银川平原植被生长与地下水关系研究

干旱区植被生长与地下水的关系是生态水文地质学研究的热点之一。西北内陆干旱地区降水稀少,植被的生长发育与地下水的关系极为密切,从大尺度上研究地下水变化的生态效应问题对生态环境的保护和恢复具有重要的意义。借助遥感方法,结合地下水观测数据,在区域尺度上定量地研究了中国银川平原地区地下水埋深及矿化度与植被生长的关系。结果表明:适宜植被生长的地下水埋深范围约为1~6m,当地下水位埋深为3.5m左右时,植被长势最好。而在水位埋深为3.5m左右的地区,植被生长的相对好坏又受地下水矿化度的影响。当地下水矿化度为0.9g/L时对该地区植被的生长最为有利。     

民勤绿洲天然植被生长与地下水埋深变化关系

甘肃石羊河流域民勤盆地水资源短缺,生态环境脆弱,弄清地下水埋深与天然生态植被生长的关系,是精准调控地下水开采、针对性制定生态保护政策的重要理论依据。利用民勤盆地2000—2017年LANDSAT遥感数据,计算归一化差值植被指数（NDVI）年均值,结合85眼监测井的地下水埋深实测数据,分析了植被生长与埋深的关系。结果显示:研究区植被NDVI较低,多年均值约0.1,2012年后NDVI趋于增大,反映人工造林等措施成果明显。地下水埋深总体趋于增大,2008年后增幅减缓,目前埋深西部大于20 m,东部、北部小于20 m。区内适宜植被生长的埋深范围为2.5~3.9 m,多年平均适宜生态水位约2.66 m;埋深小于4 m时,NDVI与埋深表现为高度负相关(R<-0.8),即埋深越小,NDVI越高;埋深大于4 m时,两者无明显关系。较前人成果,文章从长序列时间、盆地空间尺度分析了民勤绿洲区天然植被生长与地下水埋深的变化,得到浅埋区生态水位,进而圈定了生态治理重点靶区。     

西北地区地下水水量-水位双控指标确定研究——以民勤盆地为例

地下水是西北内陆河流域干旱半干旱地区重要的供水水源、生态因子和环境因子。当前缺乏针对西北干旱半干旱地区特点的地下水水量和水位双控管理指标确定方法研究,无法为西北地区开展流域水资源管理生态保护提供技术支撑。本研究基于地下水可持续利用和生态保护的原则,提出了一套确定西北地区地下水水量-水位双控指标的技术方案。采用“以位定量”的思路,依据指标监测井代表的不同地下水功能区的地下水管理水位,确定水位指标区间值;将通过天然植被排泄的地下水量作为不可袭夺的排泄项,以数值模拟方法预报求解满足水位指标约束的地下水开采量,计算水量指标区间值。以民勤盆地为研究区开展示例研究,依据技术方案计算得到水位指标的下限阈值为埋深5.00～49.37 m,上限阈值为埋深0.00～5.00 m,水量指标上限为6 000×104 m3/a,下限为10 000×104 m3/a。采用2012—2016年区内实际开采量和监测水位变化趋势进行验证,当开采量在水量指标区间内运行时,水位也基本在水位指标区间内变化。该技术方法可以为西北地区开展双控管理提供一定的技术支撑。     

干旱区绿洲地下水生态水位阈值研究进展

地下水生态水位是干旱区绿洲水资源管理、地下水保护和生态环境保护的关键指标。从地下水生态水位的概念、确定方法、阈值区间等方面入手,综述了干旱区绿洲地下水生态水位研究的重要进展及未来发展建议：（1）干旱区绿洲地下水生态水位存在显著的多功能性和尺度特征;（2）生态调查统计与分析、模型计算分析和遥感统计分析是确定地下水生态水位的主要方法;（3）区域地下水埋深适合控制在2.0~4.0m,不同功能地下水埋深阈值差异显著,这种差异性主要受气候、下垫面植被、土壤、地质条件等因素影响;（4）建议加强多尺度、多维度的干旱区绿洲地下水生态水位阈值研究。     

地下水对银川平原植被生长的影响

植被是反映区域性生态环境状况的重要指标之一,而地下水对植被的生长有着重要的影响。结合MODIS-NDVI遥感数据与地下水位观测数据,从大尺度上研究了银川平原地下水与植被的关系,并结合实测的数据,利用最小二乘法拟合出地下水位埋深与NDVI变化率的关系曲线,定量分析了地下水位埋深对植被生长的影响,并对适宜植被生长的地下水位埋深进行了探讨。研究结果表明：地下水位埋深在3 m时,植被长势最好;而适宜植被生长的地下水位埋深范围是1~5 m;当地下水位埋深超过5 m时,地下水位埋深对植被的影响逐渐减弱;当水位埋深超过8 m时,地下水位埋深对植被的生长没有影响。     

阜阳市现状地下水水位水量适宜性分析

为实现构建水位和水量双指标相结合的地下水水资源控制管理模式,以安徽省阜阳市为例,分析了阜阳市地下水动态特征,制定了研究区浅层下水水位水量适宜区间,并分析了现状条件下研究区地下水水位水量的适宜性。研究结果表明:研究区北部平原区浅层地下水适宜水位埋深确定为1.5~3.0m,枯水期或春季可适当调整,但建议最大埋深不宜大于3.8m,南部平原区浅层地下水适宜水位埋深可确定为1.0~3.0m,局部地区根据具体要求可做适当调整;现状条件下,阜阳市浅层地下水水位埋深基本位于制定的适宜水位埋深区间内,间接反映出,在现有开采井布局、作物种植结构和灌溉制度前提下,该区浅层地下水开采量较适宜,同时间接验证了制定的地下水适宜水位埋深的合理性。     

干旱区高盐度潜水蒸发规律初步分析

为分析干旱区高盐度潜水蒸发规律,于2012年4月1日~2014年3月31日在新疆昌吉地下水均衡试验站开展了不同总溶解固体 (0.8 g/L、30 g/L和100 g/L)、不同包气带岩性(细砂和粉质黏土)和不同潜水埋深(0 m、0.5 m、1.0 m、2.0 m和3.0 m)潜水蒸发量的监测工作。结果表明:当潜水埋深大于0.5 m时,包气带岩性对高总溶解固体(Total Dissolved Solids, TDS)潜水蒸发量的影响与淡水基本一致;潜水埋深0.5 m、TDS为30 g/L时,包气带岩性的差异对潜水蒸发量的影响远小于由于潜水的TDS和外界大气蒸发能力对潜水蒸发共同造成的影响;潜水位埋深为0 m、TDS为100 g/L、包气带为粉质黏土时,年内潜水蒸发趋势与大气蒸发能力E_Φ20的趋势相反;潜水埋深0.5~1.0 m时,在非冻结期随着TDS的升高,潜水蒸发量逐渐减小;当潜水埋深为3.0 m时,TDS的变化对潜水蒸发抑制作用存在滞后性。     

柴达木盆地植被对气候与地下水变化的响应研究

应用2000—2013年的MODIS NDVI数据计算了柴达木盆地的植被覆盖率,分析了其动态变化规律。结果表明:盆地内裸土和低覆盖率植被的面积随着时间的变化是逐渐减小的;而中等覆盖率、较高覆盖率和高覆盖率植被的面积都是逐年增加的;气象因素、高程、地下水位埋深及地下水矿化度是植被变化的主要影响因素。植被指数的变化与气温和降水的变化呈正相关关系,同时,植被对地下水位埋深的依赖性较为复杂:芦苇、沙蒿和红柳对水位埋深的变化较为敏感,当水位埋深小于2 m时,植被生长较好;而白刺则对地下水位埋深的依赖性较小。当地下水溶解性总固体小于3 g/L时,植被长势较好。     

黑河下游额济纳绿洲荒漠植被与地下水位埋深的 定量关系

干旱区植被生长与地下水的依存关系是生态水文地质学研究的热点之一。由于降水稀少,中国西北地区植被的生长发育与地下水的关系极为密切,从大尺度上研究地下水变化的生态效应问题对生态环境的保护和恢复具有重要的意义。借助遥感方法,结合地下水观测数据,在区域尺度上定量地研究了我国黑河下游额济纳绿洲荒漠植被发育与地下水埋深的关系。结果表明:适宜植被生长的地下水埋深范围约为2~5 m,当地下水埋深超过5.5 m时,由于植被根系缺水,不能维持冠层正常生长,几乎没有植被发育。     

新疆焉耆盆地绿洲水盐双梯度下天然植被多样性分异特征

通过对焉耆盆地河畔带、荒漠带、湖畔带土壤水盐及地下水位和天然植被关系的分析,研究了干旱绿洲水盐过程与分异天然植被生长和绿洲生态的影响.结果表明:绿洲天然植被生物多样性取决水盐双梯度影响,盐分不断向湖畔积聚是引起焉耆盆地湖畔生态系统生境恶化的主导因子.绿洲内部河畔带物种多样性与地下水埋深关系表明,在埋深1.5m区域,随着地下水埋深的加大,物种多样性减少;在埋深1.5～3m区域内,随着地下水埋深加大,其物种多样性在增加;而当埋深在3～4m之间时,随着地下水埋深的加大,植物多样性呈明显减少趋势;而在埋深4m区域内,多样性指数波动不大.调查表明,随着埋深的变化,地表的天然植被草本、灌木、乔木也呈现明显的分异,地下水水盐条件制约植被分布、生存和演替,各种植被类型适应不同的地下水位和盐分特征.     

The relationship between groundwater and natural vegetation in Qaidam Basin

To accurately evaluate ecological risks trigged by groundwater exploitation, it must be clarified the relationship between vegetation and groundwater. Based on remote sensing data sets MOD13Q1, groundwater table depth (WTD) and total dissolved solids (TDS), the relationship between groundwater and natural vegetation was analyzed statistically in the main plain areas of Qaidam Basin. The results indicate that natural vegetation is groundwater-dependent in areas where WTD is less than 5.5 m and TDS is less than 7.5 g/L. Aquatic vegetation, hygrophytic vegetation and hygrophytic saline-alkali tolerant vegetation are mainly distributed in areas with WTD <1.1 m. Salt-tolerant and mesophytic vegetation mainly occur in areas with WTD of 1.4-3.5 m, while the xerophytic vegetation isprimarily present in areas where WTD ranges from 1.4 m to 5.5 m. Natural vegetation does not necessarily depend on groundwater in areas with WTD >5.5 m. For natural vegetation, the most suitable water TDS is less than 1.5 g/L, the moderately suitable TDS is 1.5-5.0 g/L, the basically suitable TDS is 5.0-7.5 g/L, and the unsuitable TDS is more than 7.5 g/L.     

Desert riparian vegetation and groundwater in the lower reaches of the Tarim River basin

The Green Corridor in the lower reaches of Tarim River in northwestern China has an extreme hot and dry climate. Vegetation here, consisting of arbor, shrub and grass, relies on groundwater exceedingly. However, the increasing anthropogenic activities of large-scale agricultural reclamation and unreasonable water utilization in the upper and middle reaches caused the 321-km riverway in the lower reaches to dry up completely in 1972 and resulted in the sharp decline of groundwater, followed by the ruin of desert riparian vegetation on a large scale. The Green Corridor is on the verge of shrinking. Water has a key role in maintaining ecological balance and socioeconomic development. This paper, focused on the relationship between vegetation and groundwater, discusses (1) the change of groundwater table caused by the ecological water delivery carried out in the lower reaches of Tarim River; (2) the appropriate groundwater depth meeting the vegetation’s survival; (3) the minimum ecological flux and ecological water requirement for the growth of natural vegetation. It was shown that (1) based on the analysis of the monitoring data from the groundwater level of ten times water delivery, such an extensive artificial watering takes positive effect on raising the groundwater level along the two sides of the river; (2) a groundwater table depth of 2–4 m is probably the appropriate ecological water table level for the lower reaches of the Tarim River, and 6 m is the threshold for the local vegetation; (3) at the lower Tarim River, 1.157 × 10⁸ m³ of water flow is needed for itself. The longer the duration of water releases, the greater would be the groundwater rise and the larger the range of vegetation influenced. It was found that the duration and volume of water delivery was closely related to restoration of vegetation in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. The goal of this paper is to offer scientific evidences for water delivery in the rigorous areas to maintain an ecological balance.     

Modelling the response of vegetation restoration to changes in groundwater level,based on ecologically suitable groundwater depth

Groundwater-level fluctuations at a large scale have a significant effect on the preservation and restoration of vegetation. This study determined suitable groundwater depth within which natural vegetation grows well, and analysed the effect of groundwater regulation on vegetation restoration in Tianjin City, northern China. Normal and lognormal distributions were used to fit the curve of the relation between vegetation and groundwater depth. The groundwater depth range corresponding to the higher frequency of vegetation distribution was regarded as the ‘suitable water depth’ range for vegetation growth. The suitable groundwater depth for shrub growth was 3–5 m and for grass growth 1–3 m. A groundwater flow model predicted the future changes of groundwater depths in the vegetation distribution area under the condition that the current levels of groundwater extraction are maintained. The results showed that there is potential for the extraction of groundwater in shrubland areas, but for grassland areas the water-table elevation showed a downward trend, meaning that water shortages in some areas may be more severe in the future. Finally, based on the current groundwater extraction regime, two regulation schemes were developed: (1) for shrubland, groundwater extraction was reduced by 10% in the ecological water deficit areas, and extraction was increased by 10% in the ecological water surplus and suitable areas, and (2) for grassland, groundwater recharge was increased by the restoration of the wetland areas. In conclusion, the groundwater depths in most of the area would be more suitable for vegetation growth under the regulation schemes.     

西北地区地下水的地质生态环境调节作用研究

针对西北干旱区特定的生态环境条件 ,通过凝结水对沙生植物作用的分析以及地下水位埋深对植物生长和土壤盐渍化影响的分析 ,探讨了地下水对生态环境的控制作用 ,认为地下水埋深及包气带水分运动状况 ,是主要生态环境指标 ,保持合理的生态地下水位是防治植物死亡和土地荒漠化的关键 ;维持适度的地下水位埋深 ,可以控制土壤水盐运移和均衡 ,达到改良土壤和改善地质生态环境的目的。文中还探讨了塔里木河和玛纳斯河流域水资源开发利用对生态环境的影响。     

陕北能源化工基地地下水开发的植被生态效应及对策

为了建立陕北能源基地基于生态良性循环的地下水开发利用模式,依据生态学和水文地质学原理,采用生态-水文地质调查与遥感定量分析相结合的方法,在研究陕北能源化工基地的植被生态空间分布特征、近30年来的演化趋势和影响因素的基础上,从植物类型、植物根系、植被指数与潜水埋深对比分析入手,建立了本区地下水位埋深与植被生态的依存关系,确定了影响植被生态的地下水位阈值,并开展了地下水开发的植被生态环境效应敏感性区划,提出了基于生态良性循环的地下水资源开发利用对策。     

Occurrence of soluble salts and moisture in the unsaturated zone and groundwater hydrochemistry along the middle and lower reaches of the Heihe River in northwest China

Deforestation, over-development of water resources and population growth have contributed to degeneration of vegetation in the Heihe River Basin in northwest China. Salts and water contents are the most important factors affecting the growth of vegetation in this arid area. This study was conducted to determine soluble salt levels of soils in the unsaturated zone and the hydrochemistry of groundwater at 14 sites in this region. Concentrations of soluble ions in the soils deceased with depth. Soil ion contents increased at depths below the root system of native plants. Sulfate was the dominant anion in both the unsaturated zone and the groundwater. Total dissolved solids (TDS) in groundwater ranged from less than 1 g/L in the middle reaches of the watershed to about 10 g/L in the arid lower reaches. In the middle and upper reaches of the watershed, salinity in soil and groundwater decreased. Groundwater was highly variable in hydrochemistry. The lower reaches was predominated by SO₄–Na•Mg and SO₄–Mg•Na type water, whereas in the middle reaches groundwater is characterized by lower TDS and HCO₃-dominated type water. Evapotranspiration is responsible for occurrence of the soluble salts in the soil profiles. Dissolution is the dominant chemical process in the middle reaches, whereas evapotranspiration prevails in the lower reaches of the Heihe River.