高渗透压脆性岩石蠕变宏−细观力学模型研究

高渗透压对深部地下工程脆性岩石蠕变力学特性有着重要影响。然而,能够解释高渗透压作用脆性岩石完整减速、稳态及加速三级蠕变过程中,细观裂纹扩展与宏观变形关系的宏细观力学模型研究很少。基于考虑含有初始裂纹与新生成翼型裂纹影响的裂纹尖端应力强度模型,引入渗透水压与初始裂纹及新生成翼型裂纹之间的力学关系,建立了考虑渗透水压作用的裂纹尖端应力强度模型;然后结合亚临界裂纹扩展法则,与裂纹及应变损伤关系模型,推出了考虑渗透水压影响的脆性岩石蠕变裂纹扩展与宏观变形关系的宏细观力学模型。当施加轴向应力小于岩石裂纹启裂应力时,岩石近似表现为线弹性变形;当施加轴向应力大于裂纹启裂应力且小于岩石峰值强度,岩石表现为塑性蠕变变形。研究了不同渗透压作用下,分级轴向应力加载岩石蠕变应变时间演化曲线,并通过试验结果验证了模型的合理性。分别讨论了恒定渗透压与分级渗透压,对脆性岩石蠕变过程中裂纹长度、裂纹扩展速率、轴向应变及轴向应变率的影响。该模型为高渗透压深部地下工程围岩稳定性评价提供了重要理论依据。     

应变率对红砂岩渐进破坏过程和特征应力的影响

为了深入研究脆性岩石的渐进破坏过程,利用RMT-150C型岩石力学试验系统对产自鲁南地区的一种红砂岩进行了系统的力学性质试验研究,得出该类型砂岩试样在不同应变率条件下的力学表现。将试件的渐进破坏过程通过特征应力分为裂纹闭合阶段、线弹性变形阶段、裂纹起裂和稳定扩展阶段以及裂纹不稳定扩展阶段,通过对应力-应变曲线、轴向变形刚度、体积应变曲线和裂纹体积应变等数据的分析,以及采用动点回归技术确定了试样的起裂应力和致损应力,并进一步研究了该类红砂岩的渐进破坏过程及红砂岩峰值强度、起裂应力等参数和应变率之间的关系。试验结果表明,随着应变率的增加,红砂岩试样的峰值强度先降低后提高,起裂应力及致损应力与峰值强度的比值均有所降低。分析了红砂岩峰值强度变化的物理机制并给出了解释,研究了应变率对红砂岩渐进破坏过程的影响     

节理连通率对岩体力学特性影响的细观研究

采用等效岩体（ERM）技术,将节理和岩块分别用光滑节理模型及颗粒体模型表征,构建含不同节理倾角、连通率的等效岩体模型。结合试验结果,从细观力学角度开展单轴压缩条件下节理连通率对岩体强度、破裂机制、能量演化等力学特征影响的定量研究。研究发现,当节理方向与加载轴向呈一定夹角时,岩体表现出沿岩桥连线方向的贯通破坏趋势,尤其当节理倾角? = 30°,连通率L = 0.8时,岩体破坏表现出岩桥复合贯通破坏模式。在该类节理倾角(? = 30°)条件下,随节理连通率增大,岩体表现出的主要力学特征为：（1）峰值抗压强度呈不断降低趋势;（2）微破裂总数不断下降,但张拉型微破裂所占比例逐渐提高。微裂纹进一步集中在不同层间节理尖端岩桥连线上产生;（3）声发射（AE）事件产生时间在整个加载阶段逐渐分散,声发射事件总数及破裂强度分布范围、均值、标准差等均不断减小;（4）峰值应变能及峰后应变能、动能变化率降低,峰后摩擦能增速放缓,试样破坏所需的外界做功逐渐降低。     

基于Otsu图像处理的岩石细观模型重构及数值试验

基于大津法(Otsu)多阈值分割方法,利用数字图像处理技术获取了花岗岩细观结构的表征图像,并结合颗粒流程序,重构了反映岩石非均质结构特征的细观模型。通过单轴压缩试验,分析了花岗岩的失稳破坏过程,并研究了细观结构强度对宏观强度及破坏形态的影响。研究发现:花岗岩试件失稳破坏过程中存在4种裂纹形式,加载初期首先产生界面裂纹,其次是云母裂纹,长石和石英在应力接近极限强度时才破坏;当增大胶结界面或矿物强度时,花岗岩的抗压强度随之增加,但增加梯度逐渐减小;胶结界面或3种矿物细观强度的增大会使该结构处裂纹数量减小,而增加其他结构处的裂纹分布;相对于中等强度的长石和高强度的石英,低强度的胶结界面和云母矿物对花岗岩宏观强度和破坏形态的影响较大,是关键细观结构。将Otsu图像处理技术与颗粒流程序相结合,建立反映岩石真实结构的细观模型,为研究岩石非均质性对宏观力学特性的影响提供了一种有效手段。     

薄层状红页岩细观破坏特性研究

为研究层状红页岩细观破坏特性,采用DSTD-1000型电液伺服刚性压力机对不同层理倾角红页岩进行单轴力学实验,对碎屑进行SEM电镜扫描和XRD衍射实验,获取其力学参数、破坏特征、微观结构及成分相对含量。基于此,利用离散元PFC3D构建不同层理倾角红页岩数值模型,并进行单轴压缩实验来研究红页岩细观破坏特征。结果表明：(1)层理倾角θ=30°、45°、60°、75°时,试样沿层理方向破坏产生滑移面。(2)不同层理倾角试样的裂纹演化过程都呈缓慢增长阶段、加速增长阶段、趋于稳定阶段的变化情况,当θ=45°、60°、75°时,裂纹演化过程中单位应变产生裂纹数较多,导致试样迅速沿层理弱面滑移破坏。(3)细观裂纹赤平极射投影和岩石组构图表明,θ=0°、75°、90°时,微观裂纹倾向分布较为均匀,主要平行于或次平行于加载方向,加载破坏后表现出强烈的各向异性;15°≤θ≤60°时,微裂纹倾向逐渐向层理方向平行。(4)考虑裂纹演化特征的弹性模量法求解的裂纹萌生应力阈值为各层理峰值强度的36.6%～60.3%,裂纹损伤应力阈值为各层理峰值强度的75.1%～90.4%,与大量物理实验所求阈值范围吻合,表明此法...     

非均匀岩石介质单轴压缩强度及变形破裂规律的数值模拟

以有限差分法(FDM)为计算框架,利用Weibull分布描述细观单元弹性模量和单轴抗压强度的分布特征,采用弹塑性应变软化本构模型描述细观单元的力学响应,进而建立一种模拟非均匀岩石介质破裂的数值模型。采用该数值模型探讨了单轴压缩时细观均质度m及细观结构对数值试样宏观特性的影响。结果表明,（1）随着细观均质度提高,数值模型的非线性特征逐渐减弱,脆性逐渐增强;宏观峰值强度及弹性模量逐渐增大,峰值强度与lnm呈线性关系,而弹性模量与1/m为线性关系;数值试样表现出由塑性流动破坏至剪切破坏进而为张拉破坏的破坏模式;（2）当细观均质度一定时,细观结构或细观单元空间排列是决定岩石力学行为波动性的主要因素;应力–应变曲线峰前阶段对细观单元的空间排列不敏感,但峰值强度附近及峰后阶段对细观单元的空间排列比较敏感。     

基于细观力学脆性岩石剪切特性演化模型研究

压缩作用下岩石内部细观裂纹扩展导致岩石产生损伤,其对岩石变形、强度等力学特性有着重要影响;然而,岩石内部裂纹扩展与剪切特性（黏聚力、内摩擦角及剪切应力）动态演化关系很少被研究。基于裂纹扩展机制推出的岩石应力-应变本构模型,并结合摩尔-库仑失效准则,推出了在岩石应力-应变关系峰值应力（对应岩石压缩强度）状态时,本构模型细观力学参数与岩石黏聚力、内摩擦角及剪切强度之间的状态关系。然后,引入岩石应力-应变本构关系塑性变形阶段服从摩尔-库仑屈服准则的力学流动规律,进而将已推出的应力-应变关系峰值状态点所满足的细观力学参数与黏聚力、内摩擦角关系,推广到岩石进入塑性变形后,岩石内部裂纹扩展（或应变）与黏聚力、内摩擦角及剪切应力动态演化的理论关系。随着裂纹扩展或应变增加,黏聚力、内摩擦角及剪切应力先增大,达到一个峰值点后减小,该结果与应力-应变本构曲线变化趋势相对应。通过试验结果验证了所提出理论结果的合理性。并讨论了初始裂纹之间摩擦系数对黏聚力、内摩擦角及剪切应力随裂纹扩展或应变演化规律的影响。     

类节理岩石直剪试验力学特性的数值模拟研究

节理岩体的剪切特性是主导岩体工程稳定性的关键因素。基于PFC2D离散元颗粒流程序,结合室内试验结果对比分析,选取合理的细观参数进行数值模拟,分别从细观角度研究了节理岩石的裂纹发展、能量转化及声发射现象等特性,从宏观角度研究了节理岩石的强度模型和破坏形态。结果表明：节理岩体主要呈现磨损和剪断两种破坏形态,不同的破坏形态对应不同的强度模型;随着剪切变形增加,岩体沿节理面发生破坏,弹性阶段以法向裂纹为主,而塑性阶段切向裂纹起主导作用,滑移区R、P裂纹贯通形成破碎带,节理面产生较大滑移;在应力达到峰值强度前,边界能主要转化为应变能,法向裂纹生成较多;越过峰值强度后,摩擦能快速增长,并伴随大量切向裂纹产生。与室内试验结果相比,PFC2D较好地模拟了节理岩体剪切力学特性,弥补了室内试验中无法进行细观特性研究的缺陷,对于节理岩体后期研究提供了一些参考。     

海水侵蚀环境下混凝土力学性能退化模型

基于混凝土干湿循环试验和混凝土细观力学,对混凝土在海水侵蚀环境下力学性能的变化进行了研究。混凝土干湿循环试验方面,采用加速腐蚀试验。对混凝土试件和根据混凝土配比制成的砂浆试件进行0、10、20、30、40、50次干湿循环,利用大型混凝土静、动三轴试验系统,检测了海水侵蚀作用对混凝土抗压强度、抗拉强度、弹性模量及应力-应变关系的影响。依据混凝土细观力学理论,对混凝土试块进行了细观数值模拟,考虑了混凝土各组成相的非均匀性、材料性质按照Weibull分布来赋值。同时,为反映海水侵蚀作用对混凝土的影响,砂浆的强度和弹性模量均以砂浆干湿循环试验所得结果为准,最后建立了混凝土随干湿循环次数变化的抗压强度折减模型,抗拉强度折减模型和弹性模量的折减模型。     

泡沫混凝土隧道减震层减震机制

基于泡沫混凝土隧道减震材料,通过室内试验研究了不同密度、围压、应变率条件下泡沫混凝土材料的力学特性。试验结果表明：随着密度的增加,试样的单轴破坏形态由骨架坍塌破坏逐渐转化为劈裂剪切破坏,峰后应变软化与材料脆性增强;随着围压的增加,材料强度增加且延性增强,峰后由应变软化逐渐转换为应变硬化。在中等应变率范围内（10?5/s ～10?3/s）,随着应变率的增加,泡沫混凝土材料的强度近似呈指数增长,同时峰后残余应力增长明显,且塑性应变越大,应变率对峰后应力的影响越大。基于上述试验结果初步建立了泡沫混凝土材料的本构模型。依托嘎隆拉隧道,采用数值方法研究了减震层剪切模量、厚度及减震层-衬砌界面特性3个因素对减震效果的影响规律,相关研究成果可为高烈度区隧道工程减震层的设计提供参考。     

基于颗粒离散元模型的不同加载速率下花岗岩数值试验研究

不同加载速率条件下岩石的力学特性,对于其动载下破裂内在机制的研究具有积极的意义。基于颗粒流理论,通过黏结颗粒模型（bonded particle model,简称BPM）虚拟实现不同加载速率0.001～0.500 m/s下花岗岩单轴压缩和巴西劈裂试验,定量分析加载速率对应力-应变、破裂形态、应变能率及声发射的影响。结果表明：单轴抗压强度和抗拉强度及其对应峰值应变随加载速率增加而非线性增长;单轴压缩作用下,随加载速率增加,试样由单一斜截面破坏向多斜截面破坏转变,且主控裂隙带宽度急剧增大,由裂纹数量及水平向高应变率区域变化规律可明显看出,试样破坏程度随着加载速率增加而逐渐加剧;巴西劈裂作用下试样从一条主控裂隙向多条主控裂隙转变,且裂纹向圆盘试样两侧边缘部分延伸,破坏程度加剧;单轴压缩和巴西劈裂作用下,声发射事件及应变能率均随加载速率增加而呈现出非线性增长趋势。     

砂浆-花岗岩界面动态轴向拉伸力学性能试验研究

骨料-砂浆界面过渡区的力学性能对混凝土宏观受力特性有很重要的影响。在MTS试验机上对40个砂浆-花岗岩交界面试件进行了动态轴向拉伸力学性能试验研究,分析不同应变率（10-6～10-2 s-1）、不同程度预静载（30%、50%、70%静载强度）以及往复荷载（1、5 Hz）对交界面动态轴向拉伸力学性能的影响,并对其动态破坏机制进行了初探。研究结果表明：①交界面动抗拉强度随应变率增加有明显增加趋势;②较小预静载（不超过50%）不仅没有使动抗拉强度降低,反而有可能提高动抗拉强度,较大的预静载对损伤弱化效应起主导作用,从而使动抗拉强度降低;③往复荷载作用下会出现明显的低周疲劳损伤,而且残余变形随往复荷载的频率增加而减小;④不同应变率下的交界面应力-应变曲线上升段类似,约50%强度后呈现非线性变化,但非线性程度随应变率增加趋向不明显。另外,尝试性地进行了交界面试件轴向拉伸应力-应变全曲线的试验,得到了稳定断裂的全过程曲线。     

Meso‐scale particle modeling of concrete deterioration caused by alkali‐aggregate reaction

A meso‐scale particle model is presented to simulate the expansion of concrete subjected to alkali‐aggregate reaction (AAR) and to analyze the AAR‐induced degradation of the mechanical properties. It is the first attempt to evaluate the deterioration mechanism due to AAR using the discrete‐element method. A three‐phase meso‐scale model for concrete composed of aggregates, mortar and the interface is established with the combination of a pre‐processing approach and the particle flow code, PFC2D. A homogeneous aggregate expansion approach is applied to model the AAR expansion. Uniaxial compression tests are conducted for the AAR‐affected concrete to examine the effects on the mechanical properties. Two specimens with different aggregate sizes are analyzed to consider the effects of aggregate size on AAR. The results show that the meso‐scale particle model is valid to predict the expansion and the internal micro‐cracking patterns caused by AAR. The two different specimens exhibit similar behavior. The Young's modulus and compressive strength are significantly reduced with the increase of AAR expansion. The shape of the stress–strain curves obtained from the compression tests clearly reflects the influence of internal micro‐cracks: an increased nonlinearity before the peak loading and a more gradual softening for more severely affected specimens. Similar macroscopic failure patterns of the specimens under compression are observed in terms of diagonal macroscopic cracks splitting the specimen into several triangular pieces, whereas localized micro‐cracks forming in slightly affected specimens are different from branching and diffusing cracks in severely affected ones, demonstrating different failure mechanisms. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modeling Strain Rate Effect of Heterogeneous Materials Using SPH Method

The strain rate effect on the dynamic compressive failure of heterogeneous material based on the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method is studied. The SPH method employs a rate-insensitive elasto-plastic damage model incorporated with a Weibull distribution law to reflect the mechanical behavior of heterogeneous rock-like materials. A series of simulations are performed for heterogeneous specimens by applying axial velocity conditions, which induce different strain-rate loadings to the specimen. A detailed failure process of the specimens in terms of microscopic crack-activities and the macro-mechanical response are discussed. Failure mechanisms between the low and high strain rate cases are compared. The result shows that the strain-rate effects on the rock strength are mainly caused by the changing internal pressure due to the inertial effects as well as the material heterogeneity. It also demonstrates that the inertial effect becomes significant only when the induced strain rate exceeds a threshold, below which, the dynamic strength enhancement can be explained due to the heterogeneities in the material. It also shows that the dynamic strength is affected more significantly for a relatively more heterogeneous specimen, which coincides with the experimental results showing that the poor quality specimen had a relatively larger increase in the dynamic strength.     

花岗岩动三轴抗压强度的裂纹模型研究(Ⅱ):应用

根据压缩载荷作用下的滑移型裂纹模型，结合裂纹的动态断裂准则，模拟了花岗岩在应变速度从10^-4-10^0s^-1以及围压力20，50，80MPa时的强度特性。结果表明，模拟结果与实验结果基本一致。还探讨了地从裂纹扩展和聚合特性入手揭示岩石材料强度随应变速率以及围压变化的机理。     

不同应变速率下泥页岩力学特性试验研究

为了揭示泥页岩在不同应变速率下的力学特征,为页岩气的开采提供科学指导,分别在5×10-4/s、1×10-4/s、1×10-5/s、 1×10-6/s四种不同应变速率下对页岩开展单轴压缩力学试验。研究表明,应变速率对页岩的弹性模量、峰值强度、破裂形态等具有显著影响,应变速率从高到低,弹性模量和峰值强度都呈逐渐降低趋势,但下降速度逐渐放缓,两者与应变速率负对数大致呈幂函数关系,而采用平均值拟合时则相关性较高,相对而言,弹性模量的应变率效应更显著;应变速率对破裂形态的影响极为明显,在高应变速率下页岩迅速劈裂为较少的大块,整体构架丧失,随着应变速率降低,破裂过渡为劈裂为主,伴随局部剪切破坏,达到最低应变速率时主要呈劈裂破坏,但同时形成较多横向分布裂纹,即低应变速率下破坏均匀且形成纵横切割试样的网状裂纹,页岩的应变速率在整体上对破裂方式影响最为显著,主要表现为低应变速率下的破坏更均匀、更易形成裂纹网。因此,该特性对于确立页岩力学参数及设计压裂方案具有重要启发作用。     

Viscoelastic damage model for asphalt concrete

The strain rate-dependent mechanical behavior of asphalt concrete was characterized using unconfined compression tests carried out at different loading rates. It was shown that at high strain rates, the elastic deformation and peak axial stress are highly sensitive to strain rate. Both increase as the strain rate increases. At very low strain rates, elastic response and unconfined compressive strength are relatively independent of the loading rate. Based on the experimental observations, a simple viscoelastic damage model is proposed for the strain rate-dependent unconfined compression behavior of asphalt concrete. In the model, strain rate response is modeled by a two-component viscoelastic model consisting of a constant elastic modulus and a viscous modulus that is related by a power-law function to the axial strain rate. Failure and strain softening are modeled via a damage formulation where damage evolution in the asphalt concrete is given by a simple form of the Weibull distribution function. The model was shown to be capable of describing the strain rate-dependent deformation, compressive strength, strain-softening and creep behavior of asphalt concrete. The model is relatively simple and requires only five material parameters.     

Mechanical behaviors of conjugate-flawed rocks subjected to coupled static–dynamic compression

Conjugate flaws widely exist in rock masses and play a significant role in their deformation and strength properties. Understanding the mechanical behaviors of rock masses containing conjugate flaws is conducive to rock engineering stability assessment and the related supporting design. This study experimentally investigates the mechanical properties of conjugate-flawed sandstone specimens under coupled static–dynamic compression, thereby providing insight into how conjugate fractures interact to produce tracing tensional joints. Results indicate that the coupled compressive strength and the dynamic elastic modulus of conjugate-flawed rock specimens show remarkable loading rate dependence. For a fixed strain rate, the specimen with a static pre-stress equal to 60% of its uniaxial compressive strength has the highest coupled strength. Besides, both higher static pre-stress and strain rate can induce smaller mean fragment size and greater fractal dimension of the specimen, corresponding to a more uniform distribution of the broken fragments with smaller sizes. When the static pre-stress is lower than 80%UCS, the flawed specimen under a higher strain rate is characterized by higher absorbed energy. However, when the pre-stress equals 80%UCS, the value of the energy absorbed by the specimen in the dynamic loading process is negative due to the release of the preexisting considerable elastic strain energy input from the static pre-loading. As for the failure modes, cracks always penetrate the preexisting ipsilateral flaw tips to form anti-wing cracks. Under dynamic loading, the conjugate-flawed specimen generally shows tensile failure at a low strain rate, while the shear failure dominates at a high strain rate. In addition, based on progressive failure processes of the conjugate-flawed rock specimens, the evolution of tracing tensional joints in the field is discussed.

     

FBG-BOTDA联合感测管桩击入土层模型试验研究

管桩施工过程中常出现桩身裂缝、爆桩等病害。将具有实时动态监测功能的布拉格光纤光栅（FBG）准分布式光纤传感监测技术和具有分布式监测功能的布里渊散射光时域分析技术（BOTDA）联合应用到管桩打入过程中的监测,提出了分布式光纤传感技术数据处理方法,设计了管桩打入过程的模型试验。试验结果表明,FBG传感技术能够较好地动态监测打入过程中桩身应变变化特征,反映桩身不同部位随不同深度应变变化规律;BOTDA分布式光纤传感技术能够较好地监测管桩在打入过程中暂停（接管）状态下桩身应变变化特征;根据应变变化分析管桩受偏心荷载程度,分析管桩是否出现裂缝、破坏等病害,研究管桩打入过程中桩土作用规律。试验结果还表明,FBG联合BOTDA光纤监测技术在管桩打入过程中监测管桩质量具有广阔的技术优势和应用前景。     

Dynamic Characterization of Orthogneiss Rock Subjected to Intermediate and High Strain Rates in Tension

The dynamic characterization of rocks under intermediate and high strain rates is fundamental to understand the material behavior in case of heavy earthquakes and dynamic events. The implementation of material constitutive laws is of capital importance for the numerical simulation of the dynamic processes as those caused by earthquakes. These data are necessary and require experimental techniques able to induce on the rock materials state of loading reproducing the actual dynamic condition. The dynamic characterization has been carried out by means of two special apparatus: the split Hopkinson tension bar and the hydro-pneumatic machine. These equipments are briefly described with a discussion on the results of dynamic tension tests at three different strain rates (0.1, 10, 100 strain/s) on Onsernone Orthogneiss for loading directions 0°, 45° and 90° with respect to the schistosity. Results of the tests show a significant strain rate sensitive behavior, exhibiting dynamic tensile strength increasing with strain rate, up to about two times with respect to the quasi-static conditions in the case of 0° and 45° orientation and more than three times in the case of 90° at high strain rates. Dynamic increase factors versus strain rate curves for tensile strength were also evaluated and discussed.