Late Triassic crustal growth in southern Tibet: Evidence from the Gangdese magmatic belt

The Gangdese magmatic belt, located in the southern margin of the Lhasa terrane and carrying significant copper and polymetallic mineralization, preserves important information relating to the tectonics associated with Indian–Eurasian collision and the crustal growth of southern Tibet. Here we investigate the Quxu batholith in the central domain of the Gangdese magmatic belt and report the occurrence of hornblende gabbros for the first time. We present petrologic, zircon U–Pb–Hf isotopic and bulk-rock chemistry data on these rocks. The hornblende gabbros display sub-alkaline features, and correspond to tholeiite composition. They also show medium K calc-alkaline to low K affinity. The rocks show enrichment in LILEs and LREEs, but are depleted in HFSEs, indicating a subduction-related active continental margin setting for the magma genesis. Our computations show that the gabbroic pluton was emplaced in the middle-lower crustal depth of ca. 18 km. Zircons from the hornblende gabbros yield crystallization age of ca. 210 Ma, revealing a late Triassic magmatic event. Combined with available data from the Gangdese magmatic belt, our study suggests that the northward subduction of the Neo-Tethys oceanic crust beneath the southern margin of the Lhasa terrane might have been initiated not later than the Norian period of Triassic. Zircons from the hornblende gabbro show positive ε_Hf(t) values of 9.56 to 14.75 (mean value 12.44), corresponding to single stage model ages (T_DM1) in the range of 256 Ma to 459 Ma, attesting to crustal growth in the southern Lhasa terrane associated with the subduction of the Neo-Tethys oceanic crust.     

Partial melting of subducted Southern Qiangtang crust in northern Tibet: evidence from the geochemistry and geochronology of the Riwanchaka granodiorite porphyry in Central Qiangtang

ABSTRACT

This article presents new zircon U–Pb geochronology, Hf isotopic, and whole-rock major- and trace-element geochemical data that provide insights into the petrogenesis and tectonic history of the Riwanchaka granodiorite porphyries of Central Qiangtang, Tibet. Zircon U–Pb ages of 236–230 Ma indicate an early Late Triassic age of emplacement of the porphyries, and zircon Hf isotopic data yield εHf(t) values of – 7.0 to – 1.5 and ancient zircon Hf crustal model ages (T_DM^C) of 1524–1220 Ma. The granodiorite porphyries are characterized by low K₂O contents, high Mg# values, and relatively high Cr and Ni contents. They are classified as I-type calc-alkaline granite and are considered to have formed through the anatexis of ancient mafic crustal rocks with contributions from mantle-derived components. The geochemistry and isotopic compositions of all samples are similar to those of magmatic rocks that originated in the South Qiangtang crust. However, field observations indicate that the pluton intrudes the North Qiangtang crust, and we propose that the granodiorite porphyries were derived by partial melting of subducted continental crust of the South Qiangtang terrane. These new data have been integrated with data from previous studies to construct a new model of slab rollback during northward subduction of the Southern Qiangtang continental crust at ca. 245–226 Ma, thereby improving our understanding of magmatic processes involved in continental subduction in collision settings.     

西藏冈底斯南缘汤白斑状花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及地质意义

为了探讨冈底斯南缘晚三叠世-早侏罗世时期岩浆岩的成因及与新特提斯洋早期演化的关系,文章对冈底斯南缘汤 白地区斑状花岗岩的岩相学、年代学和地球化学特征进行研究。LA-ICP-MS 锆石U-Pb 定年结果显示,斑状花岗岩的结晶年 龄为（190.37±0.87） Ma （MSWD=0.58）,形成于早侏罗世。岩体以高SiO2 （75.20%~75.97%）、Na2O （3.39%~4.12%）、 Na2O/K2O 值（1.40~2.00） 和低MgO （0.32%~0.38%） 为特征,属于钙碱性I 型花岗岩。微量元素地球化学特征显示,富集大 离子亲石元素（LILEs：如Rb、U 和K） 和轻稀土（LREEs）,亏损高场强元素（HFSEs：如Nb、Ta 和Ti） 和重稀土 （HREEs）,表明其形成于新特提斯洋北向俯冲相关的岩浆弧环境。同时岩石具有较低的Mg#值（26.71~41.34,平均值为 35.26） 和与下地壳接近的Nb/Ta 值,指示岩浆主要起源于新生下地壳部分熔融。结合前人最新的研究成果表明,南冈底斯 晚三叠世-早侏罗世时期的岩浆岩形成于新特提斯洋北向俯冲相关岩浆弧环境,新特提斯洋向北俯冲起始时间至少早于本 文报道的汤白斑状花岗岩的结晶年龄（190.37±0.87 Ma）。     

西藏中冈底斯扎布耶茶卡北部晚侏罗世则弄群火山岩的锆石U-Pb年代学及其成因意义

冈底斯带晚中生代构造演化模式一直存在争议。此次研究了中冈底斯带扎布耶茶卡北部区域则弄群火山岩的野外特 征和锆石U-Pb年龄。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,扎布耶茶卡北部则弄群火山岩主要喷发于154.2~142.1 Ma。研究首次获得 晚侏罗世的则弄群火山岩年龄为154 Ma,比前人提出的则弄群火山岩浆活动起始时间（130 Ma） 提前了24 Ma,据此将则 弄群的时代定为晚侏罗世至早白垩世。根据研究获得的最新年代学数据,结合冈底斯带火山岩的前人研究资料,显示冈底 斯带中生代弧火山岩具有从南向北逐渐年轻的趋势。因此,最早期南冈底斯弧中生代火山岩可能与新特提斯洋板片北向俯 冲有关,晚侏罗世至早白垩世的中冈底斯带弧火山岩受到了新特提斯洋板片北向俯冲和班公湖-怒江洋板片南向俯冲的双 重影响,早白垩世中期的北冈底斯带弧火山岩则与班公湖-怒江洋板片的南向俯冲密切相关。研究成果为冈底斯带晚中生 代构造演化模式提供了火山岩方面的新证据。     

藏南冈底斯岩浆带研究进展与展望

冈底斯岩浆岩带（以下简称冈底斯带）是新特提斯洋俯冲和印度—亚洲板块碰撞的产物,为典型的复合型大陆岩浆弧,是研究板块增生、大陆地壳生长再造和碰撞造山的天然实验室。大量研究揭示新特提斯洋主要经历了4个重要的演化时期：分别是早期俯冲（>152 Ma）、晚期俯冲（100~65 Ma）、主碰撞（55~40 Ma）和后碰撞伸展期（23 Ma至今）。前人对其开展了大量的工作,并取得了重要的认识和进展,然而关于新特提斯洋的形成和演化以及冈底斯带火成岩岩浆源区的属性、精细的成岩过程等方面仍然存在着激烈的争议。文章首先介绍了冈底斯带的研究历史和大地构造背景,对冈底斯带目前存在的主要科学问题和争议进行了初步梳理,从13个方面进行了论述和总结。初步的梳理给出的启示是：冈底斯带是一个典型的岩浆—构造—成矿—变形变质带,经历了长期、复杂和多阶段的演化过程,而不是简单地拼贴于古老拉萨地体之上的新生大陆岛弧体。主要认识包括：（1）冈底斯岛弧带是研究新特提斯洋俯冲最为理想的场所,记录了新特提斯洋演化的关键信息,是破解新特提斯洋板片初始俯冲时限和板片俯冲方式最佳的研究对象;（2）冈底斯带中不同时代的花岗岩基或岩株可能经历了一个多期次组装累积的过程,今后应运用晶粥体的模型去重新理解冈底斯带花岗质岩石的形成和动力学成岩过程;（3）冈底斯地区地幔的性质沿着走向表现出复杂性,具有地球化学上的不均一性;（4）冈底斯带的火成岩存在同位素上的倒转,这可能暗示冈底斯地区存在老的基底;（5）冈底斯岛弧带在构造上具有明显的掀斜性,表现出东段以下地壳组分为主,中西段以中上地壳组分为主,暗示了冈底斯带自新生代以来经历了一个不均衡的构造抬升和剥露过程; （6）冈底斯带的研究对象仍以火成岩为主,研究方法多限于传统的岩石学和放射性Sr-Nd-Hf同位素手段,而非传统的稳定性同位素（Mg-O-Li-B-Mo）的研究却鲜有报道,并且在研究内容上主要以岩石成因和地质年代学为主,而对火成岩侵位过程和成岩后的构造变形和抬升剥蚀等相关研究则相对薄弱;（7）目前,构造地质学手段在冈底斯带的研究中运用较少,常以岩浆演化来代替构造演化。最后,文章针对目前的研究现状,对冈底斯带未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

西藏墨竹工卡地区早侏罗世花岗岩地球化学、岩石成因及其地质意义

为了研究南冈底斯晚三叠世-早侏罗世时期岩浆岩的成因类型和构造背景，针对墨竹工卡地区的松多黑云母二长花岗岩体进行岩相学、年代学、全岩地球化学研究.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示，松多黑云母二长花岗岩结晶年龄为190.2±2.9 Ma，形成于早侏罗世.在地球化学组成上，黑云母二长花岗岩具有低TiO₂（0.68%~0.75%），富SiO₂（65.22%~66.13%）、Al₂O₃（16.26%~16.73%）、Na₂O（4.05%~4.29%）、K₂O（3.96%~4.24%）的特点，显示钾玄岩系列和弱过铝质（A/CNK=1.04~1.11）的主量元素地球化学特征；在微量元素蛛网图上，具有富集Rb、Th、K、Zr、Hf元素和亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr、Ti、P元素的特征；锆石饱和温度介于805~835℃，FeOT/MgO比值高，样品显示出具有部分A型花岗岩特征.结合前人研究表明，晚三叠世-早侏罗世时期南冈底斯岩浆岩构造背景与新特提斯洋北向俯冲有关，松多黑云母二长花岗岩形成于新特提斯洋板片北向俯冲引起的弧后伸展环境；其成因与软流圈上涌导致幔源岩浆底侵引起下地壳的部分熔融有关.      

Reworking of the Gangdese magmatic arc,southeastern Tibet: post‐collisional metamorphism and anatexis

The Gangdese magmatic arc, southeastern Tibet, was built by mantle‐derived magma accretion and juvenile crustal growth during the Mesozoic to Early Cenozoic northward subduction of the Neo‐Tethyan oceanic slab beneath the Eurasian continent. The petrological and geochronological data reveal that the lower crust of the southeastern Gangdese arc experienced Oligocene reworking by metamorphism, anatexis and magmatism after the India and Asia collision. The post‐collisional metamorphic and migmatitic rocks formed at 34–26 Ma and 28–26 Ma respectively. Meta‐granitoids have protolith ages of 65–38 Ma. Inherited detrital zircon from metasedimentary rocks has highly variable ages ranging from 2708 to 37 Ma. These rocks underwent post‐collisional amphibolite facies metamorphism and coeval anatexis under P–T conditions of ~710–760 °C and ~12 kbar with geothermal gradients of 18–20 °C km ^{? 1}, indicating a distinct crustal thickening process. Crustal shortening, thickening and possible subduction erosion due to the continental collision and ongoing convergence resulted in high‐P metamorphic and anatectic reworking of the magmatic and sedimentary rocks of the deep Gangdese arc. This study provides a typical example of the reworking of juvenile and ancient continental crust during active collisional orogeny.     

Late Cretaceous Adakitic Granites of the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau: Garnet Fractional Crystallization of Arc‐Like Magmas at the Thickened Neo‐Tethyan Continental Margin

The tectonic setting of Cretaceous granitoids in the southeastern Tibet Plateau, east of the Eastern Himalaya Syntax, is debated. Exploration and mining of the Laba Mo–Cu porphyry-type deposit in the area has revealed Late Cretaceous granites. New and previously published zircon U–Pb dating indicate that the Laba granite crystallized at 89–85 Ma. Bulk-rock geochemistry, Sr–Nd isotopic data and in situ zircon Hf isotopic data indicate that the granite is adakitic and was formed by partial melting of thickened lower crust. The Ca, Fe, and Al contents decrease with increasing SiO2 content.These and other geochemical characteristics indicate that fractional crystallization of garnet under high-pressure conditions resulted in the adakitic nature of the Laba granite. Cretaceous granitoids are widespread throughout the Tibetan Plateau including its southeastern area, forming an intact curved belt along the southern margin of Eurasia. This belt is curved due to indenting by the Indian continent during Cenozoic, but strikes parallel to both the Indus–Yarlung suture zone and the Main Frontal Thrust belt. It is therefore likely that Cretaceous granitoids in both the Gangdese and southeastern Tibetan Plateau areas resulted from subduction of Neo-Tethyan lithosphere.     

Zircon SHRIMP Dating for the Weiya Pluton, Eastern Tianshan: Its Geological Implications

1 Introduction Voluminous literature has resulted from study of the geology and tectonic evironments of post-orogenic granitoids in eastern Tianshan (He et al., 1995; Han et al., 1997; Gu et al., 1999, 2001; Li et al., 2003; Chen et al., 2004). Previous contributions (Hu et al., 1997; Li et al., 2003) indicate that major events of continental collision in northern Xinjiang occurred around 300 Ma. Then, the tectonics converted from compression to extension, resulting in the uplifting of th…     

内蒙古西乌旗南部晚古生代侵入岩年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义

为探讨兴蒙造山带南蒙古陆块南缘晚古生代的构造演化,对出露于西乌旗南部石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和黑云母花岗岩开展了详细的年代学、岩石地球化学及Hf同位素特征研究.结果表明:石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和黑云母花岗岩分别形成于330±2 Ma、274±1 Ma及271±1 Ma~282±1 Ma.石英闪长岩属高镁闪长岩/安山岩类 (HMA),与俯冲洋壳板片上部地幔楔中地幔橄榄岩的熔融作用有关,而花岗闪长岩及黑云母花岗岩的源区可能与新生地壳的部分熔融有关.结合区域成果,推测西乌旗南部晚古生代侵入岩均形成于古亚洲洋向北侧南蒙古陆块持续俯冲的阶段,早石炭世石英闪长岩属活动大陆边缘弧岩浆活动,早二叠世花岗闪长岩和黑云母花岗岩则是俯冲过程中短暂弧后伸展阶段的产物.      

大陆弧岩浆幕式作用与地壳加厚:以藏南冈底斯弧为例

大陆弧岩浆带位于汇聚板块的前缘,记录了洋陆俯冲过程和大陆地壳生长过程,是研究壳幔相互作用的天然实验室。越来越多的研究发现,大陆弧岩浆的生长与侵位并不是均一的、连续的过程,而是呈现阶段性、峰期性特征,即幕式岩浆作用。弧岩浆峰期与岩浆平静期相比,岩浆增生速率显著增强,易于发生岩浆聚集,继而形成大的岩基,如北美西部科迪勒拉造山带内华达岩基、半岛岩基等。藏南冈底斯岩浆带位于拉萨地体南缘,属于印度-亚洲碰撞带的上盘,其南侧与喜马拉雅地体以雅鲁藏布蛇绿岩带为界。冈底斯弧岩浆形成时代集中在240~50 Ma期间,其形成与演化与新特提斯洋壳岩石圈板片俯冲到拉萨地体之下密切相关。因此,对冈底斯弧型岩浆作用的研究,将很好地揭示大陆型弧岩浆的演化过程,继而反演洋-陆俯冲过程,以及壳幔相互作用过程。通过对冈底斯岩浆带岩浆岩锆石U-Pb及Lu-Hf同位素,以及弧前和前陆盆地碎屑锆石U-Pb和Lu-Hf同位素的收集和整理,结合已经发表的区域地质资料的总结,我们发现冈底斯弧型岩浆演化具有如下特点:1幕式侵位,岩浆峰期为100~80 Ma和65~40 Ma,中间为岩浆平静期;2峰期阶段岩浆聚集,形成巨大岩基;岩石同位素非常亏损,预示着地幔物质的显著参与;3在弧岩浆的峰期阶段,冈底斯地壳厚度有显著增加,说明弧岩浆的峰期侵位对地壳加厚有重大贡献。     

藏南冈底斯岩基日多地区花岗岩体形成时代和地球化学特征

冈底斯岩基广泛发育三叠纪-中新世的岩浆岩,是研究与新特提斯洋北向俯冲和印度-欧亚大陆碰撞相关的构造岩浆作用特征的天然实验室。日多地区花岗岩体位于藏南墨竹工卡县东侧日多乡附近,其主体为花岗岩,被花岗闪长玢岩脉侵入。锆石U-Pb地质年代学表明:主体花岗岩形成于62.7±0.5Ma,侵入其中的花岗闪长玢岩脉形成于59.5±1.5Ma,并捕获了大量的侏罗纪岩浆岩锆石(155.4±1.8Ma)。日多地区花岗岩体的全岩地球化学特征为:(1)高Si O_2、Na_2O、Al_2O_3,低Fe O~T、MgO、Ti O_2;(2)富集轻稀土(LREE),亏损重稀土(HREE)及高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti、P元素;(3)具有Eu负异常,总体显示高钾钙碱性、过铝质花岗岩和岛弧型岩浆岩特征。锆石Hf同位素特征暗示其岩浆源区为基性下地壳物质。花岗闪长玢岩脉裹挟大量侏罗纪岩浆型锆石,表明冈底斯岩基拉萨以东地区可能经历了较广泛的晚侏罗世岩浆作用。     

冈底斯弧的岩浆作用：从新特提斯俯冲到印度亚洲碰撞

位于青藏高原南部的冈底斯岩浆弧形成于中生代新特提斯大洋岩石圈的长期俯冲过程中,而且在印度与亚洲大陆碰撞过程中叠加了强烈的新生代岩浆作用,是世界上典型的复合型大陆岩浆弧,已经成为研究汇聚板块边缘岩浆作用和大陆地壳生长与再造的天然实验室。基于对现有研究成果的总结,我们将冈底斯岩浆弧的岩浆构造演化划分为5个阶段：第1阶段发生在晚白垩世之前,以新特提斯洋岩石圈长期正常俯冲和钙碱性弧岩浆岩的发育为特征;第2阶段发生在晚白垩世时期,以活动的新特提斯洋中脊发生俯冲和强烈的岩浆作用与显著的新生地壳生长为特征;第3阶段发生在晚白垩世晚期,以残余的新特提斯大洋岩石圈俯冲和正常弧型岩浆作用为特征;第4阶段发生在古新世至中始新世,以印度与亚洲大陆碰撞、俯冲的新特提斯洋岩石圈回转和断离,及其诱发的幔源岩浆作用、新生和古老地壳的强烈再造为特征;第5阶段为发生在晚渐新世到中中新世的后碰撞阶段,深俯冲印度岩石圈的回转和断离,或加厚岩石圈地幔的对流移去导致了加厚下地壳的部分熔融和埃达克质岩石的广泛发育,同时伴随幔源钾质超钾质岩浆作用。冈底斯弧岩浆作用与岩浆成分的系统时空变化很好地记录了从新特提斯洋俯冲到印度亚洲大陆碰撞的完整构造演化过程。     

西藏冈底斯南缘普夏洋岛的识别及其意义

高出海平面的洋岛和低于海平面的海山是成熟大洋最重要的特征。笔者通过野外调查,于西藏自治区贡嘎县昌果乡普夏东侧的"原桑日群"中新识别出普夏洋岛。通对普夏洋岛的岩石学、地球化学研究及锆石U-Pb定年,认为普夏洋岛具有典型的"玄武岩+灰岩"岩石组合,其中的玄武岩为典型的洋岛玄武岩,形成于以成熟洋壳为基底的洋岛海山环境。普夏洋岛玄武岩的锆石U-Pb定年结果为203.9±1.6Ma和219.5±2.0Ma,表明其形成时代为晚三叠世。综合研究认为,普夏洋岛是雅鲁藏布江特提斯洋发现的较早的洋岛海山之一,证明雅鲁藏布江新特提斯洋在三叠纪已具有成熟的洋壳,普夏洋岛是雅鲁藏布江新特提斯洋向北俯冲形成的桑日群增生杂岩的重要组成部分。普夏洋岛的发现,丰富了新特提斯洋的研究内容,为反演研究区地质构造演化提供了新证据。     

冈底斯东段加查县丝波绒曲早侏罗- 始新世复式岩体成因及其对构造演化的启示

本文选取冈底斯带东段加查县东北部丝波绒曲复式岩体为对象,对其进行了岩相学、地质年代学、岩石地球化学以及Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成的综合研究,据此探讨了该复式岩体的成因及其对构造演化的启示。研究结果表明,该复式岩体由早侏罗世辉长岩-花岗岩杂岩(188～185Ma)和始新世花岗质岩石(～47Ma)构成,两期花岗质岩石中普遍发育塑变形态的镁铁质包体。早侏罗世杂岩由角闪辉长岩和英云闪长岩组成,角闪辉长岩中的主要铁镁矿物为角闪石,它们为一套钙碱性弧岩浆岩组合,具有亏损的Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成。始新世花岗质岩石主要为二长花岗岩-花岗闪长岩,它们较早侏罗世英云闪长岩更为富碱,属钙碱性-高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩,其同位素组成也较早侏罗世英云闪长岩富集。综合分析表明,该区早侏罗世复合辉长岩-花岗岩的形成受控于新特提斯洋板片北向俯冲的构造背景,角闪辉长岩起源于受俯冲板片脱水交代的上覆地幔楔的部分熔融,共生的英云闪长岩则为同期幔源岩浆底侵诱发初生地壳部分熔融产生的长英质岩浆与幔源岩浆不同程度混合的产物。始新世花岗岩的形成受控于新特提斯洋板片断离的构造背景,是由具"弧"型地球化学特征的初生地壳再造的产物,并有少量印度陆壳富集组分参与成岩。     

冈底斯造山带的时空结构及演化

冈底斯带的构造属性及其构造单元划分一直是青藏高原基础地质研究中最热门的科学问题之一。根据新的地质调查资料、研究成果并结合我们的分析数据，对冈底斯带的地质构造格局进行了厘定和划分，讨论了冈底斯带晚古生代-中生代的构造演化历史。冈底斯带可划分为6类不同的构造单元和18个次级单元，这些不同级别的构造划分较为全面准确地概括了冈底斯带的地质面貌。通过对不同构造单元时空结构的剖析和对相关火山岩浆作用记录的分析，认为冈底斯带不是简单的地块、陆块或地体，而很可能是以隆格尔-念青唐古拉为主轴，经历石炭-二叠纪、早中三叠世、晚三叠世、早中侏罗世、晚侏罗世-早白垩世、晚白垩世-始新世六次造弧增生作用和相关的弧-陆、陆-陆碰撞作用并最终定型于新生代晚期的复合造山带，并在此基础上，提出冈底斯带的构造演化很可能受班公湖-怒江特提斯洋向南、雅鲁藏布洋向北的双向俯冲的制约。强调以增生弧为背景的火山岩浆弧（如昂龙岗日火山岩浆弧、东恰错弧、桑日火山弧）可能是冈底斯地区寻找斑岩铜矿的最佳有利场所。     

滇西北休瓦促晚白垩世岩浆-成矿作用动力学机制探讨

休瓦促W-Mo矿床位于滇西北义敦-格咱岛弧中部,为一中大型斑岩岩浆热液矿床。由于自然环境恶劣,对该区晚白垩世构造岩浆活动的研究工作起步较晚,且主要集中于富碱岩浆成岩成矿年代学、岩石成因、动力学背景、流体特征和成矿物质来源研究等方面,但对岩浆成矿作用构造应力场和动力学机制的研究还比较薄弱。文中对休瓦促W-Mo矿床东、西矿区重点坑道和剖面开展构造岩相蚀变特征解析研究,并结合锆石U-Pb、Lu-Hf和O同位素特征,认为休瓦促花岗岩体为一个两期复式岩体,以近S-N向F4断层为界可分为东、西矿区。东矿区以晚三叠世(212~201 Ma)似斑状黑云母花岗岩为主;西矿区以晚白垩世(85.6~84.4 Ma)似斑状石英二长花岗岩和二长花岗斑岩为主。西矿区W-Mo矿床寄主石英二长花岗岩锆石原位U-Pb、Lu-Hf和O同位素显示其形成时代为(80.18±0.80) Ma (LA-ICP-MC U-Pb),εHf(t)和δ18O值分别为-4.49~-8.07和5.98‰~7.45‰,Hf同位素TDM2模式年龄分别为1 432~1 239 Ma,结合前人地球化学特征资料,推知晚白垩世石英二长花岗岩物质来源于加厚下地壳部分融熔作用。对矿区135个晚白垩世石英二长花岗岩岩脉和白钨矿辉钼矿石英脉产状数据进行区域构造解析研究,可判断义敦-格咱地区晚白垩世区域构造应力场特征为NE-SW向伸展。综上所述,义敦-格咱地区晚白垩世花岗岩可能形成于NW-SE向延伸的新特提斯洋盆俯冲作用致使先存古特提斯-中特提斯碰撞造山加厚下地壳减压部分熔融的动力学背景。     

冈底斯岩浆弧的形成与演化

位于青藏高原南部的冈底斯岩浆弧是新特提斯大洋岩石圈长期俯冲导致的中生代岩浆作用的产物,而且在印度与亚洲大陆碰撞过程中叠加了强烈的新生代岩浆作用,是世界上典型的复合型大陆岩浆弧,也是研究增生与碰撞造山作用和大陆地壳生长与再造的天然实验室。基于岩浆、变质和成矿作用研究成果,我们将冈底斯弧的形成与演化历史划分5期,即新特提斯洋早期俯冲、新特提斯洋中脊俯冲、新特提斯洋晚期俯冲、印度-亚洲大陆碰撞和后碰撞期。第1期发生在晚白垩世之前,是以新特提斯洋岩石圈的长期俯冲、地幔楔部分熔融形成钙碱性弧岩浆岩为特征。长期的幔源岩浆作用导致了整个冈底斯弧发生显著的新生地壳生长,并在岩浆弧西部形成了一个大型的与俯冲相关的斑岩型铜矿。第2期发生在晚白垩世,活动的新特提斯洋中脊发生俯冲,软流软圈沿板片窗上涌,使上升的软流圈、地幔楔和俯冲洋壳发生部分熔融,导致了强烈的幔源岩浆作用和显著的新生地壳生长与加厚,并以不同类型和不同成分岩浆岩的同时发育和伴随的高温变质作用为特征。第3期发生在晚白垩世晚期,为新特提斯洋脊俯冲后残余大洋岩石圈的俯冲期,以正常的弧型岩浆作用为特征。第4期发生在古新世至中始新世,伴随印度与亚洲大陆的碰撞,俯冲的新特提斯洋岩石圈回转和断离引起软流圈上涌,诱发了强烈的幔源岩浆作用。在此阶段,大陆碰撞导致的地壳挤压缩短和幔源岩浆的底侵与增生,使冈底斯弧经历了显著的地壳生长和加厚,新生和古老加厚下地壳的高压、高温变质和部分熔融,幔源和壳源岩浆岩的共生和强烈的岩浆混合。所形成的I型花岗岩大多继承了新生地壳弧型岩浆岩的化学成分,并多显出埃达克岩的地球化学特征。在岩浆弧北部形成了一系列与起源于古老地壳花岗岩相关的Pb-Zn矿床。第5期发生在晚渐新世到早-中中新世的后碰撞挤压过程中,以地壳的继续加厚,加厚下地壳的高温变质、部分熔融和埃达克质岩石的形成为特征。在岩浆弧东段南部形成了一系列与起源于新生加厚下地壳埃达克质岩石相关的斑岩型Cu-Au-Mo矿。冈底斯带的多期岩浆、变质与成矿作用为其从新特提斯洋俯冲到印度-亚洲大陆碰撞的构造演化提供了重要限定。     

Geochronology of the Duguer range metamorphic rocks,Central Tibet: implications for the changing tectonic setting of the South Qiangtang subterrane

The Duguer area represents one of the few occurrences of high-grade metamorphic rocks in the ‘Central Uplift’ zone of the Qiangtang terrane, central Tibet. The metamorphic rocks consist mainly of orthogneiss, paragneiss, and schist. To better understand the formation of these rocks, seven samples of gneiss and schist from the Duguer area were selected for in situ zircon U–Pb analysis and Ar–Ar dating of metamorphic minerals. The results suggest two distinct metamorphic stages, during the Late Triassic (229–227 Ma) and Late Jurassic (150–149 Ma). These stages correspond to the closure of the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean and northward subduction of the Bangong–Nujiang Neo-Tethys oceanic crust, respectively. We suggest that the Late Triassic metamorphic rocks of the Duguer area in the central South Qiangtang subterrane provide evidence of continental collision between the North and South Qiangtang subterranes, following the subduction of oceanic crust. It is likely that deep subduction of oceanic crust occurred along the Longmu Co–Shuanghu–Lancangjiang suture zone (LSLSZ), which would have hindered exhumation owing to the high density of oceanic crust. Subsequent break-off and delamination of the subducted oceanic slab at ~220 Ma may have resulted in exhumation of high-pressure and high-grade metamorphic rocks in the South Qiangtang subterrane. The Late Jurassic ages of metamorphism and deformation obtained in this study indicate the occurrence of an Andean-type orogenic event within the South Qiangtang subterrane. This hypothesis is further supported by an apparent age gap in magmatic activity (150–130 Ma) along the magmatic arc, and the absence of Late Jurassic sediments.     

Metamorphism and tectonic evolution of the Lhasa terrane,Central Tibet

The Lhasa terrane in southern Tibet is composed of Precambrian crystalline basement, Paleozoic to Mesozoic sedimentary strata and Paleozoic to Cenozoic magmatic rocks. This terrane has long been accepted as the last crustal block to be accreted with Eurasia prior to its collision with the northward drifting Indian continent in the Cenozoic. Thus, the Lhasa terrane is the key for revealing the origin and evolutionary history of the Himalayan–Tibetan orogen. Although previous models on the tectonic development of the orogen have much evidence from the Lhasa terrane, the metamorphic history of this terrane was rarely considered. This paper provides an overview of the temporal and spatial characteristics of metamorphism in the Lhasa terrane based mostly on the recent results from our group, and evaluates the geodynamic settings and tectonic significance. The Lhasa terrane experienced multistage metamorphism, including the Neoproterozoic and Late Paleozoic HP metamorphism in the oceanic subduction realm, the Early Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic MP metamorphism in the continent–continent collisional zone, the Late Cretaceous HT/MP metamorphism in the mid-oceanic ridge subduction zone, and two stages of Cenozoic MP metamorphism in the thickened crust above the continental subduction zone. These metamorphic and associated magmatic events reveal that the Lhasa terrane experienced a complex tectonic evolution from the Neoproterozoic to Cenozoic. The main conclusions arising from our synthesis are as follows: (1) The Lhasa block consists of the North and South Lhasa terranes, separated by the Paleo-Tethys Ocean and the subsequent Late Paleozoic suture zone. (2) The crystalline basement of the North Lhasa terrane includes Neoproterozoic oceanic crustal rocks, representing probably the remnants of the Mozambique Ocean derived from the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. (3) The oceanic crustal basement of North Lhasa witnessed a Late Cryogenian (~ 650 Ma) HP metamorphism and an Early Paleozoic (~ 485 Ma) MP metamorphism in the subduction realm associated with the closure of the Mozambique Ocean and the final amalgamation of Eastern and Western Gondwana, suggesting that the North Lhasa terrane might have been partly derived from the northern segment of the East African Orogen. (4) The northern margin of Indian continent, including the North and South Lhasa, and Qiangtang terranes, experienced Early Paleozoic magmatism, indicating an Andean-type orogeny that resulted from the subduction of the Proto-Tethys Ocean after the final amalgamation of Gondwana. (5) The Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes witnessed Middle Paleozoic (~ 360 Ma) magmatism, suggesting an Andean-type orogeny derived from the subduction of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. (6) The closure of Paleo-Tethys Ocean between the North and South Lhasa terranes and subsequent terrane collision resulted in the formation of Late Permian (~ 260 Ma) HP metamorphic belt and Triassic (220 Ma) MP metamorphic belt. (7) The South Lhasa terrane experienced Late Cretaceous (~ 90 Ma) Andean-type orogeny, characterized by the regional HT/MP metamorphism and coeval intrusion of the voluminous Gangdese batholith during the northward subduction of the Neo-Tethyan Ocean. (8) During the Early Cenozoic (55–45 Ma), the continent–continent collisional orogeny has led to the thickened crust of the South Lhasa terrane experiencing MP amphibolite-facies metamorphism and syn-collisional magmatism. (9) Following the continuous continent convergence, the South Lhasa terrane also experienced MP metamorphism during Late Eocene (40–30 Ma). (10) During Mesozoic and Cenozoic, two different stages of paired metamorphic belts were formed in the oceanic or continental subduction zones and the middle and lower crust of the hanging wall of the subduction zone. The tectonic imprints from the Lhasa terrane provide excellent examples for understanding metamorphic processes and geodynamics at convergent plate boundaries.