Characterization of a Lacustrine Shale Reservoir and the Evolution of its Nanopores: A Case Study of the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao Basin,Northeastern China

The Songliao Basin is one of the most important petroliferous basins in northern China. With a recent gradual decline in conventional oil production in the basin, the exploration and development of unconventional resources are becoming increasingly urgent. The Qingshankou Formation consists of typical Upper Cretaceous continental strata, and represents a promising and practical replacement resource for shale oil in the Songliao Basin. Previous studies have shown that low-mature to mature Qingshankou shale mainly preserves type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ1 organic matter, with relatively high total organic carbon(TOC) content. It is estimated that there is a great potential to explore for shale oil resources in the Qingshankou Formation in this basin. However, not enough systematic research has been conducted on pore characteristics and their main controlling factors in this lacustrine shale reservoir. In this study, 19 Qingshankou shales from two wells drilled in the study area were tested and analyzed for mineral composition, pore distribution and feature evolution using Xray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), low-pressure nitrogen gas adsorption(N2-GA), and thermal simulation experiments. The XRD results show that clay, quartz, and feldspar are the dominant mineral constituents of Qingshankou shale. The clay minerals are mostly illite/smectite mixed layers with a mean content of 83.5%, followed by illite, chlorite, and kaolinite. There are abundant deposits of clay-rich shale in the Qingshankou Formation in the study area, within which many mineral and organic matter pores were observed using SEM. Mineral pores contribute the most to shale porosity;specifically, clay mineral pores and carbonate pores comprise most of the mineral pores in the shale. Among the three types of organic matter pores, type B is more dominant the other two. Pores with diameters greater than 10 nm supply the main pore volume;most are half-open slits and wedge-shaped pores. The total pore volume had no obvious linear relationship with TOC content, but had some degree of positive correlation with the content of quartz + feldspar and clay minerals respectively. However, it was negatively correlated with carbonate mineral content. The specific surface area of the pores is negatively related to TOC content, average pore diameter, and carbonate mineral content. Moreover, it had a somewhat positive correlation with clay mineral content and no clear linear relationship with the content of quartz + feldspar. With increases in maturity, there was also an increase in the number of carbonate mineral dissolution pores and organic matter pores, average pore diameter, and pore volume, whereas there was a decrease in specific surface area of the pores. Generally, the Qingshankou shale is at a low-mature to mature stage with a TOC content of more than 1.0%, and could be as thick as 250 m in the study area. Pores with diameters of more than 10 nm are well-developed in the shale. This research illustrates that there are favorable conditions for shale oil occurrence and enrichment in the Qingshankou shale in the study area.     

四川盆地上三叠统须五段页岩微观孔隙结构及其控制因素

为了深入研究四川盆地上三叠统须五段陆相页岩储层微观孔隙结构,运用氩离子抛光扫描电镜(SEM)、低温氮气吸脱附以及相关地球化学分析实验等技术对该地区页岩储层的微观孔隙结构进行了研究,并对控制其纳米孔隙发育的主要因素进行了探讨。结果表明：四川盆地须五段页岩微观孔隙可分为有机孔和无机孔(粒间孔、粒内孔、晶间孔、溶蚀孔),微裂缝可分为构造微裂缝、有机质生排烃缝和成岩收缩缝等;孔隙结构类型以两端连通的圆柱孔、平行平面间的缝状孔和呈锥形的管孔为主;微观孔隙孔径分布区间大(1~80 nm),峰值主要集中于2~8 nm之间;以中孔(2~50 nm)为主,所占比例为6021%(或以黏土矿物孔为主,所占比例为4462%);页岩的有机质丰度和黏土矿物含量是控制纳米孔隙发育的主要因素。     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长探区延长组页岩气储层孔隙结构特征

为了评价陆相页岩气储层的储集空间和储气能力,以鄂尔多斯盆地延长探区上三叠统延长组长7段、长9段页岩为研究对象,运用电子扫描显微镜、高压压汞、低温CO2和N2气体吸附等实验方法,对陆相页岩气储层孔隙类型特征、孔隙结构及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明：(1)延长探区上三叠统延长组陆相页岩发育多种类型微观孔隙,以粒间孔和粒内孔为主,少量晶间孔和溶蚀孔,有机质孔发育较少,为陆相页岩气赋存提供了储集空间;(2)延长组页岩中介孔(2～50 nm)贡献了其主要的孔容和比表面积,占总孔容的7437%,占总比表面积的6440%,且长9段页岩的总孔容和总比表面积均大于长7段页岩;(3)延长组页岩孔隙结构以狭缝型孔和板状孔为主,孔径主要分布在04～09 nm、3～25 nm和5～200 μm区间段内,延长组页岩平均孔径为853 nm,且长7段页岩平均孔径大于长9段页岩;(4)页岩有机碳含量、有机质成熟度及矿物成分含量共同影响着延长组页岩孔隙的发育,其中矿物成分含量是以介孔孔隙为主的延长组页岩孔隙发育的主控因素,有机碳含量及成熟度的增加主要对页岩中微孔孔隙的发育起到积极作用。     

煤系页岩气储层非均质性研究——以宁武盆地太原组和山西组为例

储层非均质性是影响煤系页岩气勘探开发的主要瓶颈之一。以宁武盆地太原组和山西组泥页岩为研究对象,通过钻孔资料、TOC、XRD、扫描电镜、压汞及低温液氮测试,划分泥页岩发育层段,分析煤系页岩TOC、矿物成分、孔隙度、孔容、比表面积参数宏观非均质性及孔隙结构非均质性,探讨宏观—微观非均质性影响因素。研究表明:太原组和山西组泥页岩平均厚度分别为32.77m和67.68m,可划分为5个层段和4种暗色泥页岩类型,黑色页岩具有TOC、孔隙度、水敏性中等,脆性高特点,是最利于开发的优质储层段;微孔主要受黏土矿物含量影响,呈现出正相关关系,在黏土矿物含量较低时,微孔与TOC呈现正相关;煤系泥页岩宏观非均质性主要受沉积和构造影响,微观非均质性受成岩演化影响。研究成果可为优选煤系页岩气优质储层段和压裂工艺提供可靠依据。     

Graptolite‐Derived Organic Matter and Pore Characteristics in the Wufeng‐Longmaxi Black Shale of the Sichuan Basin and its Periphery

A key target of shale gas exploration and production in China is the organic-rich black shale of the Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery. The set of black shale contains abundant graptolites, which are mainly preserved as flattened rhabdosomes with carbonized periderms, is an important organic component of the shale. However, few previous studies had focused on the organic matter (OM) which is derived from graptolite and its pore structure. In particular, the contributions of graptolites to gas generation, storage, and flow have not yet been examined. In this study, focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) was used to investigate the characteristics of the graptolite-derived OM and the micro-nanopores of graptolite periderms. The results suggested that the proportion of OM in the graptolite was between 19.7% and 30.2%, and between 8.9% and 14.4% in the surrounding rock. The total organic carbon (TOC) content of the graptolite was found to be higher than that of the surrounding rock, which indicated that the graptolite played a significant role in the dispersed organic matter. Four types of pores were developed in the graptolite periderm, including organic gas pores, pyrite moulage pores, authigenic quartz moldic pores, and micro-fractures. These well-developed micro-nano pores and fractures had formed an interconnected system within the graptolites which provided storage spaces for shale gas. The stacked layers and large accumulation of graptolites resulted in lamellation fractures openning easily, and provided effective pathways for the gas flow. A few nanoscale gas pores were observed in the graptolite-derived OM, with surface porosity lie in 1.5%–2.4%, and pore diameters of 5–20 nm. The sapropel detritus was determined to be rich in nanometer-sized pores with surface porosity of 3.1%–6.2%, and pore diameters of 20–80 nm. Due to the small amount of hydrocarbon generation of the graptolite, supporting the overlying pressure was difficult, which caused the pores to become compacted or collapsed.     

基于数字岩心技术的陆相页岩油微观结构特征及主控因素——以松辽盆地白垩系青山口组一段泥页岩为例

数字岩心技术为大庆齐家-古龙地区青山口组一段的页岩油评价提供了可靠的基础数据,助力了松辽陆相盆地页岩油的勘探突破.针对泥页岩储层超低孔、超低渗的物性特征,综合利用微纳米CT、MAPS和QEMSCAN等数字岩心配套实验,对泥页岩储层岩石学特征、岩相类型、孔隙结构等进行了研究.将青山口组一段划分为5种岩相类型,分别为低有机质纹层状黏土质灰岩相、低有机质纹层状长英质灰岩相、中有机质纹层状长英质页岩相、中有机质夹层粉砂岩相、高有机质纹层状硅质页岩相.青山口组一段主要孔隙类型包括粒间孔、粒内孔和有机质孔.岩石相是青山口组一段孔隙、层理缝发育的主控因素.高有机质纹层状硅质页岩相储集空间主要由粒内孔和层理缝所构成,其孔隙-裂缝系统是青山口组一段页岩油甜点开发的重点层段.     

渝东南地区龙马溪组高演化页岩微纳米孔隙非均质性及主控因素

对页岩气赋存的主要场所页岩孔隙的研究是解决页岩气赋存和保存机理的关键,但目前缺少有效的手段去定量刻画高演化页岩微纳米孔隙的非均质性特征。通过低压N2吸附/解吸、高压压汞、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)等实验,运用分形维数对渝东南地区龙马溪组高演化页岩微纳米孔隙非均质性进行了定量分析。结果表明：高演化页岩的微纳米级孔隙非均质性极强。中孔(2.0~50.0 nm)中2.0~4.5 nm 的孔隙分形维数平均2.853 4,4.5~50.0 nm 的孔隙分形维数平均2.7367,这种极强非均质性主要受有机质控制。总有机碳(TOC)含量大于1.7 %时,有机质孔在中孔中占主导地位,粘土矿物含量的增加会在一定程度上增加中孔的非均质性。宏孔(＞50.0 nm)分形维数平均2.8441,非均质性较强,主要受石英和碳酸盐等脆性矿物控制,随着碳酸盐矿物含量的增大,非均质程度增加,有机质对页岩宏孔的非均质性影响不明显。     

四川盆地下侏罗统陆相页岩气源储特征及耦合评价

四川盆地陆相页岩气勘探前景良好,目前已在川东北地区下侏罗统获得良好页岩气显示和工业气流。与海相页岩相比,陆相页岩具有相变快、岩相组合类型多(夹层发育)、有机质丰度低和源储配置关系复杂等特点。运用“源储耦合”研究思路,利用宏观-微观结合的储层表征技术对下侏罗统自流井组大安寨段页岩的烃源特征、储集特征及其耦合关系开展了分析与评价。结果表明:(1)岩相组合特征。大安寨段为一套以暗色页岩与介壳灰岩不等厚互层为主的浅湖-半深湖沉积,主要发育4种岩相与3种厚度组合,主要包括高碳黏土质页岩夹薄层(<1 m)介壳灰岩、中碳黏土质/含粉砂质页岩夹薄-中层(<3 m)介壳灰岩、低-中碳粉砂质页岩夹中-厚层介壳灰岩及少量粉细砂岩;其中页岩为源岩和主要储层,介壳灰岩为次要储层和隔夹层,致密砂岩物性较差,主要为隔夹层。(2)烃源与储集特征。川东北地区页岩厚度介于30~40 m,TOC含量普遍介于1.0%~2.0%;有机质类型以Ⅱ₂型和Ⅲ型为主;页岩储集空间包括有机孔、无机孔与宏-微观裂缝,页岩中黏土矿物粒缘孔和晶间孔最为发育,有机孔次之,微裂缝发育程度与连通性较好;介壳灰岩夹层以粒间孔、粒内孔、微裂缝为主要储集空间。(3)揭示了大安寨段页岩层系的源储耦合机理。宏观上,TOC含量和孔隙度均随灰质含量的增加而降低,页岩的源储耦合条件优于夹层,以黏土质页岩为最优;微观上,页岩内部存在有机质与有机孔的源储一体耦合、原始有机质与无机孔和微裂缝之间为纳米至微米级距离的迁移耦合,页岩与夹层间为毫米至厘米级距离的迁移耦合,夹层内部则有赖于相邻页岩中有机质与夹层中无机孔和微裂缝的厘米至米级距离的运移耦合。(4)分别针对页岩层和夹层源储耦合特征建立了相应的源储耦合评价参数,对研究区2口典型钻井开展评价并优选了水平井靶窗。     

富有机质页岩有机质孔隙度研究——以黔西北下志留统五峰—龙马溪组为例

黔西北下志留统五峰—龙马溪组是我国南方海相页岩气勘探的重要目的层,其孔隙类型除了与常规储层相似的粒间孔、粒内孔、溶蚀孔等孔隙外,还发育了大量的有机质孔。近年来,越来越多的研究发现,页岩气储层中有机质孔占有十分重要的地位。本次研究中发现页岩岩石样品中占主要体积的孔隙类型是中孔(2 nm～50 nm)占比44.16%～82.39%,其次是微孔(<2 nm)占比8.57%～41.23%,宏孔(>50 nm)最少,占比4.02%～16.41%;从场发射扫描电子显微镜照片中可以看出,许多宏孔、中孔有明显的挤压变形现象,说明岩石经历了较长时间的压实作用,并可能伴随着部分孔隙被其他矿物充填的过程。由回归分析可以看出:总有机碳(TOC)含量强烈影响微孔和中孔的发育和演化,尤其是对中孔的影响明显,TOC与这两种孔隙体积之间都存在着明显的正相关关系;石英对中孔发育有一定影响,但不如前者明显,同时石英与微孔之间存在一定的负相关关系;黏土矿物与中孔发育之间存在负相关关系;Ro与微孔、中孔占总孔隙体积的百分比有着良好的正相关关系,而与宏孔占总孔隙百分比有着良好的负相关关系。     

皖南地区古生界页岩孔隙特征及影响因素

为了评估下扬子皖南地区古生界页岩气储层性质,应用扫描电子显微镜、高压压汞法、N₂和CO₂气体吸附法,对皖南地区古生界页岩孔隙特征和孔隙结构进行研究,并探讨页岩孔隙发育的主要影响因素。结果表明,皖南地区古生界页岩孔隙度和渗透率低,页岩样品中常见粒间孔、凝絮孔、溶蚀孔、基质晶间孔和有机质孔,并且发育微米-纳米级孔隙。古生界页岩孔隙中50%以上为微孔和介孔;孔隙结构主要为圆柱孔、狭缝型孔和混合型孔,平均孔径范围为4.17~12.06 nm。页岩孔容和比表面积随着有机碳(TOC)含量的增大而增大;页岩孔隙度随着有机质成熟度(R_o)的增大而减小;页岩孔容随着黏土矿物含量的增加而增大,随着脆性矿物含量的增加而减小。     

柴达木盆地西部地区古近系下干柴沟组咸化湖相泥页岩储集层特征

中国已获得湖相页岩气勘探开发的重要突破,但对于咸化湖盆环境泥页岩储集层特征的研究较少。作者对柴达木盆地西部地区古近系下干柴沟组湖相泥页岩储集层开展有机地化、岩矿组成、储集层孔隙结构等特征的研究。(1)研究区泥页岩有机质丰度在0.12％～1.35％之间,具有强烈的非均质性,有机质类型以Ⅱ型为主,氯仿沥青“A”含量较高。(2)泥页岩中碳酸盐岩矿物含量最高,平均27.8％,黏土矿物和石英含量次之,有38.2％的样品检测出硬石膏,反映典型的咸化环境特征。(3)扫描电镜观察有机质孔隙发育较少,形状不规则且孔径较大,粒(晶)间孔隙直径多以微米级为主,微裂缝宽多小于1μm;低温气体吸附测试显示,中孔提供了主要的孔比表面积和孔隙体积,氯仿沥青“A”的存在对样品孔隙结构产生影响。(4)研究区泥页岩储集层中黏土矿物含量低而脆性矿物含量高,与北美页岩气产层及四川盆地龙马溪组页岩储集层岩矿特征类似,易于产生裂缝,有利于页岩气的后期开采。     

Pore Connectivity of Deep Lacustrine Shale and its Effect on Gas-bearing Characteristics in the Songliao Basin:Implications from Continental Scientific Drilling

The lacustrine shale of deep Shahezi Formation in the Songliao basin has great gas potential,but its pore evolution,heterogeneity,and connectivity characteristics remain unclear.In this work,total organic carbon analysis,rock pyrolysis,X-ray diffraction field emission scanning electron microscopy,the particle and crack analysis system software,low-temperature nitrogen adsorption experiment,fractal theory,high-pressure mercury injection experiment and nuclear magnetic resonance experiment were us...     

应用氩离子抛光-扫描电镜方法研究四川九老洞组页岩微观孔隙特征

微观孔隙结构是页岩储层研究的重点,而扫描电镜方法无法识别机械抛光中由于页岩硬度差异所造成的不规则形貌。本文利用氩离子抛光-扫描电镜方法对四川威远区块九老洞组页岩进行研究,发现了三种孔隙类型:1无机孔以粒间孔和黏土矿物层间孔为主,同时发育晶间孔和生物孔,孔径主体100~500 nm;2有机孔受控于热成熟度或有机黏土复合体,孔径范围数十纳米至数微米;3微裂缝包括成岩收缩裂缝、高压碎裂缝、构造裂缝和人为裂缝,缝宽数微米,缝长数微米至数十微米。研究表明无机孔和微裂缝是九老洞组页岩气的主要储集空间。     

柴北缘盆地YQ-1井中侏罗统石门沟组泥页岩纳米孔隙特征及影响因素

柴达木北缘(柴北缘)盆地侏罗纪是典型的陆相湖沼盆地,是目前具有页岩气潜力的盆地之一。本文运用氮气吸附、有机碳含量、有机质成熟度、全岩X衍射分析等方法,对柴北缘鱼卡地区YQ - 1井中侏罗统石门沟组泥页岩的纳米孔隙特征及控制因素进行研究。结果表明,石门沟组泥页岩纳米孔隙结构复杂,根据吸附回线及孔径分布特征可划分为两类,第一类以一端不透气性孔和开放性平行板状狭缝孔为主,孔径主要集中在3～5 nm范围内,呈单峰状分布;第二类则以一端不透气性孔和开放性倾斜板狭缝孔为主,孔径主要分布在3～5 nm和8～14 nm范围内,呈双峰状分布。孔径小于50 nm的微孔和介孔是比表面积和孔体积的主要贡献者;黏土矿物含量与微孔、介孔、总孔体积呈正相关;在较低的成熟度制约下,泥页岩有机质孔隙基本不发育,有机质丰度较高的石门沟组上段H9泥页岩TOC含量与微孔、介孔、总孔体积呈负相关性,有机质丰度较差的下段H8泥页岩TOC含量与孔体积相关性则不甚明显;孔隙结构及孔径分布受沉积环境水动力条件影响;黏土矿物是石门沟组泥页岩纳米孔隙的主要提供者,是孔隙发育的主控因素,TOC含量与沉积环境也会对泥页岩孔隙发育产生一定影响。     

陆相页岩气储层孔隙发育特征及其主控因素分析:以鄂尔多斯盆地长7段为例

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组是目前最具页岩气潜力的研究层段之一。本文以该盆地东部长7段为研究对象,运用氮气吸附法及氩离子剖光扫描电镜分析对页岩气储层孔隙结构及孔隙类型进行分析和测定,并结合岩石矿物组分、有机质成熟度以及总有机碳（TOC）质量分数,讨论了孔隙结构和影响因素。结果表明,长7段页岩气储层孔隙结构复杂,根据吸附回线形态可分为2类：Ⅰ类回线主要对应孔径为2.6~4.2 nm的狭缝结构或楔形结构的平行板状孔或微裂缝,具体可分为黏土矿物矿片间孔隙、有机质内狭缝状孔隙及基质微裂隙等类型;Ⅱ类回线主要为分布于2.3~3.1、3.5~3.8、4.3~5.2 nm等多个孔径段的开放型圆筒状孔,包括有机质孔和残余粒间孔。中孔和微孔是总孔体积和比表面积的主要贡献者。w（TOC）是延长组页岩总孔体积及比表面积的主要控制因素,与总孔体积及比表面积均呈正相关关系;镜质体反射率及矿物含量对孔隙发育的控制作用不明显,但黏土矿物对微孔孔容贡献较大,其中伊利石质量分数与BET比表面积及孔容有较好的相关性。     

Pore Characteristics and Factors Controlling Lacustrine Shales from the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation of the Songliao Basin,Northeast China: A Study Combining SEM,Low-temperature Gas Adsorption and MICP Experiments

To investigate pore characteristics and the factors controlling lacustrine shales,geochemical,mineralogical and petrophysical experiments were performed on 23 shale samples from the Qingshankou Formation of the Songliao Basin,China.A comparison of mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) and low-temperature N2 adsorption pore-size distribution showed that MICP has a higher pore-size distribution (PSD) line in its overlapping pore diameter range,which may be elevated by the higher pressure of MICP.Therefore,in the overlapping range,low-temperature N2 adsorption data were preferred in pore characterization.Negative correlations were observed between pore volumes and TOC content,indicating organic matter pores are not well-developed in the studied samples.This may be related to their low grade of maturity and type I kerogens.There existed negative relationships between pore volumes and S1,which illustrated that liquid hydrocarbons occupied some pore space.Micropore volume had a better correlation with S1 than mesopore and macropore volumes,which suggests that liquid hydrocarbons preferentially occur in micropores.No obvious relationships between pore volumes and quartz or feldspar were observed,while pore volumes increased with the increasing clay mineral content.These relationships indicate that intraparticle pores in clay minerals represent the principal pore type.     

沁水盆地武乡区块上古生界煤系页岩气储层孔隙特征和孔隙结构

储层孔隙特征和孔隙结构是影响页岩气赋存与储集的重要因素。为评价海陆过渡相高演化煤系页岩储层性质与页岩气储集性能,应用扫描电子显微镜、高压压汞、低温N₂和 CO₂气体吸附、微米CT扫描、核磁共振实验方法,对沁水盆地武乡区块上古生界煤系页岩气储层孔隙微观特征和孔隙结构进行了研究。结果表明,沁水盆地武乡区块上古生界煤系页岩样品中发育多种类型微观孔隙,常见粒间孔、粒内孔和微裂缝,有机质孔几乎不发育;武乡区块煤系页岩气储层样品孔隙总孔容分布在0.021 9~0.073 5 mL/g之间,平均值为0.039 9 mL/g,总比表面积主要分布在11.94~46.83 m²/g之间,平均为29.16 m²/g,其中介孔(2~50 nm)和微孔(<2 nm)是煤系页岩气储集的主要载体。煤系页岩中的高配位数孔隙数量越多,相应的孔容和孔比表面积越大,孔隙连通性越好;在孔隙数量和总孔容相差不大的前提下,山西组煤系页岩储层孔隙结构与连通性比太原组煤系页岩稍好。     

Prospects of Carboniferous Shale Gas Exploitation in the Eastern Qaidam Basin

Shale gas is a resource of emerging importance in the energy field. Many countries in the world have been making big financial investments in this area. Carboniferous shale in the eastern Qaidam Basin shows good exploration prospects, but limited research and exploration work for shale oil and gas resources has been undertaken. Geochemical analyses were performed on shale derived from the Upper Carboniferous Hurleg Formation in the eastern Qaidam Basin, Qinghai Province, and secondary electron imaging capability of a Field Emission scanning electron microscope(FE-SEM) was used to characterize the microstructure of the shale. The reservoir and exploitation potential of the studied shale was assessed by comparison with research results obtained from the Barnett Formation shale in Fort Worth Basin, North America and the Basin shale of Sichuan province. The results indicate that the eastern Qaidam Basin Carboniferous shale is high-quality source rock. There are four major microstructural types in the study area: matrix intergranular pores, dissolution pores, intergranular pores, and micro-fractures. The size of the micropores varies from 6–633 nm, the majority of which is between 39–200 nm, with a relatively small number of micro-scale pores ranging from 0.13–1 μm. The pore characteristics of the studied shales are similar to the North American and Sichuanese shales, indicating that they have good reservoir potential. No micropores are present in the organic matter, which is induced by its composition; instead we found an important lamellar structure in the organic matter. These micropores and microfractures are abundant, and are connected to natural visible cracks that form the network pore system, which controls the storage and migration of shale gas. This connectivity is favorable for shale gas exploitation, providing great scientific potential and practical value.     

Types and Characteristics of the Lower Silurian Shale Gas Reservoirs in and Around the Sichuan Basin

This study analyzed the characteristics and types of the Lower Silurian shale gas reservoirs in and around Sichuan Basin through field observations, slices, Ar-ion-beam milling, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction analysis of 25 black shale outcrops and samples. Two main types of shale gas reservoirs were determined, i.e., fractures and pores. Fractures were classified into five categories, i.e., giant, large, medium, small, and micro, according to the features of the shale gas reservoirs, effect of fracture on gas accumulation, and fracture nature. Pore types include organic matter pores, mineral pores (mineral surface, intraparticle, interparticle, and corrosional pore), and nanofractures. The various fracture types, fracture scales, pore types, and pore sizes exert different controls over the gas storage and production capacity. Pores serve as a reservoir for gas storage and, the gas storage capacity can be determined using pores; fractures serve as pathways for gas migration, and gas production capacity can be determined using them.     

Effect of Shale Reservoir Characteristics on Shale Oil Movability in the Lower Third Member of the Shahejie Formation,Zhanhua Sag

To reveal the effect of shale reservoir characteristics on the movability of shale oil and its action mechanism in the lower third member of the Shahejie Formation(Es3l), samples with different features were selected and analyzed using N2 adsorption, high-pressure mercury injection capillary pressure(MICP), nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR), high-speed centrifugation, and displacement image techniques. The results show that shale pore structure characteristics control shale oil movability directly. Movable oil saturation has a positive relationship with pore volume for radius > 2 μm, as larger pores often have higher movable oil saturation, indicating that movable oil is present in relatively larger pores. The main reasons for this are as follows. The relatively smaller pores often have oil-wetting properties because of organic matter, which has an unfavorable effect on the flow of oil, while the relatively larger pores are often wetted by water, which is helpful to shale oil movability. The rich surface provided by the relatively smaller pores is beneficial to the adsorption of immovable oil. Meanwhile, the relatively larger pores create significant pore volume for movable oil. Moreover, the larger pores often have good pore connectivity. Pores and fractures are interconnected to form a complex fracture network, which provides a good permeability channel for shale oil flow. The smaller pores are mostly distributed separately;thus, they are not conducive to the flow of shale oil. The mineral composition and fabric macroscopically affect the movability of shale oil. Calcite plays an active role in shale oil movability by increasing the brittleness of shale and is more likely to form micro-cracks under the same stress background. Clay does not utilize shale oil flow because of its large specific surface area and its block effect. The bedding structure increases the large-scale storage space and improves the connectivity of pores at different scales, which is conducive to the movability of shale oil.