黔中红粘土的物质来源与成因研究——以平坝剖面为例

以黔中平坝剖面为具体对象,从矿物、元素地球化学、元素质量平衡等多方面对黔中白云岩上覆红粘土剖面进行了详细研究。结果显示该剖面是下伏基岩白云岩风化成土并累积的结果,无其他外来物源,是原位风化壳;成土过程具有两阶段模式特征,即白云石、方解石的溶蚀-酸不溶物累积和酸不溶物进一步风化两个阶段;长时期的构造稳定和白云岩整体溶蚀作用是黔中地区白云岩风化壳土层厚度大、分布连续的主要制约因素。     

贵阳市环城林带的形成与岩(土)层关系的研究

通过对贵阳市环城林带三个代表性林区(场)的岩-土层剖面、岩(土)层的物质组成特征研究,认为林带的形成与岩(土)层密切相关。环城林带出露岩石主要为粉砂岩、页岩、泥岩和砂岩等碎屑岩石,该类岩石及其风化后形成的土层,主要为难溶而成土的硅酸盐矿物,化学组成主要为SiO2、Al2O3等成土组分,且碎屑岩类抗风化能力极弱,易风化成土。     

碳酸盐岩风化剖面U和Th的富集特征 及淋溶实验的指示

通过对贵州岩溶区12条风化剖面U、Th的分布情况、岩-土界面岩粉层动态淋溶残余物的元素变化特征以及元素质量平衡的研究,初步揭示了碳酸盐岩风化剖面U、Th的富集特征.①在碳酸盐岩风化体系中,U呈现出明显的活性,而Th既有惰性的一面,又表现出活性的一面.②碳酸盐岩风化过程中,岩-土界面是U、Th产生突变性富集的重要地球化学场所,而剖面进一步发育演化中U、Th的变化是一个长期而缓慢的过程.岩-土界面反应中,由于风化残余物体积的巨大缩小,U呈现出低背景、强亏损、高富集的地球化学特征.当Th呈现活性态时,与U表现出相似的地球化学特征;当Th表现为惰性态时,其在剖面中的富集主要源于易溶组分溶蚀后的绝对残余.③碳酸盐岩风化剖面U、Th的富集系数与基岩酸不溶物含量存在明显的负相关,说明碳酸盐岩酸不溶物含量愈低,碳酸盐溶蚀的体量愈大,风化溶液带出的活性U或Th也愈多,风化残余物的体积缩小变化程度也愈强,因此残余U或Th的相对富集程度也愈高.     

碳酸盐岩红土风化剖面的淋滤试验研究—— 以贵州遵义和平坝剖面为例

采用人工配制的饱和碳酸水溶液对贵州省安顺、遵义两个典型红土风化剖面的样品柱,在常温、常压下进行长约100小时的淋滤试验。对溶液中10种元素进行检测表明:石灰岩及其溶滤层比白云岩及其溶滤层Ca、Mg的溶出量大2～5倍;成土物质Al、Si、Fe、Mn等元素有微量的溶出,且红土化程度较低的石灰岩风化剖面较红土化程度较高的白云岩剖面的溶出量大几倍,遵义剖面在碳酸水的淋滤下发生较明显的脱Si作用。试验前后淋滤液的酸度值发生显著变化,pH值由4.12～4.17变为6.86～8.09。      

碳酸盐岩风化壳岩-土界面风化作用机制——淋溶模拟实验的初步研究

碳酸盐岩风化壳通常呈现出清晰突变的岩-土界面,成为直接利用野外地质剖面的发育特征探索碳酸盐岩风化作用过程的障碍。本文选择贵州中部及湘西的4条典型碳酸盐岩原位风化壳的岩-土界面作为研究对象,模拟干热风化条件(即气候温暖或炎热、排水条件良好的风化状态),在24～29.5℃的环境温度下,利用饱和CO2水对各剖面岩粉层样柱开展了系统的淋溶实验研究(淋溶终点以碳酸盐完全溶蚀为标志)。通过对淋出液中主要造岩元素和淋溶残余物的动态取样分析,初步揭示了碳酸盐岩风化壳岩-土界面的风化作用机制。结果表明:①碳酸盐岩风化壳岩-土界面风化过程中,碳酸盐的溶蚀和酸不溶物的分解是同步进行的,在碳酸盐淋溶伊始,酸不溶物已表现出明显的风化倾向;②排水条件良好的风化环境下,由硅酸盐等酸不溶物组分分解溶出的盐基离子及Si等元素更易随风化溶液淋失,使得在风化残余物中难以形成蒙脱石、伊利石、高岭石等自生粘土矿物。酸不溶物相的其他造岩元素中,Ti和Al为惰性元素,Fe为弱迁移元素,Mn和P表现出明显的活性;③碳酸盐岩岩粉层的水-岩作用过程中,当碳酸盐含量对水-岩反应而言过量时,碳酸盐的溶蚀强度主要受岩粉层质地的制约。粒度粗,渗透性强,水-岩作用时间短,碳酸盐的溶蚀量低,反之亦然。而酸不溶物组分对于水-岩反应而言,在整个淋溶周期内都是不足的,其含量成为制约水-岩反应强度的主要因素。     

碳酸盐岩风化过程中高场强元素的地球化学行为研究——来自碳酸盐岩淋溶实验的证据

选择黔中地区的一条白云岩原位风化剖面（平坝剖面）作为研究对象,通过对岩-土界面之下的岩粉层（砂状碳酸盐岩）动态淋溶过程中高场强元素（HFSE）地球化学行为的研究,并结合其在风化壳剖面的分布特征,获得了以下主要认识:（1）碳酸盐岩风化过程中,HFSE间存在明显的分馏,而且元素分馏主要出现在岩-土界面作用过程中,即碳酸盐岩溶蚀形成残积土阶段;元素的地球化学惰性由强到弱的顺序依次为Zr>Hf>Nb>Sc>Th>Ta>Ti>Y,其中,Zr是最稳定的元素,Hf仅次于Zr,Nb和Sc也相对较为惰性,而Th、Ta、Ti、Y呈现出明显的活性;（2）对于碳酸盐岩风化剖面的质量平衡计算,Zr是理想的参比元素（即惰性元素）;（3）由基岩酸不溶物至风化壳剖面,元素对Nb-Ta、Zr-Hf显示出较好的协变性,没有明显分馏,因此,在利用这类元素对岩溶区风化壳的物源进行示踪时,碳酸盐岩作为潜在母岩,宜采用其酸不溶物作为参比对象;（4）碳酸盐岩风化过程中,虽然Sc也是一个较为稳定的HFSE,但在风化母岩中分布不均匀,不宜用于岩溶区风化壳的物源示踪。      

昌化地开石次生矿风化层矿物学特征

运用FTIR、SEM和EDS等分析方法对浙江昌化地开石次生矿中俗称"昌化田黄"的风化层矿物组成、微观形貌及化学成分变化进行了系统研究,结果表明,风化层的主要矿物组成为高岭石族矿物,含有铁质及钙镁质副矿物。与未风化新鲜层相比,风化层的组成矿物因溶蚀作用及颗粒间隙铁质矿物充填作用连结成片,晶体边界模糊不清。部分样品风化层表面附着Fe、Mn质矿物,Fe、Ca等元素含量普遍高于未风化层。风化表层与未风化新鲜层显微结构显示出明显的差异,沿风化剖面由表及里Fe、Ca元素含量逐渐降低,二者为"昌化田黄"经历次生风化作用的显著表征。而次生风化层中石英矿物的出现以及含Mn质矿物的表层附着,可为"昌化田黄"与寿山田黄的产地鉴别提供依据。     

武夷山紫色土磁学特征及其对成壤的指示意义

紫色土是非地带性土壤,具有磁性本底值低的特征,是研究成土初始阶段土壤磁性矿物与成土因素关系的良好材料。目前,国内紫色土系统的环境磁学研究处于起步阶段。本研究以福建省武夷山市的紫色土剖面(简称WYS剖面,地理坐标为27°44′24″N, 118°00′36″E;海拔216.3 m)为分析对象。该剖面发育于白垩系紫红色粉砂质泥岩之上,厚度为0.9 m。通过系统的环境磁学研究,结合漫反射光谱一阶导数曲线、色度指标和常量地球化学元素指标,分析其磁学特征的层次分异,探讨磁学参数对成壤的指示意义。结果表明：1)WYS剖面以反铁磁性矿物赤铁矿为主。A层的亚铁磁性矿物磁铁矿含量略有增加,超顺磁(SP)颗粒含量更高,磁颗粒相对更细。成壤作用是造成A层和C层的磁学特征差异的主导因素。2)WYS剖面母岩具有易于物理风化、不易化学风化的特征。由于成土时间短,即便在湿热气候条件下,母质中磁性矿物转化微弱。母质和成土时间是影响紫色土磁学性质的主导因素。3)成壤过程中,少部分赤铁矿转化为磁铁矿。磁学参数的微小变化响应于弱成壤作用,表明紫色土磁学特征可以非常敏感地指示成壤强度。     

峡东地区南华纪-寒武纪地层风化过程元素及Sr-Nd同位素演化特征及其地球化学意义

以峡东地区南华纪、震旦纪和寒武纪标准地层泥岩、冰碛泥岩、砂岩、灰岩和白云质灰岩及对应的风化土壤为研究对象, 分析了地层风化成土过程中不同元素的迁移行为, 根据剖面样品的Sr-Nd同位素组成变化, 探讨了其同位素体系的封闭性特征与应用意义.结果表明: (1) 不同岩性基岩在成土过程中的蚀变强度有明显的差异, 在相似地表条件下, 碳酸岩风化剖面的风化程度高于泥质岩和砂岩; (2) 通过对比稳定高场强Ti元素在基岩和风化剖面中的含量变化, 计算出土壤样品在风化过程中体积相对基岩发生的改变量, 进而计算出不同岩性基岩在风化过程中微量元素的绝对含量变化以探讨这些元素的活动规律.结果表明, 灰岩和白云质灰岩的风化剖面元素含量变化明显, 而在泥质岩风化过程中大多数元素保持了相对稳定, 说明沉积岩风化过程中元素的活动性特征明显地受到了原岩矿物组成的制约.风化过程中, 不同性质的元素的活动性差异明显, 其中亲硫元素(Cu、Zn、Pb、Mo) 和大离子亲石元素(Rb、K、Sr、Ba) 在不同岩性的风化剖面中均表现出明显的元素含量变化, 而高场强元素(Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta) 含量则相对稳定; (3) 泥质岩风化形成的土壤层REE含量变化较小, 而碳酸岩风化土壤层REE含量发生了明显下降, 且其风化形成的土壤表现出LREE和HREE相对于MREE的富集.无论是碳酸岩或泥质岩风化形成的土壤, 均出现了明显的Eu负异常和Ce的正异常, 但在其原岩中这些异常并不存在或不明显; (4) 基岩与土壤剖面间Sr同位素组成和Rb/Sr比值存在明显差异, Rb-Sr同位素组成发生了明显的开放.所形成土壤层的Sr同位素组成受到2种因素的约束: 原岩性质和外来组成的Sr同位素比值.因此在总体上, 风化土壤的Sr同位素组成已不能代表基岩的Sr同位素组成; (5) 沉积岩风化过程中, 碳酸岩和泥质岩形成的风化土壤基本保持了原岩的Sm-Nd同位素组成特点, 由其组成所获得的Nd同位素亏损地幔模式年龄等能反映其原岩信息, 而近源沉积形成的砂岩和含砾冰碛泥岩所形成的土壤, 其Nd同位素组成则存在不同程度的改变.      

海南岛东部地区砖红壤中稀土元素含量及其纵向分异研究

对海南岛东部地区发育典型的5个砖红壤剖面的REE组成特征及其纵向变化规律进行研究发现,基岩与成土母质决定着土壤中稀土元素的最初含量,由花岗岩风化而成的砖红壤的REE含量大于砂页岩风化而成的砖红壤的REE含量,土壤表层强烈的淋溶作用又导致由土壤剖面深部至浅部∑REE逐步减少。基岩及成土母质决定了砖红壤中呈现的LREE富集及Eu亏损的特点,而土壤发育过程中REE分异作用又使这些特征在成土母岩的基础上发生了一定程度的叠加。砖红壤剖面表层氧化和水解作用导致Ce在土壤表层中的富集,并导致由剖面深部至浅部,Ce呈现出由负异常向正异常演化之趋势。     

生态-地质作用模式: 诠释表生地质过程与生态特征的耦合

生态-地质作用关系模式诠释的重要内容之一是将基岩风化成土过程及对生态特征的影响进行形象化表达,包括基岩类型、风化过程中成土元素特征和迁移规律、土壤结构,以及与之相对应的生态特征等,重点突出基岩风化成土过程等表生地质过程对生态特征的影响作用。选择内蒙古阴山北麓、张北坝上、西南典型岩溶区等地区,分别研究、分析了不同表生地质条件下土壤垂向结构特征与物质组成、成壤过程中元素迁移特征、生态支撑层的元素富集与亏损等基岩风化成土过程与特征及其对生态分布特征的影响作用,建立了植被分布与风蚀作用基岩风化成土模式、凹陷盆地人工林退化与风化冲洪积土壤栗钙化模式、成土母岩对石漠化发育程度的影响模式等3种生态-地质作用模式,揭示了成土过程对植被分布特征与不同类型生态问题的影响,以期为国土空间生态保护修复提供科学依据。     

砒砂岩岩性特征对抗侵蚀性影响分析

砒砂岩区是黄河中游集中的基岩产沙区,强烈的岩土侵蚀与砒砂岩的岩性密切相关。通过对砒砂岩原状样品的矿物组成、微结构的测试和定量分析表明:砒砂岩中岩石矿物的组成特征是以不稳定、易风化、亲水性强的粘土矿物为主;岩石微结构特征表现为颗粒大小悬殊、排列无序、孔隙发育、胶结物为粘土矿物,影响岩石的物理力学性质,降低了砒砂岩的抗风化、抗侵蚀性能。     

Geochemistry and mineralogy of laterites in the Sula Mountains greenstone belt, Lake Sonfon gold district, Sierra Leone

Geochemical and mineralogical investigations have been carried out on laterite profiles developed in the Lake Sonfon Au district of northern Sierra Leone. The area is underlain by Archean metavolcanics and constitutes part of the Sula Mountains greenstone belt, which is mineralized in Au. Extensive lateritization has affected the rocks of this region, resulting in a profile which from bottom to top consists typically of a decomposed bedrock zone, a pisolitic laterite layer and a duricrust layer. Both the pisolitic and duricrust layers of the laterite are sometimes punctuated by lenses of ironstones containing high amounts of Cu, Zn, Ni, Co and Ce. Gold occurs as small grains within the heavy mineral fraction recovered from the decomposed rock zones and pisolitic layers of the profiles and also in gravels of streams draining the area. The mineralogy of the duricrust and pisolitic layers is dominated by goethite, gibbsite and quartz, with minor amounts (<5% by volume) of ilmenite, magnetite, haematite, rutile and kaolinite. The kaolinite content increases towards the decomposed rock zone, where talc, vermiculite and other layer lattice silicates become abundant. The heavy-mineral fraction of stream sediments is composed essentially of ilmenite, magnetite, haematite, and traces of rutile, zircon, tourmaline and Au. The Au grains are often characterized by a 10–200-μm-wide rim having a much lower content of Ag (0.3 wt.% or lower) than the grain interior (about 5 wt.% on average). Dissolution effects are also observed on the grain surfaces. It is considered that Au derived from the amphibolite parent rock is dissolved, transported, and redeposited during laterization.The duricrust cover of the laterite profiles is characterized by high contents of Fe₂O₃ (ca. 60 wt.%) and Al₂O₃ (ca. 32wt.%) and low content of SiO₂ (ca. 9 wt.%). In comparison, the pisolitic layer is higher in SiO₂ (ca. 18 wt.%) as well as a slightly higher in Al₂O₃ (ca. 34 wt.%). Lateritic weathering has resulted in the removal of CaO, Na₂O, MgO and SiO₂, with relative enrichment of Fe₂O₃ and Al₂O₃. The geochemical distribution of the trace elements in the laterite profiles can be related to the occurrence of the auriferous mineralization. The significance of these observations is discussed in relation to the origin of the lateritic Au and the role of the associated trace elements as indicators of the mineralization.     

发育完整的灰岩风化壳及其矿物学和地球化学特征

对于碳酸盐岩土覆土壤成因、尽管碳酸盐岩风化残积成土说被多数学者认同,但由于碳酸盐岩中酸不溶物含量极低,在风化成土过程中会伴随着巨大的体积缩小变化,原岩结构和半风化带无法保留,从而缺失了探索上覆土壤物质来源的重要中间环节,使得这种观点缺乏野外宏观证据的支持。最近,我们在贵州、湖南等地发现了数个以泥质灰岩和泥质白云岩为基岩的碳酸盐岩风化壳剖面,尚保留有较好的原岩结构,具有明显的风化壳分带和过渡现象。这些风化壳剖面的发现为深入研究碳酸盐岩风化成土过程提供了良好的研究场所。本文选取了较为典型的吉首泥灰岩风化壳剖面,从矿物学地球化学的角度来探讨碳酸盐岩风化壳的形成过程和发育特征,结果表明该风化壳既遵循非碳酸盐岩（主要是结晶岩类）风化壳的发育特征,也具有自己独特的地球化学演化规律。风化壳总体特点受碳酸盐中的酸不溶物矿物组合及化学成分的影响甚至控制,风化非碳酸盐风壳相似的发育特征。吉首泥灰岩风化壳剖面的发育特征和作者早先提出 的碳酸盐岩风化成土的两阶段模式是一致的,即以碳酸盐矿物大量淋失、酸不溶物逐渐堆积或残积为特征的早期阶段和残积物进一步风化成土的阶段,后一阶段的演化类似非碳酸盐岩类的风化过程。     

黄土高原黄土和红粘土~(10)Be地球化学特征

充分认识元素和同位素在不同环境条件下的地球化学行为,是运用元素和同位素示踪环境变化的前提。对来自于黄土高原的黄土、古土壤和红粘土样品的宇宙成因核素10Be测量和化学成分分析,以及各种化学淋溶实验表明：10Be主要以吸附状态赋存于粉尘沉积物粘粒矿物的表面,部分已结合进自生的粘土矿物中;在粉尘沉积物风化过程中10BC与9Be和Al的活动性相似,基本没有发生迁移,其原因是连续沉积的粉尘含有大量的碱性物质,阻止了10Be的解吸附和淋滤;沉积和风化作用导致了10Be浓度与化学指标在黄土－古土壤和红粘土剖面中的协同变化。     

Chemical weathering and related controls on surface water chemistry in the Absaroka Mountains,Wyoming

Chemical relationships among surface waters, soils and rocks were investigated in the drainage basin of the North Fork of the Shoshone River in northwestern Wyoming. The area is underlain entirely by andesitic volcanic rocks. Smectite is the only clay mineral forming in soils over much of the area, although minor kaolinite occurs in a few areas of higher-than-average rainfall.Mass-balance calculations relating stream water chemistry to rock alteration indicate that controls on the chemistry of surface waters take place not in the soil zone but in the altered rock zone. The dominant weathering process which controls the water chemistry is slight alteration of large volumes of rock, rather than development of chemical equilibria involving secondary phases in the soil zone. The altered rock is enriched in feldspars and depleted in ferromagnesian minerals compared to fresh rock. The high rate of physical erosion of the area is enough to remove the residue, reexpose the bedrock, and continue the weathering process.     

黄土高原黄土．和红粘土10Be地球化学特征

充分认识元素和同位素在不同环境条件下的地球化学行为,是运用元素和同位素示 踪环境变化的前提。对来自于黄土高原的黄土、古土壤和红粘土样品的宇宙成因核素¹⁰Be测量和化学成分分析,以及各种化学淋溶实验表明：¹⁰Be主要以吸附状态赋存于粉尘沉积物粘粒矿物的表面,部分已结合进自生的粘土矿物中;在粉尘沉积物风化过程中¹⁰Be与⁹Be和～的活动性相似,基本没有发生迁移,其原因是连续沉积的粉尘含有大量的碱性物质,阻止了…Be的解吸附和淋滤;沉积和风化作用导致了¹⁰Be浓度与化学指标在黄土-古土壤和红粘土剖面中的协同变化。     

Decoupled Erosion of Authigenic and Detrital Components in Soil

In the study of surface processes, it is generally assumed that erosion occurs equally throughout the soil profile so that chemical depletion of the topsoil can represent the intensity of chemical weathering and the duration of surface exposure to cosmogenic radiation can reflects the soil residence time, and then the rate of erosion can be calculated. In comparison with fresh bedrock, the depletion of soluble elements in soil mainly comes from fine-grained secondary clay components, while the depletion degree of detrital minerals is weak. The preferential erosion of fine-grained secondary clay will lead to the underestimation of weathering intensity, and the retention time of detrital mineral will be longer than the total retention time of soil， and thus the soil erosion rate will be underestimated. Based on the uranium isotope comminution ages of soil in the Lesotho Highlands, we found that erosion operates differentially between the detrital and authigenic components of the soil. Uranium isotope comminution ages show a soil residence time of (543±32) ka for the detrital particles. In contrast, soil residence time of the authigenic phases is constrained to be (22±11) ka according to the accumulation of recoiled ²³⁴U from the absorbed ²³⁸U to river water. The residence time of secondary clay matches with the regional erosion rate 24-33 t/(km²·a) calculated from weathering flux, indicating that secondary clay is the main component of soil erosion. The results indicate that the decoupled erosion of different components in soil may be common. This finding implies that the intensity of weathering based on bulk soil erosion and the rate of soil erosion determined by exposure dating of coarse soil grains may be invalidated due to the preferential erosion of authigenic particles. As a result, a lower estimate of weathering flux may be made, and therefore the role of chemical weathering in the global carbon cycle could be underestimated.     

贵州麻江蓝莓种植区基岩-土壤剖面元素地球化学特征

本文对麻江蓝莓核心产区种植剖面的地球化学特征进行分析,选取与蓝莓生长关系密切的K、Ca、Na、Mg、Fe、Al、Mn、Mo、Co、V、Se、Cr、Cu、Zn十四种元素作为研究对象,结果表明:土壤中元素的地球化学特征受植物根系、外援施肥、自然气候、土壤理化性质及母岩等多种因素影响。黏粒含量高的土壤剖面元素移动性较差,含量变化程度小。Se在垂直方向上的含量变化规律主要受土壤有机质含量影响,其他元素地球化学特征主要与母岩风化和淋溶作用等因素有关。基岩产状影响土壤元素在垂直方向上的变化,产状平缓的剖面各元素在下层累积较高,而基岩产状倾斜的剖面底层土壤元素随水流失,元素含量最高值大多都出现在次底层。剖面土壤中元素的地球化学特征与自然气候、土壤理化性质及母岩等因素有关,耕作层土壤元素主要受植物根系和外援施肥影响。     

Continual erosion of bare rocks after the Wenchuan earthquake and control strategies

The newly bared rocks created by the Wenchuan earthquake are undergoing continual intensive erosion in the form of detachment and movement of individual grains. Grain erosion is defined as the phenomenon of breaking down bare rocks under the action of insolation and temperature change, detachment of grains from the rockwalls by wind, flow down of grains on the slope under the action of gravity, and accumulation of grains at the toe of the mountain, forming a deposit fan. The Wenchuan earthquake, which occurred in Sichuan on May 12, 2008, caused thousands of avalanches and landslides and left scars on slopes and a huge area of bare rocks. Grain erosion causes flying stones, injured humans and resulted in numerous slope debris flows. The process of grain erosion and strategies to limit the erosion were studied by field investigations and field experiments. According to these field investigations and field studies, the most serious grain erosion occurs in spring and early summer when it is very dry. Rocks are broken down to grains under the action of insolation and temperature change. Then, wind blows the grains from the bare rock down slope. Experimental results showed that the amount of grains blown down by wind per area of rock surface per unit time is proportional to the fourth power of the wind speed. However, the size of the grains blown down by wind increases linearly with the wind speed. An experiment proved that grain erosion can be controlled with two moss species. Moss spores were mixed with clay suspension and splashed on bare rocks. The moss species germinated on the rock surface in one month and greened the bare rocks in two months. The moss layer protected the rocks from insolation and mitigated the effects of temperature change, thus effectively mitigated grain erosion.