四川盆地东南缘震旦系-古生界古油藏特征

震旦系古油藏具有两期储层沥青,古生界仅见有一期储层沥青.震旦系储层沥青丰富,其丰度受到构造岩溶不整合面控制,古油藏为岩性-构造古油藏;古生界储层沥青含量较少,分布明显受到岩性控制,古生界古油藏为小型的岩性古油藏.丁山-林滩场构造带震旦系古油藏恢复规模为8.63×108t,裂解生气量为5348.698×108m3;良村志...     

川东北长兴组—飞仙关组古原油成藏的孔隙度门限

近年来,在四川盆地二叠系、三叠系海相碳酸盐岩层系中发现了如普光、龙岗、元坝等多个大中型、高孔高渗气田,且天然气主要为古油藏原油裂解气.在油源充足的条件下,孔隙度成为了控制古原油成藏的关键因素,讨论古原油充注的孔隙度门限,尤其对于致密碳酸盐岩储层是否发生古原油的聚集具有指导意义.川东北地区长兴组-飞仙关组礁滩相储层发现了大量的固体沥青,岩石薄片镜下观察到这些固体沥青主要分布于亮晶鲕粒灰岩的粒间孔隙中、结晶白云岩的晶间孔中以及残余鲕粒白云岩的铸模孔中,极少发现沥青充填之后的胶结物.本研究定量统计了沥青含量与现今面孔隙度来恢复视古孔隙度,分别讨论现今面孔隙度、视古孔隙度与沥青含量的关系,确定了视古孔隙度门限,最后经过压实作用校正得到了古原油成藏的孔隙度门限.研究结果揭示,沥青含量与现今面孔隙度无线性关系.而与视古孔隙度有着较明显的正相关关系,当视古孔隙度大于一定值时,沥青含量显著增加;川东北长兴组-飞仙关组碳酸盐岩储层古原油成藏的孔隙度门限值为6.4％～7.4％(平均6.8％).     

四川盆地威远-资阳地区震旦系油裂解气判定及成藏过程定量模拟

本文通过对威远—资阳地区气藏油裂解气的判定,说明威远—资阳地区的气是由石油热裂解而来。在此基础上定量计算了资阳—威远古圈闭油藏的古资源量。资阳—威远地区1900km2范围曾形成过17×108t的古油藏,古油藏裂解形成古气藏,古气藏原始裂解气量可达10576.3928×108m3,质量是7.5832×108t。资阳—威远地区古圈闭碳沥青质量为9.475×108t。原油裂解为天然气可产生致使上覆岩层破裂的138.39MPa的异常高压,超压的存在对于天然气的散失起了很大的作用。随着喜马拉雅期隆升过程和圈闭主高点从资阳向威远的迁移,原油裂解气进一步逸散和重新调整并形成今气藏。在此基础上,恢复了资阳—威远古油藏→资阳—威远古气藏→威远气田的成藏演化过程。资阳—威远地区震旦系天然气的聚集成藏率很低,只有4.835%。因此,资阳—威远古油藏→资阳—威远古气藏→威远气田的演化过程,是天然气以逸散为主的过程。     

川东南下寒武统牛蹄塘组烃源岩特征及有效性分析

通过地球化学分析、储层沥青薄片镜下鉴定,对川东南下寒武统牛蹄塘组烃源岩宏观特征以及微观地球化学特征进行深入研究,并以震旦系灯影组古油藏为例分析了烃源岩的有效性。结果表明,牛蹄塘组烃源岩厚度稳定,底部暗色泥页岩分别厚约25m-43m,平均有机碳含量介于0．5％-1．0％,现今已达过成熟阶段,为中等烃源岩。牛蹄塘组泥页岩是灯影组古油藏的主要烃源岩,古油藏原油裂解气是灯影组气藏成藏的物质基础。     

东营凹陷民丰地区深层裂解气藏成因类型与成藏模式

根据东营凹陷民丰地区烃源岩生烃史、储层受热史及储层沥青分布特点,综合天然气成藏地质背景,分析了该区中深层天然气藏的成因类型及特征,建立了天然气成藏模式。研究表明:民丰地区已发现的深层天然气主要为来源于沙四下亚段烃源岩的油型裂解气,存在干酪根裂解气直接进入圈闭形成气藏、干酪根裂解气充注古油藏形成气侵富化型气藏、古油藏裂解形成气藏3种成因类型的天然气藏。受烃源岩生烃演化的控制,3种成因类型的气藏在空间上具有一定的展布规律,即:埋藏较深的洼陷中心区形成以干酪根裂解气为主的纯气藏,有部分古油藏裂解气;斜坡带地区聚集以气侵效应为主的气侵富化型气藏;埋藏较浅的斜坡边缘地区仅存在晚期充注的油藏;从洼陷区到斜坡高部位,形成了纯气藏、油气混相、油藏的分布模式。     

四川盆地东北部气田海相碳酸盐岩储层固体沥青研究

川东北地区海相碳酸盐岩生物礁滩相储层中普遍存在着固体沥青.本文以普光气田上二叠统长兴组和下三叠统飞仙关组储层中固体沥青为研究对象,在显微镜下观察固体沥青的产状特征,测定固体沥青含量和计算固体沥青与储层孔隙的体积比率,分析固体沥青的成因及形成期次,推算古油藏的密度.普光气田飞仙关组固体沥青主要呈环边状附于鲕粒白云岩、残余鲕粒白云岩晶间溶孔,溶蚀孔壁,沥青含量在1.11%～5.73%之间,均值2.92%;长兴组生物礁储层固体沥青多呈团块状充填于各种溶蚀孔洞中,沥青含量0.31%～11.72%之间,均值3.57%.两套储层中的固体沥青含量都有随埋深而减少的趋势.飞仙关组储层中固体沥青与储层孔隙的体积比约为22%,长兴组为43%～56%.普光气田储层固体沥青为热演化成因并为两期形成,飞仙关储层固体沥青为轻质油古油藏裂解形成,长兴组储层固体沥青为稠油古油藏裂解形成.     

川西坳陷中段上三叠统须家河组二段原油裂解成因天然气发现及成藏模式初探

川西坳陷中段具备多套烃源层、多个烃源区、多期油气生成、多期油气成藏同时又经历了多个构造期调整和破坏,纵向上发育的多套生储盖组合孕育了多层含气层系。天然气碳同位素分析表明,该区上三叠统须家河组产出的部分天然气乙烷碳同位素具有明显偏负的特征,相关图版的判别显示,这部分天然气具有原油裂解气的性质。同时在研究区上三叠统须家河组储层中发现了大量的储层沥青充填物,通过岩芯观察、显微照片、元素、热解等分析,发现该储层沥青充填物具有多种类型、多种分布形态、边界较为清楚等特征,且这些沥青充填物的反射率较高,尤其是须二段的储层沥青,这一特征与焦沥青的基本特征类似,表现为油藏裂解后残余物的特征,原油裂解气和焦沥青的发现证实了川西坳陷中段须家河组古油藏的存在。在此基础上,通过综合分析生油及裂解条件等,对研究区须家河组古油藏裂解气成藏模式进行了初步探讨,将这一过程分为印支晚期古油藏形成、燕山中期古油藏裂解、燕山晚期-喜山期气藏调整三个连续的阶段,这对深化认识川西坳陷中段天然气的成因和分布具有一定的意义。     

川东北地区飞仙关组-长兴组天然气富集机制

飞仙关组-长兴组气藏在川东北不同地区成藏要素基本相同,但是区域上天然气富集程度有所不同。为了揭示天然气的富集机制,通过烃源岩分析测试资料、岩心和薄片观察资料、测井和岩屑录井资料等,分析了川东北地区飞仙关组-长兴组天然气的来源、主力烃源岩生烃强度、储层性质与规模、天然气的保存条件、生烃演化史和油气藏的调整过程。研究表明：（1）川东北地区处于或邻近生烃中心,油气初次运移距离短;（2）礁滩岩性气藏相对独立,礁滩储层分布范围控制着古油藏的规模;（3）气藏上覆多套膏盐岩盖层,天然气保存条件好;（4）早期的古油藏经历高温已经全部裂解,形成现今的气藏;在构造作用控制下,天然气聚集成藏经历了古油藏的形成、古油藏裂解及古气藏的形成和现今气藏的形成3个阶段。对川东北天然气富集机制的探讨,有助于进一步寻找有利靶区,指导天然气勘探。     

中国海相层系油气成藏过程与储层沥青耦合关系:以四川盆地为例

鄂尔多斯盆地、塔里木盆地和四川盆地三大海相盆地在古生界均不程度地发育古油藏,古油藏中储层沥青是藉以恢复和重建油藏成藏过程的重要中间产物。在对四川盆地海相层系油气成藏分类的基础上,对四川盆地碳酸盐岩储层沥青特征开展了详细的产出形态分析,总结了储层沥青产出形态与油气成藏过程的关系。四川盆地海相天然气藏储层岩类页岩、致密砂岩、碳酸盐岩均有分布,多期生烃、多期构造调整导致天然气与古油藏耦合关系复杂。总体上讲,四川盆地海相天然气气藏构建了一个原生与次生兼备、原油裂解气藏占主导、页岩气藏和致密砂岩气藏为辅的复式成藏系统。储层沥青分布特征可揭示古油藏和气藏成藏调整过程。     

川东宣汉地区天然气地球化学特征及成因

依据10余口探井60多个气样的化学成份和碳同位素组成数据,结合烃源岩和储层沥青分析资料,系统剖析了四川盆地东部宣汉地区普光、毛坝场等构造带天然气地球化学特征,并探讨了其成因及来源。研究结果表明:这些构造带中飞仙关组—长兴组天然气为高含硫化氢的干气,天然气化学成份表现出古油藏原油裂解气的特点。其烃类气体中以甲烷为主(高于99.5%);富含非烃气体,CO₂和H₂S平均含量分别达5.32%和11.95%。甲烷碳同位素较重(-33‰～-29‰),表征高热演化性质;乙烷δ¹³C值主要分布在-33‰至-28‰范围,属油型气。这些天然气与川东邻近气田的同层位天然气具有同源性,而与石炭系气藏天然气在化学成份、碳同位素组成上有所不同,意味着有不同的气源。硫化物硫同位素和沥青元素组成证实高含量的H₂S是气藏发生TSR作用所致。δ³⁴S值表征层状沉积成因的硬石膏是TSR作用的反应物,而脉状硬石膏则是其残余物。储层的孔隙类型可能与TSR作用强度和H₂S含量高低有联系,裂缝型气层中H₂S少,孔洞型储层中H₂S丰富。乙烷、沥青和各层系烃源岩干酪根碳同位素对比表明研究区飞仙关组—长兴组气藏天然气主要来自二叠系烃源层。     

四川盆地东部长兴组--飞仙关组气藏地球化学特征及气源探讨

四川盆地上二叠统长兴组生物礁和下三叠统飞仙关组鲕滩是“九五”期间的勘探重点,通过对长兴组-飞仙关组气藏的烃源岩、储层沥青和天然气的地球化学研究,确认了上二叠统的滨岸煤系泥岩和海槽相碳酸盐岩为主要烃源岩,长兴组-飞仙关组气藏天然气主要来源于下伏的上二叠统烃源岩,天然气以垂相运移为主,飞仙关组部分气藏天然气中硫化氢含量较高与储层中膏岩层的分布和热硫酸盐还原作用有关,上述这些特征与沉积相带密切相关。     

川东北地区长兴组-飞仙关组油气成藏组合特征及有利勘探区带

随着油气勘探的逐渐深入,近年在川东北地区相继发现了铁山坡、渡口河、普光、龙岗以及元坝等大中型气田后,长兴组-飞仙关组礁滩储层逐渐被重视,成为目前川东北地区主要的勘探层系。因此,本文以长兴组-飞仙关组储层为核心开展川东北地区油气成藏组合特征的研究,并最终预测有利勘探区带。针对以上研究目的,本文从川东北地区长兴期-飞仙关期沉积相入手,结合川东北地区含油气系统以及成藏事件,并通过对典型油气藏特征的剖析,研究川东北地区成藏组合特征。受开江-梁平海槽演化的控制,研究区长兴期-飞仙关期主要发育开阔台地-蒸发台地以及陆棚。长兴组-飞仙关组主要发育有生物礁相孔缝型灰岩储层、台缘（内）滩相孔缝型白云岩储层以及台内滩相孔隙型白云岩储层。以下志留统、中-上二叠统烃源岩为研究核心,研究区主要发育S₁-P₃ch 含油气系统以及P₂.P₃-P₃ch.T₁f 含油气系统。通过对川东北地区典型气藏剖析,将长兴组-飞仙关组油气藏划分为S₁.P₂.P₃生-P₃ch 储短距离垂向运聚模式（元坝模式）以及S₁.P₂.P₃生-P₃ch.T₁f 储垂向运聚模式（龙岗-普光模式）。以长兴组-飞仙关组礁滩储层为核心建立3 类油气成藏组合,分别为生物礁相灰岩成藏组合、台内滩相白云岩成藏组合以及浅滩相白云岩成藏组合。综合对川东北地区油气成藏条件及其在时空上配置关系的研究,认为南大巴山前冲断带、川东冲断带的达州-开江-梁平一带以及阆中-平昌斜坡带的龙岗地区为长兴组-飞仙关组礁滩储层有利勘探区带;通南巴背斜西南部、九龙山背斜中南部以及中部断褶带为较有利勘探区带。     

Source Rocks for the Giant Puguang Gas Field,Sichuan Basin:Implication for Petroleum Exploration in Marine Sequences in South China

Detailed geochemistry studies were conducted to investigate the origin of solid bitumens and hydrocarbon gases in the giant Puguang gas field. Two types of solid bitumens were recognized： low sulfur content, low reflectance （LSLR） solid bitumens in sandstone reservoirs in the Xujiahe Formation and high sulfur content, high reflectance （HSHR） solid bitumens in the carbonate reservoirs in the Lower Triassic Feixianguan and Upper Permian Changxing formations. Solid bitumens in the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation correlate well with extracts from the Upper Triassic to Jurassic nonmarine source rocks in isotopic composition of the saturated and aromatic fractions and biomarker distribution. Solid bitumens in the Feixianguan and Changxing formations are distinctly different from extracts from the Cambrian and Silurian rocks but display reasonable correlation with extracts from the Upper Permian source rocks both in isotopic composition of the saturated and aromatic fractions and in biomarker distribution, suggesting that the Permian especially the Upper Permian Longtan Formation was the main source of solid bitumens in the carbonate reservoirs in the Feixianguan and Changxing formations in the Puguang gas field. Chemical and isotopic composition of natural gases indicates that the majority of hydrocarbon gases originated from sapropelic organic matter and was the products of thermal cracking of accumulated oils. This study indicates that source rock dominated by sapropelic organic matter existed in the Upper Permian and had made major contribution to the giant Puguang gas field, which has important implication for petroleum exploration in marine sequences in South China.     

南盘江盆地古油藏沥青地球化学特征及成因

南盘江地区生物礁古油藏的储层沥青主要分布在上二叠统和中上泥盆统。古油藏的储集层均为生物礁滩灰岩,沥青的主要储集空间以洞、缝为主,其次为基质孔隙和生物体腔内。南盘江古油藏沥青的成熟度很高, H／C原子比小于0．4,主要由残碳构成,这是沥青的非极性和极性抽提无抽提物的直接原因。在古油藏沥青地球化学特征研究的基础上,综合分析认为南盘江古油藏沥青主要源自泥盆系烃源岩,其次可能与下二叠统烃源岩有关。南盘江古油藏沥青与生物降解沥青和沉淀沥青质有很大的区别,其成因是油藏深埋时在高温、高压的作用下原油裂解成气后的焦沥青。     

Source Rocks for the Giant Puguang Gas Field, Sichuan Basin: Implication for Petroleum Exploration in Marine Sequences in South China

Detailed geochemistry studies were conducted to investigate the origin of solid bitumens and hydrocarbon gases in the giant Puguang gas field. Two types of solid bitumens were recognized: low sulfur content, low reflectance (LSLR) solid bitumens in sandstone reservoirs in the Xujiahe Formation and high sulfur content, high reflectance (HSHR) solid bitumens in the carbonate reservoirs in the Lower Triassic Feixianguan and Upper Permian Changxing formations. Solid bitumens in the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation correlate well with extracts from the Upper Triassic to Jurassic nonmarine source rocks in isotopic composition of the saturated and aromatic fractions and biomarker distribution. Solid bitumens in the Feixianguan and Changxing formations are distinctly different from extracts from the Cambrian and Silurian rocks but display reasonable correlation with extracts from the Upper Permian source rocks both in isotopic composition of the saturated and aromatic fractions and in biomarker distribution, suggesting that the Permian especially the Upper Permian Longtan Formation was the main source of solid bitumens in the carbonate reservoirs in the Feixianguan and Changxing formations in the Puguang gas field. Chemical and isotopic composition of natural gases indicates that the majority of hydrocarbon gases originated from sapropelic organic matter and was the products of thermal cracking of accumulated oils. This study indicates that source rock dominated by sapropelic organic matter existed in the Upper Permian and had made major contribution to the giant Puguang gas field, which has important implication for petroleum exploration in marine sequences in South China.     

川东北飞仙关组储层固体沥青地球化学特征及其气源指示意义

运用有机岩石学、有机地球化学、催化加氢热解、GC—IRMS等方法和技术,深入研究了川东北飞仙关组储层固体沥青及可能烃源岩的地球化学特征。研究认为,飞仙关组储层固体沥青反射率高,双反射明显,为非均质结构储层焦沥青;在碳酸盐岩储层的各种孔隙中,呈脉状、球粒状、角片状或块状等他形充填,具有中间相结构和镶嵌状结构特征,反映其高温热变质成因;元素组成有S/C高、H/C低的特点,其固体碳同位素组成与长兴组烃源岩干酪根相似。储层固体沥青的可能烃源岩发育于还原—弱氧化咸水沉积环境,有机质来源于水生藻类;氯仿沥青“A”饱和烃甾萜类生物标志物对比表明,上二叠长兴组烃源岩是主要来源,飞仙关组、下志留统烃源岩亦有贡献;催化加氢产物饱和烃及其正构烷烃单体碳同位素组成显示,坡2井飞仙关组储层固体沥青与罐5井飞仙关组烃源岩具有明显的亲缘关系,这也可作为飞仙关组海槽相烃源岩对飞仙关组气藏有贡献的佐证。     

Formation Mechanism of the Changxing Formation Gas Reservoir in the Yuanba Gas Field, Sichuan Basin, China

In a very gentle platform-margin paleogeographic environment, platform-margin reef flat facies carbonate reservoir rocks were developed in the Changxing Formation of Yuanba field. Later weak structural evolution and diagenetic evolution caused the Changxing Formation to form lithologic traps, with good reservoirs such as dissolved bioclastic dolostone and dissolved pore dolostone. The Changxing Formation gas reservoir is a pseudo-layered porous lithologic gas reservoir under pressure depletion drive, with high H2S and moderate CO2 contents. This paper predictes that the conducting system for the Changxing Formation gas reservoir is possibly composed of the pores and microfractures in the Changxing Formation reservoir, the top erosional surface of the Changxing Formation, as well as the micropores and microfractures in the underlying formations. The Changxing Formation reservoir has experienced 3 hydrocarbon charging stages. This paper suggests that diffusion is the major formation mechanism for this gas reservoir. In the Middle and Late Yanshanian, the Yuanba area entered the major gas charging stage. The gas migrated mainly through diffusion and with the assistance of seepage flow in small faults and microfractures from the source rocks and the other oil-bearing strata to the Changxing Formation carbonate reservoir rocks, forming lithologic gas pools. In the Himalayan Epoch, the lithologic traps were uplifted as a whole without strong modification or overlapping, and were favorable for gas preservation.     

Geochemical Characteristics and Genetic Types of Natural Gas in the Xinchang Gas Field, Sichuan Basin, SW China

The molecular compositions and stable carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions of natural gas from the Xinchang gas field in the Sichuan Basin were investigated to determine the genetic types. The natural gas is mainly composed of methane (88.99%–98.01%), and the dryness coefficient varies between 0.908 and 0.997. The gas generally displays positive alkane carbon and hydrogen isotopic series. The geochemical characteristics and gas-source correlation indicate that the gases stored in the 5~(th) member of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation are coal-type gases which are derived from source rocks in the stratum itself. The gases reservoired in the 4~(th) member of the Xujiahe Formation and Jurassic strata in the Xinchang gas field are also coal-type gases that are derived from source rocks in the 3~(rd) and 4~(th) members of the Xujiahe Formation. The gases reservoired in the 2~(nd) member of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation are mainly coal-type gases with small amounts of oil-type gas that is derived from source rocks in the stratum itself. This is accompanied by a small amount of contribution brought by source rocks in the Upper Triassic Ma'antang and Xiaotangzi formations. The gases reservoired in the 4~(th) member of the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation are oil-type gases and are believed to be derived from the secondary cracking of oil which is most likely to be generated from the Upper Permian source rocks.