Ocean Crust Character and Spreading Age of Northwest Sub-sea, the South China Sea: Evidence from Sediment Strata and the Abnormity of Gravity and Magnetism

利用沉积地层被动超覆和基底重磁异常特征对南海西北次海形成时代和洋壳性质进行了探讨.推断南海西北次海初始扩张时间为早渐新世,结束扩张时间为晚渐新世早期.地层变形、被动超覆特征、洋壳基底形态及对称性特点反映出两期洋壳扩张事件.第一期发生在早渐新世.由于洋壳扩张,上始新统被拉断,在洋壳边界处上始新统突然终止现象明显.受洋壳横向扩张推挤和纵向沉降作用影响,上始新统明显变形,并向扩张中心倾覆.第二期洋壳扩张发生在晚渐新世早期.该期洋壳扩张持续时间短,扩张幅度小,下渐新统被拉开的距离有限.由于南海西北次海形成期间不同部位地壳伸展减薄程度不同,南海西北次海洋壳基底呈北东部较宽,向南西方向变窄,并逐渐尖灭的不规则三角形.根据盆地边缘上始新统向海盆中心方向的断点/线和重磁异常资料,推测西北次海南西侧洋壳边界位于海盆基底坡角处附近,洋壳较窄;而北东侧洋壳边界位于海底坡角处附近,洋壳相对较宽.另外,重磁异常表明,在洋壳基底中有陆壳残留块体存在.上述这些现象说明南海西北次海在洋壳萌芽阶段就先天天折,停止发育.     

边缘海构造旋回:南海演化的新模式

南海边缘海构造旋回包括古南海形成与萎缩及新南海形成与萎缩两个构造旋回,形成中央洋壳、大陆坡和大陆架。古南海扩张前南海具有统一拼合基底"古南海陆块",古南海白垩纪末—始新世为扩张期,渐新世—第四纪为萎缩期,现今洋壳已基本消减殆尽。新南海古—始新世为陆内裂谷期,渐新世晚期—中中新世为洋壳扩张期,中中新世至今为萎缩期,表现为南北向扩张停滞,菲律宾岛弧向西仰冲,但处于萎缩期早期。上述两个旋回叠加控制了南海区域构造格局的形成。边缘海构造旋回控制了南海各大陆边缘及地块性质。北部大陆边缘为被动大陆边缘;南沙地块具有漂移性质;南部大陆边缘为多期叠加型活动大陆边缘,西部具有转换特征,东部为挤压岛架型大陆边缘。     

中沙地块南部断裂发育特征及其成因机制

利用最新多道地震剖面资料,结合重力、磁力、地形等地球物理资料,揭示了中沙地块南部断裂空间展布特征、断裂发育时期、断裂内部构造形变特征及深部地壳结构,并基于认识探讨了断裂的发育机制。研究结果认为,中沙地块南部陆缘构造属性为非火山型被动大陆边缘：地壳性质从西北向东南由减薄陆壳向洋陆过渡壳再向正常洋壳发育变化;Moho面埋深从中沙地块下方的26 km快速抬升到海盆的10~12 km;从中沙地块陡坡至其前缘海域的重力异常明显负异常区为洋陆过渡带,在重力由高值负异常上升到海盆的低值正、负异常的边界为洋陆边界。中沙地块南部发育有4组阶梯状向海倾的深大正断裂,主要发育时期为晚渐新世到中中新世。断裂早期发育与南海东部次海盆近NS向扩张有关,后期遭受挤压变形、与菲律宾海板块向南海的NWW向仰冲有关。该研究有助于更好认识南海海盆的扩张历史和南海被动大陆边缘的类型。     

南海海盆海底扩张年代之探讨

根据海底地形地貌特征和区域构造走向,可将南海海盆分为三个次海盆：西北次海盆、西南次海盆和中央次海盆。通过地磁异常资料之分析对比,在中央次海盆中鉴别出５ｄ－１１号磁异常条带,推测其海底扩张年代为晚渐新世一早中新世（３２－１ＭａＢＰ）;在西南次海盆中鉴别出１８－１３号磁异常条带,推测其海底扩张年代为晚始新世一早渐新世（４２－３５ＭａＢＰ）。通过对穿过中央次海盆与西南海盆的地震反射剖面之分析,发现西南次     

北康盆地新生代沉积特征

北康盆地为南沙中部海域一重要地含油气盆地,盆地内主要发育了中始新统－－第四系地层,最大沉积厚度11000m。本文通过区域地质背景分析,认为北康盆地位于南沙地块,主体奠基于火成岩带上,盆地基底主要为火成岩及前新生代变质岩。晚始新世以前 ,南沙地块与华南陆块相连,北康盆地位于古南海西北缘,为一张性拉张盆地,盆地西北大部为陆相环境,东南部为滨浅海一半。晚始新世至早渐新世早期,南沙地块从华南陆块裂离向南漂移,北康盆地成为裂离陆块上的断坳盆地并具走滑特征,随古南海洋壳的被动消减和新南海的扩张,盆地水体加深,除西北尚有陆相沉积外,盆地大部为少相环境。早渐新世以后,南沙地地块与婆罗洲地块拼贴,北康盆地整体们于海相环境。本文在详细地震相分析的基础上,对盆地新生界地层划 分出三个超层序,7个层序,对上新统以下的5个层序进行了沉积相分析,并编制了平面相图。     

南海陆缘盆地构造演化与烃源岩特征

受近南北向扩张机制控制,南海陆缘盆地或凹陷多呈NE向带状展布,总体上具有“南三北三”平行排列、外窄内宽的特点。新生代发生的4次重要区域构造运动具有穿时性,共发育3期盆地破裂不整合面,分别是早渐新世与晚渐新世之间、古近纪与新近纪之间、中中新世与晚中新世之间;由东往西,盆地破裂不整合面的时代逐渐变新。受构造运动与海平面升降影响,南海海域发育湖相、海陆过渡相和陆源海相3类烃源岩。由南北两侧向中央海盆,烃源岩类型由湖相逐渐过渡到海陆过渡相与陆源海相;从东向西,盆地主力烃源岩层位逐渐变新,由始新统-渐新统逐渐过渡到渐新统-中新统。南海海域烃源岩的分布规律与盆地破裂不整面存在密切关系:破裂不整合面形成早（早渐新世与晚渐新世之间）的盆地,主力烃源岩形成早（始新统湖相烃源岩）;反之,破裂不整合面形成晚（中中新世与晚中新世之间）的盆地,则烃源岩形成晚（渐新统-中新统海陆过渡相到陆源海相烃源岩）。     

菲律宾海四国海盆地壳结构重力反演及其形成演化过程分析

四国海盆是位于菲律宾海板块内由岛弧张裂形成的弧后盆地,其深部地壳结构对认识伊豆小笠原岛弧的裂解和弧后盆地的扩张过程有重要的意义.在反射多道地震剖面和深部海底地震（OBS）探测剖面的约束下,结合磁异常条带数据,利用两条横穿四国海盆的重力测线数据对海盆的地壳物性结构反演,对比重力反演剖面与深部探测剖面地壳厚度和密度特征,得到更加精细的四国海盆地壳结构.研究结果显示,四国海盆洋壳厚度自西向东逐渐增厚,在残留扩张脊处莫霍面深度迅速增加.根据地壳密度和厚度将四国海盆分为:洋壳减薄区、洋壳增厚区、后扩张洋壳增生区,分别对应初始慢速张裂、单翼快速扩张、对称慢速扩张3期扩张活动.南北测线不同构造分区得到的扩张速率与由磁异常条带得到扩张速率相同;洋壳减薄区下地壳均有高密度体,与OBS剖面中下地壳高速体相对应,可能是由于洋壳慢速扩张过程中强烈拆离作用,地幔蛇纹石化导致.      

南海西南海盆的海底扩张及其构造意义

本文系统地分析了南海西南海盆及其邻区的地球物理场特征，对比了海盆中的磁异常条带。将观测的地磁异常进行高通滤波，去掉层２Ａ下洋壳磁性体的影响，然后利用国际地磁年表中的地磁倒转极性事件，采用半扩张速率２．２￣２．５ｃｍ／ａ，在西南海盆对比出１８－１３号磁异常条带，对应的地质年龄为４２－３５Ｍａ。据此认定西南海盆是在晚始新世至早渐新世通过海底扩张形成的。作者基于地震剖面解释，发现该海盆中存在晚始新世至现     

珠江口盆地开平凹陷构造—地层层序与盆地演化

开平凹陷位于珠江口盆地珠Ⅱ坳陷的西部,处于洋陆过渡带的特殊位置,大部分区域位于陆坡深水区。研究开平凹陷的构造—地层层序和盆地演化,对认识盆地结构和油气勘探具有重要意义,对南海北部洋陆过渡带的结构特征和成因机制的研究也有一定的帮助。本文基于井震结合的思路,利用最新的钻井和高精度地震资料,并结合区域地质背景,建立了开平凹陷的地层系统;依据区域性不整合面的发育特征,对开平凹陷构造—地层层序进行了划分;利用平衡剖面技术,重点分析了开平凹陷始新世以来的构造演化。研究发现开平凹陷发育始新统文昌组底部、渐新统珠海组底部和上中新统粤海组底部3个区域性不整合面,由此将开平凹陷在纵向上划分为4个构造层：基底构造层、断陷期构造层、拗陷期构造层和加速沉降期构造层。开平凹陷的形成演化经历了基底形成、始新世断陷、渐新世—中中新世拗陷及晚中新世—第四纪加速沉降4个阶段。凹陷内的断陷活动主要受拆离断层差异性活动的控制。     

鲁西隆起北侧博兴洼陷古近系泥岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

对博兴洼陷始新统和渐新统所取的20件泥岩样品的地球化学特征分析表明:始新统与渐新统样品稀土元素分布模式与上地壳稀土元素分布模式一致。稀土特征元素之间的比值显示始新统和渐新统沉积物源岩虽都来自后太古代,但存在着明显的差异性。根据源岩属性判别图解可以看出始新统源岩主体为长英质火山岩,渐新统则为长英质和基性岩的火山岩混合物源。多方面对比认为:始新统和渐新统沉积物源存在较大的差异性,表明始新世与渐新世之间可能存在较为明显的沉积物源改造,从一个新的视角揭示了鲁西隆起与邻近盆地在始新世与渐新世之间所发生的构造分异事件,而这次构造分异也造成了邻近盆地内始新统与渐新统之间油气藏成藏要素的差异。     

Geological events during the early formation of a passive margin

The concept of plate tectonics implies that the normal sea floor spreading stage is preceded by a sequence of events associated with the break-up of continental crust. Thus, evidence of the early development of “non-failed” rifts is to be found at passive continental margins. Of special interest is the question of the extent of the continental crust and the structural and compositional changes associated with the change in crustal type. In addressing these topics, we have focused attention on the Norwegian margin between the Jan Mayen and Senja fracture zones (66°–70°N) in an attempt to understand its history of rifting and early sea floor spreading. p ]The southern part of this rifted margin is characterized by a wide shelf and the marginal Vøring Plateau interrupts a gentle slope at a level of about 1500 m. However, the margin becomes progressively narrower towards the north and a typical narrow shelf and steep slope emerge off the Lofo—tenVesterålen Islands (Fig. 1). In a reconstructed pre-opening configuration (Talwani and Eldholm, 1977) the narrowest part of the juxtaposed EastGreenland margin is found in the south and a wide shelf and slope corresponds to the Lofoten-Vesterålen margin.The most prominent structural element is a buried basement high underneath the Vøring Plateau. The high is bounded landward by the Vøring Plateau Escarpment, a major structural boundary which defines typical changes in the geophysical parameters. These are: (1) a sudden increase of depth to acoustic basement; (2) changes in the velocity-depth function; (3) a gravity gradient; and (4) a magnetic edge anomaly separating sea-floor spreading type anomalies from a quiet zone on the landward side (Talwani and Eldholm, 1972). These observations were interpreted in terms of a sharp ocea—ncontinent crustal transition along the escarpment with sea-floor spreading commencing between anomaly 24 and 25 time (56–58 m.y. B.P.). Alternatively, the concept of ancient oceanic crust landward of this escarpment and the possible existence of continental crust under the outer basement high have been argued and we refer to Eldholm et al. (1979) for a detailed discussion.     

Opening of the Fram Strait gateway: A review of plate tectonic constraints

We have revised the regional crustal structure, oceanic age distribution, and conjugate margin segmentation in and around the Lena Trough, the oceanic part of the Fram Strait between the Norwegian–Greenland Sea and the Eurasia Basin (Arctic Ocean). The Lena Trough started to open after Eurasia–Greenland relative plate motions changed from right-lateral shear to oblique divergence at Chron 13 times (33.3 Ma; earliest Oligocene). A new Bouguer gravity map, supported by existing seismic data and aeromagnetic profiles, has been applied to interpret the continent–ocean transition and the influence of Eocene shear structures on the timing of breakup and initial seafloor spreading. Assuming that the onset of deep-water exchange depended on the formation of a narrow, oceanic corridor, the gateway formed during early Miocene times (20–15 Ma). However, if the initial Lena Trough was blocked by terrigenous sediments or was insufficiently subsided to allow for deep-water circulation, the gateway probably formed with the first well developed magnetic seafloor spreading anomaly around Chron 5 times (9.8 Ma; Late Miocene). Paleoceanographic changes at ODP Site 909 (northern Hovgård Ridge) are consistent with both hypotheses of gateway formation. We cannot rule out that a minor gateway formed across stretched continental crust prior to the onset of seafloor spreading in the Lena Trough. The gravity, seismic and magnetic observations question the prevailing hypotheses on the Yermak Plateau and the Morris Jesup Rise as Eocene oceanic plateaus and the Hovgård Ridge as a microcontinent.     

孟加拉湾盆地构造特征与动力学演化:来自卫星重力与地震资料的新认识

为了揭示孟加拉湾盆地的构造特征和中生代以来的动力学演化,对研究区卫星重力数据进行滤波、梯度和延拓等深度处理,对相关地震剖面进行标准化处理,在研究区建立了8条主干剖面.自由空气重力异常及其深度处理结果显示在盆地西部、海岭内部及盆地东部分别发育北西向破碎带、近东西向断裂和北东向线性构造,分别反映了海底北西向扩张、海岭侵位及印度洋洋壳北东向俯冲的影响.主干剖面经标准化处理后划分出上白垩统-第四系5套层系,结合重力异常与地层厚度,将孟加拉湾盆地划分为西部坳陷、85°E海岭隆起、中央坳陷、90°E海岭隆起和若开坳陷5个构造单元.85°E海岭隆起内发育的多个孤立高隆起是热点幕式喷发的响应,控制着碰撞前盆地“西厚东薄”的沉积格局,而碰撞后孟加拉扇体系在始新世至中新世期间一直向南迁移,未受到海岭的明显影响.90°E海岭南段(7°~14°N)的俯冲消减促进了安达曼增生楔的向西生长,北段(14°~20°N)的俯冲作用则控制着若开坳陷、印缅增生楔和孟加拉湾盆地沉积中心的演化.构造特征和动力学演化分析表明盆地经历了原始大洋盆地(晚白垩世-早渐新世)和残留洋盆地(晚渐新世-)2个主要演化阶段.      

Structure and tectonic evolution of the Southern Eurasia Basin, Arctic Ocean

Multichannel seismic reflection data acquired by Marine Arctic Geological Expedition (MAGE) of Murmansk, Russia in 1990 provide the first view of the geological structure of the Arctic region between 77–80°N and 115–133°E, where the Eurasia Basin of the Arctic Ocean adjoins the passive-transform continental margin of the Laptev Sea. South of 80°N, the oceanic basement of the Eurasia Basin and continental basement of the Laptev Sea outer margin are covered by 1.5 to 8 km of sediments. Two structural sequences are distinguished in the sedimentary cover within the Laptev Sea outer margin and at the continent/ocean crust transition: the lower rift sequence, including mostly Upper Cretaceous to Lower Paleocene deposits, and the upper post-rift sequence, consisting of Cenozoic sediments. In the adjoining Eurasia Basin of the Arctic Ocean, the Cenozoic post-rift sequence consists of a few sedimentary successions deposited by several submarine fans. Based on the multichannel seismic reflection data, the structural pattern was determined and an isopach map of the sedimentary cover and tectonic zoning map were constructed. A location of the continent/ocean crust transition is tentatively defined. A buried continuation of the mid-ocean Gakkel Ridge is also detected. This study suggests that south of 78.5°N there was the cessation in the tectonic activity of the Gakkel Ridge Rift from 33–30 until 3–1 Ma and there was no sea-floor spreading in the southernmost part of the Eurasia Basin during the last 30–33 m.y. South of 78.5°N all oceanic crust of the Eurasia Basin near the continental margin of the Laptev Sea was formed from 56 to 33–30 Ma.     

Tertiary facies architecture in the Kutai Basin,Kalimantan, Indonesia

The Kutai Basin occupies an area of extensive accommodation generated by Tertiary extension of an economic basement of mixed continental/oceanic affinity. The underlying crust to the basin is proposed here to be Jurassic and Cretaceous in age and is composed of ophiolitic units overlain by a younger Cretaceous turbidite fan, sourced from Indochina. A near complete Tertiary sedimentary section from Eocene to Recent is present within the Kutai Basin; much of it is exposed at the surface as a result of the Miocene and younger tectonic processes. Integration of geological and geophysical surface and subsurface data-sets has resulted in re-interpretation of the original facies distributions, relationships and arrangement of Tertiary sediments in the Kutai Basin. Although much lithostratigraphic terminology exists for the area, existing formation names can be reconciled with a simple model explaining the progressive tectonic evolution of the basin and illustrating the resulting depositional environments and their arrangements within the basin. The basin was initiated in the Middle Eocene in conjunction with rifting and likely sea floor spreading in the Makassar Straits. This produced a series of discrete fault-bounded depocentres in some parts of the basin, followed by sag phase sedimentation in response to thermal relaxation. Discrete Eocene depocentres have highly variable sedimentary fills depending upon position with respect to sediment source and palaeo water depths and geometries of the half-graben. This contrasts strongly with the more regionally uniform sedimentary styles that followed in the latter part of the Eocene and the Oligocene. Tectonic uplift documented along the southern and northern basin margins and related subsidence of the Lower Kutai Basin occurred during the Late Oligocene. This subsidence is associated with significant volumes of high-level andesitic–dacitic intrusive and associated volcanic rocks. Volcanism and uplift of the basin margins resulted in the supply of considerable volumes of material eastwards. During the Miocene, basin fill continued, with an overall regressive style of sedimentation, interrupted by periods of tectonic inversion throughout the Miocene to Pliocene.     

雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩的形成与日喀则弧前盆地沉积演化

雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩被时代连续的日喀则群沉积覆盖及其形成时代(120-110Ma)与冈底斯弧开始发育的时代(115-100Ma)十分相近的事实使人们有理由提出:雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩是否代表着印度板块与拉萨地块间的特提斯-喜玛拉雅洋残迹的疑问。根据近期的研究,笔者认为雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩不是形成于三叠纪的特提斯-喜玛拉雅洋的残迹,而是特提斯-喜玛拉雅洋向拉萨地块俯冲的初期(阿普第-阿尔必期),由俯冲作用在冈底斯弧前地区引发的海底扩张作用形成的一种俯冲带上叠型蛇绿岩(supra-subduction zone ophiolites).至森诺曼期,弧前海底扩张作用停止,雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩开始向南仰冲,在其南侧形成增生杂岩楔。仰起的蛇绿岩开始向日喀则弧前盆地提供蛇绿质碎屑,如冲堆组。森诺曼期-土仑期,盆地接受了一套深水复理石沉积,沉积物源部分来自南部边缘脊的蛇绿质碎屑,而大部分则来自北侧的弧火山岩和岩浆岩碎屑。森诺期-路坦丁期,盆地逐渐变浅,接受了浅海-滨海沉积,物源均来自北部的岩浆弧。至始新世末期,发育在盆地南侧的增生杂岩楔与印度板块发生碰撞,日喀则弧前盆地闭合。     

东海陆坡及邻近槽底天然气水合物成藏条件分析及前景

在西太平洋边缘海中,东海是唯一没有获得天然气水合物样品的边缘海。利用已有的地震资料、海底温度资料等,从沉积物来源、沉积地层厚度、烃源岩条件、沉积速率、海底温度—压力条件等方面对东海水合物成藏条件进行了分析。认为冲绳海槽沉积物源丰富,沉积厚度大,且发育烃源岩地层。冲绳海槽较高的沉积速率主要分布于冲绳海槽槽底沉积中心,以及西部陆坡连接海底峡谷底部的三角洲区域。根据冲绳海槽实测的海底温度数据,整个冲绳海槽地区600m以深的范围都能够满足水合物发育的温度、压力条件。以温度梯度为30℃/km计算,冲绳海槽中水合物稳定域的最大厚度为650m。冲绳海槽盆地中普遍发育的底辟构造、背斜构造等局部构造,以及网格状断裂系统,为烃类气流体的向上及侧向运移创造了有利条件,成为天然气水合物发育的有利区带。根据已经发现的BSR特征来看,东海地区天然气水合物前景广阔。     

南海西北次海盆构造演化的沉积响应

通过对南海西北次海盆新获得的地震资料进行综合解释和层序地层分析,揭示了海盆中的沉积对构造演化阶段的响应。始新世-早渐新世陆缘裂陷期,盆地以对称裂谷形式,发育地堑裂谷层序,沉积以近物源为特征,相变大,发育了冲积扇-扇三角洲-湖相沉积,沉积体系的配置受同沉积断裂控制明显,快速沉降和充分的物源供给决定了沉积体系的构成特征。晚渐新世海底扩张期,岩石圈破裂,陆缘进一步拉开并开始海底扩张,出现海相沉积,来自陆坡的陆架边缘三角洲越过陆坡进入海盆,在海盆内沉积了一套向海盆中部逐渐减薄的楔状地层,并伴有大量的火山碎屑沉积物。早-中新世以来热沉降期,随着构造沉降增大,相对海平面总体不断上升,进入深水盆地,形成陆架陆坡体系,大量的碎屑物质以重力流、深水底流等深水作用方式进入海盆;沉降晚期陆架-陆坡物源供应减弱,琼东南中央峡谷成为其主要的物质供应来源通道,在此期间二次海平面下降、回升的综合作用下,海盆内发育了多期以下切水道为特征的低水位域沉积体系。     

The structure and stratigraphy of deepwater Sarawak,Malaysia: Implications for tectonic evolution

The structural-stratigraphic history of the North Luconia Province, Sarawak deepwater area, is related to the tectonic history of the South China Sea. The Sarawak Basin initiated as a foreland basin as a result of the collision of the Luconia continental block with Sarawak (Sarawak Orogeny). The foreland basin was later overridden by and buried under the prograding Oligocene-Recent shelf-slope system. The basin had evolved through a deep foreland basin (‘flysch’) phase during late Eocene–Oligocene times, followed by post-Oligocene (‘molasse’) phase of shallow marine shelf progradation to present day.Seismic interpretation reveals a regional Early Miocene Unconformity (EMU) separating pre-Oligocene to Miocene rifted basement from overlying undeformed Upper Miocene–Pliocene bathyal sediments. Seismic, well data and subsidence analysis indicate that the EMU was caused by relative uplift and predominantly submarine erosion between ∼19 and 17 Ma ago. The subsidence history suggests a rift-like subsidence pattern, probably with a foreland basin overprint during the last 10 Ma. Modelling results indicate that the EMU represents a major hiatus in the sedimentation history, with an estimated 500–2600 m of missing section, equivalent to a time gap of 8–10 Ma. The EMU is known to extend over the entire NW Borneo margin and is probably related to the Sabah Orogeny which marks the cessation of sea-floor spreading in the South China Sea and collision of Dangerous Grounds block with Sabah.Gravity modelling indicates a thinned continental crust underneath the Sarawak shelf and slope and supports the seismic and well data interpretation. There is a probable presence of an overthrust wedge beneath the Sarawak shelf, which could be interpreted as a sliver of the Rajang Group accretionary prism. Alternatively, magmatic underplating beneath the Sarawak shelf could equally explain the free-air gravity anomaly. The Sarawak basin was part of a remnant ocean basin that was closed by oblique collision along the NW Borneo margin. The closure started in the Late Eocene in Sarawak and moved progressively northeastwards into Sabah until the Middle Miocene. The present-day NW Sabah margin may be a useful analogue for the Oligocene–Miocene Sarawak foreland basin.