西太平洋雅浦海沟地幔演化与岩浆作用研究进展

俯冲带地幔演化与岩浆作用是地球各固体圈层之间发生物质和能量交换的重要地质过程.西太平洋雅浦海沟因其极短的沟-弧距离和洋脊碰撞等独特的地质构造特征成为研究复杂条件下俯冲带演化的理想场所.为了探究雅浦海沟地幔演化与岩浆作用,本文将前人对雅浦海沟火成岩的研究数据进行整合,分析了雅浦海沟火成岩的成因,并根据火成岩形成的制约条件,对卡罗琳板块俯冲到菲律宾海板块的地幔演化与岩浆作用过程进行了讨论.结果显示雅浦海沟火成岩均具有与俯冲相关火成岩的典型特征.橄榄岩地球化学特征指示雅浦海沟地幔熔融程度为20%~25%,地幔在部分熔融过程中受到了流体与熔体的双重交代作用.Re-Os同位素特征指示雅浦海沟地幔中存在约1.16 Ga非常古老的残余地幔,表明地幔可能经历过多期熔融事件,从而导致雅浦海沟地幔非常亏损.雅浦岛弧成因至今仍存争议,主要包括:(1)现今雅浦岛弧为帕里希维拉海盆洋壳的一部分,在中新世因卡罗琳洋脊的碰撞导致帕里希维拉海盆洋壳逆冲到原雅浦岛弧之上.(2)雅浦岛弧在不同构造时期经历过多期岛弧岩浆作用,包括俯冲初始阶段(~52 Ma)的弧前玄武岩、俯冲开始后的岛弧玄武岩(~25 Ma)、与卡罗琳洋脊碰撞(21 Ma)后的岛弧拉斑玄武岩(7~11 Ma).其中7~11 Ma的岛弧拉斑玄武岩指示雅浦岛弧岩浆活动并未因卡罗琳洋脊的碰撞完全停止,很有可能在晚中新世短暂恢复活动.      

冈底斯中段格达地区典中组火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄和地球化学特征

青藏高原南部广泛发育的林子宗火山岩蕴涵着新特提斯洋俯冲与印度—亚洲大陆碰撞过程的地质信息。为探讨冈底斯中段格达地区典中组火山岩的形成时代、岩浆源区及构造环境等特征,对其开展了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测年和地球化学特征研究。研究结果表明: 该地区典中组火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄为(61.6±1.0) Ma; 典中组火山岩相对富集LILE和LREE、亏损HFSE,具典型岛弧火山岩的特征; 岩浆源区主要来源于地壳物质部分熔融,是俯冲岛弧构造环境下新特提斯洋北向俯冲消减过程的产物。     

西藏冈底斯地块中新生代中酸性侵入岩浆活动与构造演化

冈底斯地块上的中新生代中酸性岩浆活动,是北部班公湖-怒江和南部雅鲁藏布两个特提斯演化及其后的陆内汇聚碰撞造山和后造山伸展等大地构造事件的完整记录.地块上的中酸性岩浆活动可划分为3个带,其中北部岩带岩浆岩形成于燕山期,其类型从早期的Ⅰ型到中期的过渡型演化为晚期的S型,分别形成于板块俯冲-缝合-碰撞等构造条件下,是北部班公湖-怒江特提斯演化的集中反映.中部和南部岩浆岩带则集中体现了雅鲁藏布特提斯时空演化的完整经历.其中,南部岩带岩体以燕山晚期为主,喜马拉雅早期次之,成因及形成环境与特提斯洋壳向北俯冲作用密切相关(燕山晚期),同时俯冲结束后的同碰撞条件下的岩浆活动在该岩带内也有明显的反映(喜马拉雅早期);中部岩带岩体以喜马拉雅早期为主,燕山晚期次之.岩体大部分为同碰撞环境下岩浆活动的产物,它表征了随着洋壳板块向北俯冲程度的加深和强度的加剧,岩浆活动中心在不断向北迁移,并最终缝合碰撞的过程.因此该岩带内岩浆岩主要形成于俯冲的晚阶段及缝合后的同碰撞条件下.喜马拉雅晚期的小斑岩体实际上广泛出露于整个冈底斯地块上,它反映的是该区在经历了碰撞造山后发生的陆内伸展的构造过程.     

中亚造山带东缘迪彦庙俯冲增生杂岩带早二叠世洋内弧岩浆作用及构造背景

洋陆转换岩石学证据（洋内弧）的发现使识别、重建、研究洋盆转化为大陆成为可能.对中亚造山带东缘迪彦庙俯冲增生杂岩带内蛇绿岩开展岩石地球化学、Sr-Nd同位素以及锆石U-Pb年代学研究,识别出一套洋内弧火成岩组合.MORB-Like玄武岩锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为286.1±6.1 Ma,代表洋内初始俯冲时代;HMA锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为283.7±4.7 Ma,代表首次岩浆作用后、俯冲程度加深的岩浆作用时代;岛弧拉斑玄武岩（IAT）锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为241±5 Ma,指示古亚洲洋早三叠世逐渐向着正常岛弧岩浆作用转换的大陆化方向发展.从MORB-Like玄武岩到HMA再到IAT的岩石组合序列代表了洋内俯冲作用由浅到深的递进演变以及洋盆向大陆边缘岛弧逐步演化的洋陆转换过程.      

从安第斯到冈底斯：从洋- 陆俯冲到陆- 陆碰撞

全球造山系类型主要分为增生型和碰撞型两大类。现今,全球两大巨型造山系的研究表明：环太平洋增生造山系正在经历洋- 陆俯冲过程,新特提斯- 喜马拉雅碰撞造山系经历过洋- 陆俯冲之后又步入陆- 陆碰撞阶段。其中,安第斯造山带是东太平洋Lazaca 大洋板块多阶段向东俯冲在南美大陆之下后形成的以“大洋板块深(陡)- 浅(平)俯冲交替、洋岛- 地体增生拼贴、碰撞和俯冲型高原隆升”为特征的现代“安第斯岛弧带”和“安第斯- 科迪勒拉俯冲型增生造山系”。位于亚洲大陆内部的冈底斯造山系经历了新特提斯洋盆向北俯冲、消减和洋盆闭合以及印度- 亚洲碰撞的两重阶段,具体包括早中生代开始的新特提斯“多洋岛”形成和向拉萨地体的多阶段俯冲汇聚,致使洋岛 地体增生碰撞形成冈底斯岩浆弧,继而铸造了晚白垩世的“安第斯型”俯冲增生造山系;在俯冲和碰撞转换阶段发生了岩浆大爆发并形成冈底斯初始高原;而后才进入印度- 亚洲陆陆碰撞阶段,形成大规模的E- W向逆冲断裂、走滑断裂和S- N向裂谷系。因此,安第斯是冈底斯的前半生,冈底斯的今天是安第斯的未来。研究冈底斯的构造演化,特别是早期的构造岩浆活动,必须与安第斯俯冲增生的历史进行对比。     

从安第斯到冈底斯:从洋-陆俯冲到陆-陆碰撞

全球造山系类型主要分为增生型和碰撞型两大类。现今,全球两大巨型造山系的研究表明:环太平洋增生造山系正在经历洋-陆俯冲过程,新特提斯-喜马拉雅碰撞造山系经历过洋-陆俯冲之后又步入陆-陆碰撞阶段。其中,安第斯造山带是东太平洋Lazaca大洋板块多阶段向东俯冲在南美大陆之下后形成的以"大洋板块深(陡)-浅(平)俯冲交替、洋岛-地体增生拼贴、碰撞和俯冲型高原隆升"为特征的现代"安第斯岛弧带"和"安第斯-科迪勒拉俯冲型增生造山系"。位于亚洲大陆内部的冈底斯造山系经历了新特提斯洋盆向北俯冲、消减和洋盆闭合以及印度-亚洲碰撞的两重阶段,具体包括早中生代开始的新特提斯"多洋岛"形成和向拉萨地体的多阶段俯冲汇聚,致使洋岛-地体增生碰撞形成冈底斯岩浆弧,继而铸造了晚白垩世的"安第斯型"俯冲增生造山系;在俯冲和碰撞转换阶段发生了岩浆大爆发并形成冈底斯初始高原;而后才进入印度-亚洲陆陆碰撞阶段,形成大规模的E-W向逆冲断裂、走滑断裂和S-N向裂谷系。因此,安第斯是冈底斯的前半生,冈底斯的今天是安第斯的未来。研究冈底斯的构造演化,特别是早期的构造岩浆活动,必须与安第斯俯冲增生的历史进行对比。     

西藏冈底斯矿带成矿作用及远景分析

冈底斯带矿床众多,类型复杂,主要有斑岩型铜（金钼）矿床、矽卡岩型铁铜-铅-锌（银）矿床、层控铅-锌-银矿床、火山岩型金-银矿床及雄村式铜-金矿床。矿床地质特征和同位素年龄表明,冈底斯带南部的矿床与新特提斯洋壳向北俯冲-陆陆碰撞及碰撞期后的构造岩浆事件有关;冈底斯带北部的矿床与班公湖-怒江洋壳向南俯冲-陆陆碰撞及碰撞期后构造岩浆事件有关。冈底斯带与洋壳的俯冲-碰撞有关的岩浆活动强烈,成矿条件优越。西藏高原在碰撞后发生了快速抬升剥蚀,部分矿床顶部出现低温组合矿化,多数矿床保存良好。     

冈底斯弧南缘侏罗纪火成岩时空分布和地球化学组成变化特征及其对地壳增生的指示北大核心CSCD

冈底斯弧南缘广泛出露有中生代和新生代火成岩,是青藏高原火成岩最发育的地区之一,记录了新特提斯洋北向俯冲、消减和随后的印度大陆与欧亚大陆碰撞等地质过程。对中生代尤其是侏罗纪火成岩的研究对于理解新特提斯洋早期俯冲及青藏高原南缘早期增生具有显著意义。对位于冈底斯南缘平行于雅鲁藏布江缝合带东西向展布的侏罗纪火成岩年代学和地球化学数据进行了总结,结果表明:(1)侏罗纪岩浆活动高峰期集中于早中侏罗世(192~168 Ma);(2)侏罗纪岩浆作用主要活动范围位于雅鲁藏布江以北附近,在北纬29.48°以北相对缺乏中晚侏罗世岩浆活动,而且早侏罗世岩浆活动相对于南边也更加平静,且以酸性岩浆活动为主;(3)侏罗纪火成岩微量元素也呈一些规律性变化,如Ba/La、Ba/Th比值随着时代的演化呈现出递增的趋势,很可能表明板片来源流体贡献逐渐增加,Nb/Th和Nb/La由西向东均呈现递减趋势,表明地壳混染作用很可能逐渐增强;(4)侏罗纪火成岩的微量元素组成空间上的变化特征指示在早侏罗世早期冈底斯弧南缘就已经存在正常地壳厚度,并且随着新特提斯洋的北向俯冲,其有逐渐增厚的趋势。     

印度大陆与亚洲大陆早期碰撞过程与动力学模型——来自西藏冈底斯新生代火成岩证据

为了揭示青藏高原的形成演化及其隆升历史,本文主要立足于西藏冈底斯带新生代岩浆岩,研究了印度—亚洲大陆碰撞早期阶段的关键岩石记录、详细碰撞过程和深部动力机制。西藏新生代火山-岩浆活动贯穿于主碰撞造山过程的始终,形成规模巨大的冈底斯火成岩浆岩带,其中,火山活动形成著名的林子宗第三纪火山岩系(64~43Ma),岩浆作用则形成3个时间连续、但组合不同的岩浆序列,即:1壳源花岗岩组合(65~50Ma)、2正εNd花岗岩-辉长岩组合(52~47Ma)和3幔源玄武质次火山岩-辉绿岩组合(53~42Ma)。林子宗第三纪火山岩系形成于印度—亚洲大陆对接碰撞之后(~65Ma),不整合覆盖于中生代褶皱构造层之上,中下部钙碱性—高钾钙碱性火山岩显示岛弧/陆缘弧地球化学特征,主要来自于洋壳板片流体交代的地幔楔形区,上部钾玄岩系火山岩则更多地显示壳源特征。壳源花岗岩主要侵位于冈底斯东段腾冲地区,成因类型为白云母过铝花岗岩和富钾钙碱性花岗岩,其高(87Sr/86Sr)i(>0.710)和低εNd(<-7)同位素组成反映其源于碰撞加厚的砂泥质地壳的深熔作用。正εNd值(+2~+5)花岗岩和辉长岩沿冈底斯带成对侵位,花岗岩具有埃达克岩与弧花岗岩过渡特征,其形成有较多的幔源物质贡献;辉长岩正εNd值特征(+2.5~+7.0)、REE平坦型或弱富集型以及亏损大部分不相容元素(Nb,P,Ti,U,Th,LREE)特征,反映软流圈地幔对岩浆形成产生重要贡献。幔源玄武质次火山岩主要为钙碱性岩系,REE平坦型,低(87Sr/86Sr)i(<0.7060)、高εNd(高达+4.3),同位素组成接近于MORB,证明其来源于亏损的软流圈地幔。根据这些构造-岩浆事件的时空分布、岩石组合特征、岩石地球化学以及岩浆演变序列,提出了一个青藏高原大陆碰撞的四阶段演化模式。这个模式强调了170~60Ma,新特提斯洋板片回转,印度大陆与亚洲大陆发生碰撞(≥65Ma),并导致加厚地壳深熔;260~54Ma,印度大陆板片向北陡深俯冲,下地壳缩短加厚,地壳深熔作用持续;353~41Ma,新特提斯洋板片发生断离,并向下拆沉。软流圈物质透过板片断离窗上涌,诱发地幔楔、上覆加厚的镁铁质下地壳熔融;4陡深俯冲的印度大陆板片因特提斯洋板片断离而发生折返,开始低角度俯冲(<40Ma),导致高原内部的陆内俯冲、走滑剪切与地壳缩短,造成冈底斯岩浆间断(40~26Ma)和拉萨地体初始抬升。因此,在青藏高原碰撞造山过程中,主碰撞期造山(65~41Ma)的动力机制主要是印度大陆板片的陡角度俯冲和特提斯洋板片断离,晚碰撞期造山(40~26Ma)的动力机制主要为印度大陆板片的低角度俯冲。     

印度大陆与亚洲大陆早期碰撞过程与动力学模——来自西藏冈底斯新生代火成岩证据

为了揭示青藏高原的形成演化及其隆升历史,本文主要立足于西藏冈底斯带新生代岩浆岩,研究了印度-亚洲大陆碰撞早期阶段的关键岩石记录、详细碰撞过程和深部动力机制.西藏新生代火山-岩浆活动贯穿于主碰撞造山过程的始终,形成规模巨大的冈底斯火成岩浆岩带,其中,火山活动形成著名的林子宗第三纪火山岩系(64～43 Ma),岩浆作用则形成3个时间连续、但组合不同的岩浆序列,即: ①壳源花岗岩组合(65～50 Ma)、②正εNd花岗岩-辉长岩组合(52～47 Ma)和③幔源玄武质次火山岩-辉绿岩组合(53～42 Ma).林子宗第三纪火山岩系形成于印度-亚洲大陆对接碰撞之后(～65 Ma),不整合覆盖于中生代褶皱构造层之上,中下部钙碱性-高钾钙碱性火山岩显示岛弧/陆缘弧地球化学特征,主要来自于洋壳板片流体交代的地幔楔形区,上部钾玄岩系火山岩则更多地显示壳源特征.壳源花岗岩主要侵位于冈底斯东段腾冲地区,成因类型为白云母过铝花岗岩和富钾钙碱性花岗岩,其高(87Sr/86Sr)i (＞0.710)和低εNd(＜-7)同位素组成反映其源于碰撞加厚的砂泥质地壳的深熔作用.正εNd值(+2～+5)花岗岩和辉长岩沿冈底斯带成对侵位,花岗岩具有埃达克岩与弧花岗岩过渡特征,其形成有较多的幔源物质贡献;辉长岩正εNd值特征(+2.5～+7.0)、REE平坦型或弱富集型以及亏损大部分不相容元素(Nb, P, Ti, U, Th, LREE)特征,反映软流圈地幔对岩浆形成产生重要贡献.幔源玄武质次火山岩主要为钙碱性岩系,REE平坦型,低(87Sr/86Sr)i (＜0.7060) 、高εNd (高达+4.3,同位素组成接近于MORB,证明其来源于亏损的软流圈地幔.根据这些构造-岩浆事件的时空分布、岩石组合特征、岩石地球化学以及岩浆演变序列,提出了一个青藏高原大陆碰撞的四阶段演化模式.这个模式强调了①70～60 Ma,新特提斯洋板片回转,印度大陆与亚洲大陆发生碰撞(≥65 Ma),并导致加厚地壳深熔;②60～54 Ma,印度大陆板片向北陡深俯冲,下地壳缩短加厚,地壳深熔作用持续;③53～41 Ma,新特提斯洋板片发生断离,并向下拆沉.软流圈物质透过板片断离窗上涌,诱发地幔楔、上覆加厚的镁铁质下地壳熔融;④陡深俯冲的印度大陆板片因特提斯洋板片断离而发生折返,开始低角度俯冲(＜40 Ma),导致高原内部的陆内俯冲、走滑剪切与地壳缩短,造成冈底斯岩浆间断(40～26 Ma)和拉萨地体初始抬升.因此,在青藏高原碰撞造山过程中,主碰撞期造山(65～41 Ma)的动力机制主要是印度大陆板片的陡角度俯冲和特提斯洋板片断离,晚碰撞期造山(40～26 Ma)的动力机制主要为印度大陆板片的低角度俯冲.     

大陆弧岩浆幕式作用与地壳加厚:以藏南冈底斯弧为例

大陆弧岩浆带位于汇聚板块的前缘,记录了洋陆俯冲过程和大陆地壳生长过程,是研究壳幔相互作用的天然实验室。越来越多的研究发现,大陆弧岩浆的生长与侵位并不是均一的、连续的过程,而是呈现阶段性、峰期性特征,即幕式岩浆作用。弧岩浆峰期与岩浆平静期相比,岩浆增生速率显著增强,易于发生岩浆聚集,继而形成大的岩基,如北美西部科迪勒拉造山带内华达岩基、半岛岩基等。藏南冈底斯岩浆带位于拉萨地体南缘,属于印度-亚洲碰撞带的上盘,其南侧与喜马拉雅地体以雅鲁藏布蛇绿岩带为界。冈底斯弧岩浆形成时代集中在240~50 Ma期间,其形成与演化与新特提斯洋壳岩石圈板片俯冲到拉萨地体之下密切相关。因此,对冈底斯弧型岩浆作用的研究,将很好地揭示大陆型弧岩浆的演化过程,继而反演洋-陆俯冲过程,以及壳幔相互作用过程。通过对冈底斯岩浆带岩浆岩锆石U-Pb及Lu-Hf同位素,以及弧前和前陆盆地碎屑锆石U-Pb和Lu-Hf同位素的收集和整理,结合已经发表的区域地质资料的总结,我们发现冈底斯弧型岩浆演化具有如下特点:1幕式侵位,岩浆峰期为100~80 Ma和65~40 Ma,中间为岩浆平静期;2峰期阶段岩浆聚集,形成巨大岩基;岩石同位素非常亏损,预示着地幔物质的显著参与;3在弧岩浆的峰期阶段,冈底斯地壳厚度有显著增加,说明弧岩浆的峰期侵位对地壳加厚有重大贡献。     

Late Triassic crustal growth in southern Tibet: Evidence from the Gangdese magmatic belt

The Gangdese magmatic belt, located in the southern margin of the Lhasa terrane and carrying significant copper and polymetallic mineralization, preserves important information relating to the tectonics associated with Indian–Eurasian collision and the crustal growth of southern Tibet. Here we investigate the Quxu batholith in the central domain of the Gangdese magmatic belt and report the occurrence of hornblende gabbros for the first time. We present petrologic, zircon U–Pb–Hf isotopic and bulk-rock chemistry data on these rocks. The hornblende gabbros display sub-alkaline features, and correspond to tholeiite composition. They also show medium K calc-alkaline to low K affinity. The rocks show enrichment in LILEs and LREEs, but are depleted in HFSEs, indicating a subduction-related active continental margin setting for the magma genesis. Our computations show that the gabbroic pluton was emplaced in the middle-lower crustal depth of ca. 18 km. Zircons from the hornblende gabbros yield crystallization age of ca. 210 Ma, revealing a late Triassic magmatic event. Combined with available data from the Gangdese magmatic belt, our study suggests that the northward subduction of the Neo-Tethys oceanic crust beneath the southern margin of the Lhasa terrane might have been initiated not later than the Norian period of Triassic. Zircons from the hornblende gabbro show positive ε_Hf(t) values of 9.56 to 14.75 (mean value 12.44), corresponding to single stage model ages (T_DM1) in the range of 256 Ma to 459 Ma, attesting to crustal growth in the southern Lhasa terrane associated with the subduction of the Neo-Tethys oceanic crust.     

西藏中冈底斯扎布耶茶卡北部晚侏罗世则弄群火山岩的锆石U-Pb年代学及其成因意义

冈底斯带晚中生代构造演化模式一直存在争议。此次研究了中冈底斯带扎布耶茶卡北部区域则弄群火山岩的野外特 征和锆石U-Pb年龄。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,扎布耶茶卡北部则弄群火山岩主要喷发于154.2~142.1 Ma。研究首次获得 晚侏罗世的则弄群火山岩年龄为154 Ma,比前人提出的则弄群火山岩浆活动起始时间（130 Ma） 提前了24 Ma,据此将则 弄群的时代定为晚侏罗世至早白垩世。根据研究获得的最新年代学数据,结合冈底斯带火山岩的前人研究资料,显示冈底 斯带中生代弧火山岩具有从南向北逐渐年轻的趋势。因此,最早期南冈底斯弧中生代火山岩可能与新特提斯洋板片北向俯 冲有关,晚侏罗世至早白垩世的中冈底斯带弧火山岩受到了新特提斯洋板片北向俯冲和班公湖-怒江洋板片南向俯冲的双 重影响,早白垩世中期的北冈底斯带弧火山岩则与班公湖-怒江洋板片的南向俯冲密切相关。研究成果为冈底斯带晚中生 代构造演化模式提供了火山岩方面的新证据。     

拉萨地体东南缘始新世早期变质作用及其构造意义

本文对位于青藏高原拉萨地体东南缘林芝杂岩中的片麻岩进行了岩石学和锆石U-Pb年代学研究.所研究的样品包括正片麻岩和副片麻岩,它们经历了中压角闪岩相变质作用.岩石地球化学分析结果表明,所研究的正片麻岩的原岩具有钙碱性岛弧岩浆岩的特征.锆石U-Pb年代学分析结果表明,副片麻岩中的碎屑锆石核部为岩浆成因,它们给出的206Pb/238U年龄范围为3012～ 522Ma,其锆石的增生边给出了～51Ma的变质年龄.在正片麻岩中,黑云母片麻岩给出了～67Ma的原岩结晶年龄和～ 55 Ma的变质年龄;石榴石角闪黑云斜长片麻岩给出了～58Ma的原岩结晶年龄和～54Ma的变质年龄.因此,所研究的林芝杂岩并不能代表拉萨地体中的前寒武纪变质基底,而是古生代的沉积岩和晚白垩纪至早新生代的岩浆岩在始新世早期变质而成.这一时期,表壳岩和侵入岩一起经历的中压角闪岩相变质作用很可能跟新特提斯洋俯冲导致的地壳增生、加厚有关.     

Late Triassic Granites From the Quxu Batholith Shedding a New Light on the Evolution of the Gangdese Belt in Southern Tibet

The Gangdese magmatic belt formed during Late Triassic to Neogene in the southernmost Lhasa terrane of the Tibetan plateau. It is interpreted as a major component of a continental margin related to the northward subduction of the Neo-Tethys oceanic slab beneath Eurasia and it is the key in understanding the tectonic framework of southern Tibet prior to the India-Eurasia collision. It is widely accepted that northward subduction of the Neo-Tethys oceanic crust formed the Gangdese magmatic belt, but the occurrence of Late Triassic magmatism and the detailed tectonic evolution of southern Tibet are still debated. This work presents new zircon U-Pb-Hf isotope data and whole-rock geochemical compositions of a mylonitic granite pluton in the central Gangdese belt, southern Tibet. Zircon U-Pb dating from two representative samples yields consistent ages of 225.3±1.8 Ma and 229.9±1.5 Ma, respectively, indicating that the granite pluton was formed during the early phase of Late Triassic instead of Early Eocene(47–52 Ma) as previously suggested. Geochemically, the mylonitic granite pluton has a sub-alkaline composition and low-medium K calc-alkaline affinities and it can be defined as an I-type granite with metaluminous features(A/CNK1.1). The analyzed samples are characterized by strong enrichments of LREE and pronounced depletions of Nb, Ta and Ti, suggesting that the granite was generated in an island-arc setting. However, the use of tectonic discrimination diagrams indicates a continental arc setting. Zircon Lu-Hf isotopes indicate that the granite has highly positive εHf(t) values ranging from +13.91 to +15.54(mean value +14.79), reflecting the input of depleted mantle material during its magmatic evolution, consistent with Mg~# numbers. Additionally, the studied samples also reveal relatively young Hf two-stage model ages ranging from 238 Ma to 342 Ma(mean value 292 Ma), suggesting that the pluton was derived from partial melting of juvenile crust. Geochemical discrimination diagrams also suggest that the granite was derived from partial melting of the mafic lower crust. Taking into account both the spatial and temporal distribution of the mylonitic granite, its geochemical fingerprints as well as previous studies, we propose that the northward subduction of the Neo-Tethys oceanic slab beneath the Lhasa terrane had already commenced in Late Triassic(~230 Ma), and that the Late Triassic magmatic events were formed in an active continental margin that subsequently evolved into the numerous subterranes, paleo-island-arcs and multiple collision phases that form the present southern Tibet.     

Geochemistry,detrital zircon geochronology and Hf isotope of the clastic rocks in southern Tibet: Implications for the Jurassic-Cretaceous tectonic evolution of the Lhasa terrane

In order to reconstruct tectonic evolution history of the southern margin of Asia (i.e., Lhasa terrane) before the India-Asia collision, here we present a comprehensive study on the clastic rocks in the southern Lhasa terrane with new perspectives from sedimentary geochemistry, detrital zircon geochronology and Hf isotope. Clasts from the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous sedimentary sequences (i.e., Yeba and Chumulong Formations) display high compositional maturity and experienced moderate to high degree of chemical weathering, whereas those from the late Early-Late Cretaceous sequences (Ngamring and Shexing Formations) are characterized by low compositional maturity with insignificant chemical weathering. Our results lead to a coherent scenario for the evolution history of the Lhasa terrane. During the Early-Middle Jurassic (∼192-168Ma), the Lhasa terrane was speculated to be an isolated geological block. The Yeba Formation is best understood as being deposited in a back-arc basin induced by northward subduction of the Neo-Tethys ocean with sediments coming from the interiors of the Lhasa terrane. The Middle Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Lhasa-Qiangtang collision resulted in the formation of a composite foreland basin with southward-flowing rivers carrying clastic materials from the uplifted northern Lhasa and/or Qiangtang terranes. During the late Early-Late Cretaceous (∼104-72Ma), the Gangdese magmatic arc was uplifted rapidly above the sea level, forming turbidites (Ngamring Formation) in the Xigaze forearc basin and fluvial red beds (Shexing Formation) on the retro-arc side. At the end of Late Cretaceous, the Lhasa terrane was likely to have been uplifted to high elevation forming an Andean-type margin resembling the modern South America before the India-Asia collision.     

拉萨地块南部冈底斯~50 Ma负ε_(Nd)(t)花岗质侵入岩的发现及其地质意义

拉萨地块南部冈底斯岩浆带主要形成于中生代–早新生代(205~40 Ma),正的锆石ε_(Hf)(t)和全岩ε_(Nd)(t)显示了新生地壳组分的特征,其形成普遍被认为与新特提斯洋俯冲或印度–欧亚大陆碰撞后的板片断离有关。作者近期的研究工作显示,冈底斯岩浆带中部的早始新世挡顶拉和先弄错纳花岗质侵入岩具有明显的负ε_(Nd)(t)值。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄表明,上述侵入岩形成于~50 Ma,与冈底斯早新生代岩浆大爆发时期(~50 Ma)一致。挡顶拉和先弄错纳侵入岩具有轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损以及中等的负Eu异常特征,但先弄错纳岩体具有低的稀土元素总量和更明显的轻、重稀土元素分异。挡顶拉和先弄错纳侵入岩具有明显富集的Sr-Nd同位素组成:(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i=0.7096~0.7121,εNd(t)=-7.3~-8.0。这些侵入岩主要可能来自古老地壳的重熔,且其源区组成矿物可能为黑云母+角闪石+石英+斜长石,岩浆在上升过程中经历了结晶分异。尽管目前的研究资料还无法解释这种富集的同位素特征是与拉萨古老地壳的部分熔融有关,还是与俯冲的印度古老大陆地壳物质熔融有关,但是明显负ε_(Nd)(t)值的花岗质岩石在拉萨地块南部冈底斯岩基中部的出现,有可能为新特提斯洋俯冲及印度–欧亚大陆碰撞过程提供新的启示。     

藏南林周盆地设兴组砂岩及其中玄武岩夹层的地球化学与成因

印度与亚洲大陆的碰撞是青藏高原演化的重要构造事件,碰撞过程被记录在拉萨地块南部的晚白垩世到古新世的沉积-岩浆作用中。林周盆地的晚白垩世设兴组及其之后不整合覆盖的林子宗火山岩,是解析碰撞过程的重要记录。本文对设兴组最高层位的砂岩和玄武岩夹层进行了岩石学、地球化学和年代学研究,探讨了岩石成因和构造意义。设兴组砂岩属于杂砂岩,碎屑物质主要来自中酸性岩浆岩源区;锆石Hf同位素指示设兴组大部分碎屑物质来源于盆地北面的中部拉萨地块,少部分来自盆地南部的冈底斯岩基;砂岩中最年轻的碎屑锆石年龄指示林周盆地设兴组是在98Ma之后接受沉积的。以夹层产出在设兴组顶部的玄武岩和玄武安山岩,富集轻稀土元素、亏损重稀土元素、弱负Eu异常,强烈富集Ba、Th、U、Pb等大离子亲石元素,显著亏损Nb、Ta等高场强元素,属于高钾钙碱性玄武岩系列,与典型安第斯型玄武岩特征吻合。玄武岩和玄武安山岩的锆石均为捕获锆石,其最年轻碎屑锆石年龄限定了设兴组玄武岩的喷发晚于110Ma。综合分析表明,林周盆地晚白垩世时期为夹持在冈底斯岩浆弧与中部拉萨地块之间的弧后盆地,新特提斯洋壳晚白垩世俯冲到冈底斯弧和弧后盆地之下,大约在98～110Ma之后喷发到林周盆地的很少量中基性岩浆构成了设兴组顶部的玄武岩和玄武安山岩夹层,是新特提斯洋俯冲相关的幔源岩浆作用。林周盆地设兴组(晚于98Ma)与上覆的林子宗火山岩(底部约为65Ma)之间呈大约33Myr的构造间断,可能代表了冈底斯弧的碰撞之前的隆升剥蚀过程。     

Metamorphism and tectonic evolution of the Lhasa terrane,Central Tibet

The Lhasa terrane in southern Tibet is composed of Precambrian crystalline basement, Paleozoic to Mesozoic sedimentary strata and Paleozoic to Cenozoic magmatic rocks. This terrane has long been accepted as the last crustal block to be accreted with Eurasia prior to its collision with the northward drifting Indian continent in the Cenozoic. Thus, the Lhasa terrane is the key for revealing the origin and evolutionary history of the Himalayan–Tibetan orogen. Although previous models on the tectonic development of the orogen have much evidence from the Lhasa terrane, the metamorphic history of this terrane was rarely considered. This paper provides an overview of the temporal and spatial characteristics of metamorphism in the Lhasa terrane based mostly on the recent results from our group, and evaluates the geodynamic settings and tectonic significance. The Lhasa terrane experienced multistage metamorphism, including the Neoproterozoic and Late Paleozoic HP metamorphism in the oceanic subduction realm, the Early Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic MP metamorphism in the continent–continent collisional zone, the Late Cretaceous HT/MP metamorphism in the mid-oceanic ridge subduction zone, and two stages of Cenozoic MP metamorphism in the thickened crust above the continental subduction zone. These metamorphic and associated magmatic events reveal that the Lhasa terrane experienced a complex tectonic evolution from the Neoproterozoic to Cenozoic. The main conclusions arising from our synthesis are as follows: (1) The Lhasa block consists of the North and South Lhasa terranes, separated by the Paleo-Tethys Ocean and the subsequent Late Paleozoic suture zone. (2) The crystalline basement of the North Lhasa terrane includes Neoproterozoic oceanic crustal rocks, representing probably the remnants of the Mozambique Ocean derived from the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. (3) The oceanic crustal basement of North Lhasa witnessed a Late Cryogenian (~ 650 Ma) HP metamorphism and an Early Paleozoic (~ 485 Ma) MP metamorphism in the subduction realm associated with the closure of the Mozambique Ocean and the final amalgamation of Eastern and Western Gondwana, suggesting that the North Lhasa terrane might have been partly derived from the northern segment of the East African Orogen. (4) The northern margin of Indian continent, including the North and South Lhasa, and Qiangtang terranes, experienced Early Paleozoic magmatism, indicating an Andean-type orogeny that resulted from the subduction of the Proto-Tethys Ocean after the final amalgamation of Gondwana. (5) The Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes witnessed Middle Paleozoic (~ 360 Ma) magmatism, suggesting an Andean-type orogeny derived from the subduction of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. (6) The closure of Paleo-Tethys Ocean between the North and South Lhasa terranes and subsequent terrane collision resulted in the formation of Late Permian (~ 260 Ma) HP metamorphic belt and Triassic (220 Ma) MP metamorphic belt. (7) The South Lhasa terrane experienced Late Cretaceous (~ 90 Ma) Andean-type orogeny, characterized by the regional HT/MP metamorphism and coeval intrusion of the voluminous Gangdese batholith during the northward subduction of the Neo-Tethyan Ocean. (8) During the Early Cenozoic (55–45 Ma), the continent–continent collisional orogeny has led to the thickened crust of the South Lhasa terrane experiencing MP amphibolite-facies metamorphism and syn-collisional magmatism. (9) Following the continuous continent convergence, the South Lhasa terrane also experienced MP metamorphism during Late Eocene (40–30 Ma). (10) During Mesozoic and Cenozoic, two different stages of paired metamorphic belts were formed in the oceanic or continental subduction zones and the middle and lower crust of the hanging wall of the subduction zone. The tectonic imprints from the Lhasa terrane provide excellent examples for understanding metamorphic processes and geodynamics at convergent plate boundaries.     

中拉萨地块南缘孔隆晚白垩世火山岩成因及对地壳演化的约束

拉萨地块晚白垩世岩浆岩的研究集中于南北两缘,中部的岩浆-构造演化对班公湖—怒江洋或新特提斯洋演化过程的响应及地幔贡献度仍然缺乏精确约束。本次研究报道了中拉萨地块南缘孔隆地区发现的一套流纹质火山岩。锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩地球化学及Hf同位素分析结果显示,孔隆火山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(88.0±1.7)Ma,形成于晚白垩世早期。主量元素SiO₂及Al₂O₃含量较高,Mg^#较低;轻、重稀土分馏明显,表现为轻稀土相对富集,重稀土相对亏损;相对富集Rb、Th、K,相对亏损Ba、Eu、Sr、P、Ti;与周缘埃达克岩区别明显。锆石ε_Hf(t)在-10.2~-5.3之间,T_DM2模式年龄为1 492~1 804 Ma,结合Nb/La平均值(0.21)及Nb/Ta平均值(10.1)分析,认为孔隆火山岩可能直接源于古老的下地壳深熔,未经幔源物质混染而形成,其主要驱动力为新特提斯洋壳北向俯冲。本项研究为印亚大陆碰撞前拉萨地块演化提供了新的约束。