江西万年虎家尖银金矿床断裂构造特征及其控矿规律

虎家尖银金矿床为赣东北地区典型的受一组NE向韧脆性断裂破碎带控制的中低温热液型银金矿床。矿床赋存于中元古界双桥山群浅变质岩中,矿脉均产于断裂带内,具舒缓波状、膨大缩小、分支复合、尖灭再现等特征。研究表明,控矿断裂具有长期性、多期次和继承性活动的特点,经历了早期压扭性塑性变形、中期张扭性脆性变形和晚期压扭脆性变形3个演化阶段。通过地质调查、数据处理和成矿构造分析,认为成矿期石英多金属硫化物阶段的构造应力场:σ1为190°∠2°,σ2为90°∠78°,σ3为280°∠12°,差应力约为71.3~99.3 MPa;银多金属硫化物阶段构造应力场方向与石英多金属硫化物阶段基本相同;石英碳酸盐阶段构造主应力方向表现为NW-SE向挤压。文章总结了断裂对矿体空间定位、似等距性分布、矿体侧伏等方面控矿规律,断裂面凹凸转换部位为成矿有利地段,矿体在水平方向和垂向上似等距性分布明显,并且整体大致呈45°向北东深部侧伏。结果表明,在矿区50线深部及北东部深部找矿潜力巨大,矿区外围北东向韧性剪切带有后期脆性变形叠加的断裂破碎带为找矿有利地段。这对赣东北地区同类型矿床的深部及外围找矿具有一定的指导和借鉴意义。     

煎茶岭韧性剪切带的厘定及其地质意义

通过野外地质调查、室内(超)显微构造观测和构造岩石组构分析等方法厘定了煎茶岭地区北西西向和北东向两条韧性剪切带,前者出露于研究区的北部,后者出露于研究区的南部,两者交汇于煎茶岭,无论沿走向还是顺倾向均呈舒缓波状。韧性剪切带内发育糜棱岩系列、构造片岩、荚片构造、S-C面理、旋转碎斑系、A型褶皱、亚颗粒、位错弓弯、位错列、位错网等宏观和(超)显微构造特征,结合构造岩中石英光轴优选方位型式等证明两韧性剪切带呈共轭产出,至少经历了三期活动:中元古代晚期,北西西向脆韧性剪切带为压扭性右行剪切,北东向脆韧性剪切带为压扭性左行剪切,σ1≈282°∠24°,古应力值约59.1MPa;加里东期,前者为张扭性右行剪切,后者为张扭性左行剪切,σ1≈344°∠78°,古应力值约86.5MPa,超基性岩体以岩墙扩展式侵入到韧性剪切带内,预测北东向韧性剪切带深部还存在一定规模的超基性岩体,是今后寻找与超基性岩有关矿产的重要靶区;海西期,随着脆性程度进一步增加,北西西向韧脆性剪切带经历了压扭性左行剪切,北东向韧脆性剪切带经历了压扭性右行剪切,σ1≈120°∠20°,古应力值约116.3MPa,花岗斑岩体以气球膨胀式侵位。韧性剪切带对金镍矿有重要控制作用。     

新疆中天山北缘韧性剪切带研究

在新疆中天山北缘发现有一条巨大的韧性剪切带，延伸５００ｋｍ以上，宽３ｋｍ。剪切带内发育着各种变形构造和显微构造。磁组构研究表明剪切带变形强烈，属韧性剪切变形，磁面理和磁线理同等发育。有限应变测量结果表明剪切带为不均匀简单剪切加围岩的均匀应变。应变强度１．０９，压缩量达５９％，富林参数为０．９。变形路径斜率接近４５°。剪切带的总位移量平均值为４４８２ｍ，水平位移量为２８４９ｍ，垂直俯冲位移量为３４５５ｍ。该韧性剪切带形成于晚志留世—泥盆纪末，前后共延续了大约６０Ｍａ。变形时的温压为３１２℃和４３３巴。应力场为σ１＝３５１°∠１１°，σ３＝９３°∠２９°。应变速率为２．４×１０－１５／秒，平均剪应变为４．５。韧性剪切带的成因与古准噶尔大洋与中天山地块的俯冲碰撞有关     

安徽池州马头铜钼矿容矿构造特征及构造应力场浅析

研究区位于安徽池州市梅村镇西峰庙—马头平移断层东北端,该处岩体和围岩的内外接触带区域发育了一中型铜钼矿.分析了研究区铜钼矿赋存条件和容矿构造的发育特征,统计了容矿节理的产状,整理绘制出成矿期研究区的构造应力场分布图.认为研究区内的容矿节理以张性节理为主,经极射赤平投影后得到的优势产状为285°∠87°,容矿节理和主断裂产状基本一致.研究区内构造应力场最大主应力轴(σ1)的方位为15°,最小主应力轴(σ3)的方位为105°,倾角近水平.此构造应力场与燕山晚期中国东部构造应力场一致,最大主应力均为NNE-SSW方向.在此区域构造应力场的控制下,形成了区内广泛发育的NNE-SSW向、具走滑性质的断层以及张性节理.     

河南省崤山地区金银矿床控矿构造特征与成矿模式

崤山位于华北陆块南缘,是河南省重要的有色金属成矿区。为进一步明确崤山地区控矿构造特征,分析探讨成矿就位机制,指导崤山地区中深部地质找矿工作,本文对崤山地区矿床地质特征、构造性质等要素进行了分析研究,将崤山地区控矿构造分为拆离断层控矿构造、韧性剪切带控矿构造和张扭性断裂控矿构造三类。①拆离断层沿太古界太华岩群的结晶基底与中元古界熊耳群盖层间发育,带内发育糜棱岩,崤山北部主要含矿石英脉多发育在紧靠拆离断层带下盘的太华岩群中,矿体就位于拆离剪切形成的拆离断层及其次级断裂带中;②韧性剪切带主要位于崤山中西部和北部,早期呈压扭特性,发育绿泥片岩质初糜棱岩、糜棱岩、花岗质超糜棱岩等,申家窑韧性剪切带晚期表现为张性特征,在其下盘发育有多组与其走向一致的羽列状次级断裂构造,矿体就位于韧性剪切带及其下盘羽状次级断裂带中;③张扭性断裂多发育于崤山中东部,断裂内充填有含金石英脉条带,围岩中多具绿泥石化、绿帘石化、钾化、黄铁矿化等,矿体就位于张扭性断裂带中。按照岩体、构造对成矿的作用关系,建立了崤山地区以深源岩浆为流体、以构造侵位为空间的"双控"成矿模式,指出韧性剪切带、拆离断层带中深部及其次级断裂带是寻找脉型金银矿床的有利地段,燕山期中酸性侵入岩体周缘有斑岩型铜钼矿成矿潜力。     

广东省信宜市钱排银岩—东田金银多金属矿远景区找矿前景

银岩—东田金银多金属矿远景区土壤金元素异常明显,矿点普遍。通过对典型矿床成矿地质背景、矿床地质特征进行研究,分析成矿地质条件,认为矿床金银矿床(点)受岩性及构造控制,NW北向含金脆-韧剪切带是主要的控矿和贮矿构造,并且延深大的特点可指导其他矿点找矿。破碎带蚀变岩型金银矿找矿远景较大,是进一步找矿的重要类型。提出有望预测区。     

辉发河—古洞河韧性剪切带特征及其对形成金矿床的意义

辉发河—古洞河断裂是吉林省境内华北地块的一条界限断裂。野外地质、显微构造及同位素资料表明,沿该断裂两侧出露的台槽两区的岩石经历了由早期的韧性变形到晚期脆性碎裂这样一个长期复杂的变形变质过程,它们是不同深度层次的断裂构造特征在地表的反映。吉林省金矿集中分布于该剪切带中,二者构成一个应变统一体。所以,糜棱岩、确定断裂构造环境是远景找矿的重要条件。前人为此做了大量卓有成效的地质找矿工作。本文根据1982～1984年对吉林省金矿成因研究的实际资料,在综合区域构造、矿区构造和显微构造分析的基础上,提出了辉发河—古洞河断裂性质为韧性剪切带,金矿为韧性剪切带金矿的粗浅看法。     

德兴地区金矿成矿地质特征及找矿方向

德兴－铜厂岩块地层序列属怀玉地构造沉积区，金矿赋存中元古界韩源组，控矿构造方北东东向韧性剪切带及顺层滑脱破裂岩带，矿石类型为蚀变糜棱岩型和石英脉型，韧性剪切强应变岩带且叠加碎裂化部位是找矿的有利地段。     

江西德兴地区金矿成矿地质特征及找矿方向

德兴─铜厂岩块地层属怀玉地体构造沉积区的地层序列。金矿赋存于中元古界韩源组。控矿构造为北东东向韧性剪切带及顺层滑脱碎裂岩带。矿床类型为蚀变糜棱岩型和石英脉型。韧性剪切强应变带且叠加碎裂岩化部位是找矿的有利地段     

德兴地区金矿成矿地质特征及找矿方向

德兴-铜厂岩块地层序列属怀玉地体构造沉积区.金矿赋存于中元古界韩源组.控矿构造为北东东向韧性剪切带及顺层滑脱碎裂岩带.矿石类型为蚀变糜棱岩型和石英脉型.韧性剪切强应变岩带且叠加碎裂化部位是找矿的有利地段.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.