湖南宝山铜铅锌多金属矿床构造控岩控矿模式

湖南宝山铜铅锌多金属矿床位于南岭东西向构造带与耒阳—临武南北向构造带的复合部位，是该区大型—超大型矿床的典型代表之一。矿床（体）与燕山早期花岗闪长斑岩体在空间上关系密切，均明显受构造控制。在大比例尺构造剖面精细解析基础上，分析构造类型及其主要特征，总结构造控岩控矿规律。研究认为:矽卡岩型铜钼矿体主要受北东—北东东向褶皱控制；热液脉型铅锌银矿体主要受褶皱翼部层间断裂及北东向压扭性断裂控制。构造应力场最大主应力方向经历了成矿前近南北向→成矿期近东西向→成矿后北东—南西向的转变。北东—北东东向压扭性断裂为导矿构造，北西西向张扭性断裂为控岩构造。构造不仅控制了成矿岩体的展布，而且控制了成矿类型的变化。在此基础上，建立了构造控岩控矿模式，指示已知矿体北西侧深部是有利的找矿地段。该研究为深部找矿预测提供重要依据，对坪宝矿田的找矿部署和深部勘查具有参考意义。      

山东招远市前孙家金矿构造控矿规律和构造地球化学找矿

通过对前孙家金矿矿区构造控矿规律研究可知,本区控矿构造型式为成矿前北东向压扭性断裂构造系统中构造透镜体四周的环边式"X"型断裂,控矿构造具有北北东向、近南北向的优选性,成矿期的构造应力场表现为左旋斜滑运动,主断裂带上的南西向侧伏构造控制了矿体延深。矿区成矿元素组合为Au、Ag、As、Co、Mo、Sn。构造地球化学高值带具有与矿体侧伏方向的一致性。根据控矿构造型式、矿体产出规律、成矿期构造应力场分析和数值模拟以及Au构造地球化学异常和成矿因子得分等值线图等方面成果综合分析,提出矿区下一步找矿有利地段有三处:4号脉的南西深部、2号脉的南西深部和新1号脉西侧。     

构造-蚀变-地球化学综合找矿预测方法研究——以陕西小秦岭金矿田Q173号矿脉为例

运用构造-蚀变-构造叠加晕综合方法对陕西小秦岭金矿田Q173号矿脉进行了找矿预测研究。研究结果表明,Q173号矿脉控矿断裂主要经历了3次构造运动。成矿早期为压扭性右行剪切变形;成矿期首先经历了右行逆冲为主的脆性张扭性构造变形,之后又有一组北东向张扭性构造的复合叠加,形成了多金属矿化石英脉;成矿后期构造活动不明显,主要为一些正断层,未见明显矿化富集叠加。构造控矿规律研究认为矿体向西侧伏。围岩蚀变研究表明,与金矿化密切相关的蚀变组合为黄铁矿化-硅化-绢云母化;深部"构造叠加晕"异常特征指示有盲矿体存在。根据综合找矿预测方法研究成果,提出了Q173号矿脉西段侧伏区在1070 m标高以下尚有成矿富集地段的存在,可供工程进一步验证。      

陕西省山阳县王家坪金矿断裂构造控矿规律

陕西山阳王家坪金矿是南秦岭地区新发现的卡林型金矿床，受构造控制明显，矿化蚀变发育。该矿区位于龙头沟背斜北翼，馒头山—大坪—银花河断裂F₂及其次级断裂F₂-1贯穿全区，矿体赋存于其南侧次级层间断裂内。在野外地质调查与划分成矿期次的基础上，梳理了构造类型及其特征，总结了构造控矿规律，提出了找矿方向。研究表明，该矿床的形成经历了3期，其中热液成矿期中的石英硫化物阶段是主要成矿阶段。梳理出该矿床东西向、北东向、北西向和近南北向向4组断裂构造，其中，东西向构造是主要的含矿断裂，具有导矿和储矿的作用，是印支期造山过程的产物；北东、北西和近南北向构造，叠加于东西向构造之上，与燕山期以来主要构造活动有关，虽然对矿体具有破坏作用，但有利于隐伏矿体次生氧化富集；高品位的主矿体正位于东西向构造和北东、北西等构造组成的"井"字型构造中部；Ⅱ号矿体具有明显的向西侧伏特征，计算侧伏角约36°。F₂断裂及其南侧次级层间断裂（如F₂-1断裂）、Ⅲ号矿体深部和Ⅱ号矿体侧伏方向具有较大找矿潜力，是进一步找矿的首要地段。      

额尔齐斯成矿带萨尔布拉克金矿床的构造-成矿流体

萨尔布拉克金矿床位于准噶尔盆地北东缘之喀拉通克岛弧带,北邻呈北西西向展布的额尔齐斯构造挤压带,矿体受次级断裂萨尔布拉克韧性剪切带控制。据构造变形-热液蚀变-矿物共生组合特征,构造-成矿阶段划分为4个：Ⅰ韧性变形-黄铁矿化-硅化阶段;Ⅱ韧脆性变形-黄铁矿-毒砂-石英阶段;Ⅲ网脉状石英阶段（多金属硫化物阶段）;Ⅳ石英-碳酸...     

山东三甲金矿床控矿构造特征及深部预测

三甲金矿床位于胶东半岛东部的牟乳金矿带内岔河—三甲断裂的南端,其围岩主要为古老变质岩和昆嵛山花岗岩,为含金石英脉型金矿。本文通过对矿床控矿构造空间形态、活动期次、力学性质以及围岩蚀变等方面的研究,认为三甲金矿主要受控于主断裂,其内不同期次的次级断裂控制了矿体的空间产出位置;控矿断裂至少经历了三期应力改造,早期为压扭兼张扭性的右行剪切变形,中、晚期以张性裂隙为主-形成多金属硫化物石英脉,后期为压扭性裂隙内部充填形成石英+碳酸盐+多金属硫化物。进而总结了矿体在断裂带中分布的规律性。深部地球化学研究表明,三甲金矿的矿石类型、矿石矿物组合具有垂向分带的特征,矿物组合逆向分带与地球化学原生晕所指示的深部成矿叠加相一致。结合矿体在断裂中分布的规律以及原生晕特点,推断三甲金矿在-506m标高以下尚有成矿富集段的存在,此次研究为深部找矿提供了重要的依据。     

甘肃省合作市早子沟金矿床构造应力场分析

甘肃省合作市早子沟金矿床是西秦岭地区近年来发现的规模达到百吨级别的矿床。该矿床金矿体受构造控制作用明显,因此开展控矿构造研究,可为矿区勘查找矿工作提供指导。本文主要是在野外实地对控矿断裂构造详细观测分析的基础上,利用构造解析法、节理分析法、共轭剪节理法和断层擦痕分析法,通过吴氏网投图分析,确定了早子沟金矿床多期次构造活动的主应力方向,并根据叠加和切割关系以及成岩成矿时代的确定,推断了应力作用的期次和时代。根据分析结果,将早子沟金矿的构造应力场划分为3期5个阶段:成矿前的基底变形、区域变形和岩浆侵位阶段,早期和晚期成矿阶段,以及成矿期后阶段,矿体局部被错断。结合成矿作用特征,进一步分析了不同阶段断裂活动与成矿关系,认为构造应力场演化与成矿作用具有一致性,并指出了NE向主断裂与旁侧分支断裂的复合部位以及NE向断裂与NW向断裂的交会部位是矿区深部寻找富大矿体的有利空间。     

滇中小水井金矿床控矿构造与矿化富集规律

构造控矿是小水井金矿床的主要特点,本文通过对矿床控矿构造空间形态、构造岩分带、活动期次、力学性质、矿床构造类型的研究,认为小水井金矿床受控于区域三级断裂(F3),其内更次级的断层、剪切裂隙破碎带、层间破碎带控制了矿体的空间产出位置;矿床控矿构造类型为脆-韧性剪切断裂构造,构造破碎带起码经历了三期应力作用的改造,早期为压扭性韧性剪切变形,中、晚期为张扭性脆-韧性剪切变形,后期为脆性剪切作用—形成碎裂状岩石;矿床金矿化作用主要与中、晚期的脆-韧性剪切变形作用有关,发生在脆-韧性剪切变形阶段或稍晚。进而总结了金矿化富集规律,指出在断裂产状变化地段、不同方向断层交切附近、破碎带的膨大部位,是厚大透镜状矿体富集的有利空间;破碎带变窄地段,矿体变薄、尖灭,形成脉状矿体。     

山东招远玲珑金矿田控矿构造及其形成机制

玲珑金矿主要受北北东向、北东向两组断裂构造控制，主要矿体均分布于两组断裂的复合部位，两组断裂的形成及其运动性质与郯庐断裂的活动密切相关。在中生代早期，北北东向的玲珑断裂主要为左行平移运动，北东向的破头青断裂则为压性兼具有左行平移性质；早白垩世晚期，北北东向断裂作右行运动，而北东向断裂则作左行运动，反映了断裂活动的多期性和复杂性。断裂构造岩的特征显示控矿断裂经历了韧性变形和脆性变形两个阶段，矿体赋存于断裂构造主裂面的下盘。上盘一般无工业矿体赋存。     

滩间山金矿田构造轮廓及控矿构造特点

滩间山矿田产出部位及矿体延展严格受断裂构造制约。矿田地区发育北西向压扭性断裂，北东向张扭性断裂和近东西向扭性断裂，北西向，并东向断裂均为控矿断裂，但北东向断裂的控矿作用更为明显。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.