supply. High application rates of inorganic nitrogen fertiliser, input of plant protection products and intensive irrigation, sometimes with treated wastewater, is a common practice. As a result, most aquifers show nitrate contamination problems of agricultural origin. Data on pesticide residues is scarce, as systematic monitoring is not currently done. In Majorca Island, values up to 700 mg/l of nitrate in groundwater have been observed. To analyse the current situation derived from non-point pollution, several actions have been taken at different scales: declaration of a nitrate vulnerable zone, field experiments to evaluate nitrogen transport to the aquifer and the development of a GIS-simulation model to generate nitrate risk maps.     

Modeling coupled unsaturated and saturated nitrate distribution of the aquifer Westliches Leibnitzer Feld, Austria

The aquifer Westliches Leibnitzer Feld, Austria, is a significant resource for regional and supraregional drinking water supply for more than 100,000 inhabitants, but the region also provides excellent agricultural conditions. This dual use implicates conflicts (e.g., non-point source groundwater pollution by nitrogen leaching), which have to be harmonized for a sustainable coexistence. At the aquifer scale, numerical models are state-of-the-art tools to simulate the behavior of groundwater quantity and quality and serve as decision support system for implementing groundwater protecting measures. While fully and iteratively coupled simulation models consider feedback between the saturated and unsaturated zone, sandy soil conditions and groundwater depths beneath the root zone allow the use of a unidirectional sequential coupling of the unsaturated water flow and nitrate transport model SIMWASER/STOTRASIM with FEFLOW for the investigation area. Considering separated inputs of water and nitrogen into groundwater out of surface water bodies, agricultural, residential and forested areas, first simulation results match observed groundwater tables, but underestimate nitrate concentrations in general. Thus, multiple scenarios assuming higher nitrogen inputs at the surface are simulated to converge with measured nitrate concentrations. Preliminary results indicate that N-input into the groundwater is strongly dominated by contributions of agricultural land.     

Assessing the extent and sources of nitrate contamination in the aquifer system of southern Baldwin County,Alabama

A regional-scale groundwater study was conducted over a 2-year period to assess the extent of nitrate contamination and source identification for southern Baldwin County, AL. Groundwater wells were sampled and analyzed for nitrate and a host of other geochemical parameters which revealed that extensive areas within aquifer zone A2 exhibited nitrate concentrations exceeding regulatory limits. Spatial iso-concentration maps of nitrate were constructed using ArcGIS software to determine the extent and severity of contamination for the aquifers underlying southern Baldwin County with the primary interest focused on the heavily utilized aquifer zone A2. Nitrate levels in the central and northeastern portion of the study area were most extensive with maximum concentrations of 63 mg/L likely resulting from agricultural inputs. Several other small regions throughout the study area exhibited elevated levels of nitrate and chloride as high as 112 and 51.1 mg/L, respectively, and sources likely vary (i.e., residential septic systems, animal waste to agriculture). With the exception of a few groundwater samples, there was no obvious correlative relationship between chloride and nitrate concentration for data collected during the 2-year period. Collectively, a general inverse relationship between nitrate concentrations and well depth was observed for the aquifer system under investigation. The study provides an initial current data set of areas impacted or most vulnerable to nitrate contamination and initial assessment of likely sources of nitrate in the region.     

Nitrate source and fate at the catchment scale of the Vibrata River and aquifer (central Italy): an analysis by integrating component approaches and nitrogen isotopes

The aim of this study is to apply an integrated approach to determine nitrate sources and fate in the alluvial aquifer of the River Vibrata (Abruzzi, central Italy) by coupling the Isotope and the Component approaches. Collected data include concentration and nitrogen isotope composition of groundwater samples from the alluvial aquifer and nitrogen loads arising from agricultural and non-agricultural sources. The adopted methodology identified synthetic fertilizers as main sources of nitrate in the Vibrata alluvial aquifer. At the catchment scale, two different zones have been identified: the Upper Valley, where infiltration to groundwater is dominant and nitrogen easily migrates into the aquifer; in this area, nitrate content in groundwater is stable and normally higher than EU requirements. Moreover, streamwaters are fed by groundwater with a nitrate content likely lowered by denitrification processes occurring in the hyporheic zone. In the Lower Valley, runoff processes dominate and the nitrate content in surface waters is higher. Nevertheless, groundwater is locally affected by denitrification that breaks down the nitrate content, which often reaches values consistent with law limits.     

Nitrate in groundwater and the unsaturated zone in (semi)arid northern China: baseline and factors controlling its transport and fate

Knowledge of the baseline of groundwater nitrate is essential for water quality management. As large-scale anthropogenic activities, especially utilization of chemical fertilizers began from the 1950s in most countries, such as China, the baseline of groundwater nitrate can be determined from pre-modern water using tritium and statistical analysis. In the (semi)arid northern China, the median values of nitrate baseline for the three large regions (Tarim river basin, TRB; Loess Plateau of China, LPC; North China Plain, NCP) range from 2 to 9 mg/L (as NO₃). Several main factors control nitrate content in the unsaturated zone moisture and in groundwater, e.g., nitrate input, sediment moisture movement (direction and rate), and depth of water table at the macroscopic scale in (semi)arid areas, where nitrate loss by denitrification can be limited. Sixteen unsaturated zone profiles (638 sediment samples in total) with depths ranging from 5 to 18.25 m were sampled to demonstrate how those factors affect groundwater nitrate. As sediment moisture moves upward from the water table in the TRB case, a large inventory of nitrate in the unsaturated zone with evapo-transpired origin would never enter groundwater and groundwater nitrate contents remain at the baseline level. On the contrary, in the LPC and NCP, nitrate from fertilizers may pass through the unsaturated zone and eventually reach the water table to pollute groundwater. It is also noticed that there is a time lag between land-use change and groundwater quality response, due to the buffering capacity of the thick unsaturated zone, to which attention should be paid regarding water quality management.