库车坳陷中生界陆相层序地层格架与盆地演化

根据库车坳陷野外露头和钻井地层对比与沉积相分析,建立了库车坳陷中生界陆相层序地层的格架,总结了陆相盆地层序地层发育的特点,指出了多期叠合盆地陆相层序发育和横向对比的复杂性.将库车坳陷中生界划分了5个二级构造层序,每个层序分别由低位、湖侵和高位体系域组成.低位体系域多为巨厚的冲积扇、扇三角洲和辫状河三角洲沉积体系,代表较强烈的造山活动期的沉积响应.湖侵体系域主要为辫状河三角洲前缘-滨浅湖沉积体系,代表造山运动间歇期的沉积响应.高位体系域多为冲积扇-辫状河三角洲平原沉积体系,代表较弱的造山活动期的沉积响应.根据库车坳陷层序演化,建立了陆相盆地的3种盆地模式,即强挤压沉陷盆地,以早-中三叠世和晚第三-第四纪为代表;弱挤压沉陷盆地,以晚侏罗-早白垩世为代表;造山后剥蚀反弹盆地,以晚三叠世-早、中侏罗世和早第三纪为代表.     

塔里木盆地北部三叠系“二元”层序结构特征及演化模式

综合运用露头、测井、岩芯等资料,对塔里木盆地北部库车坳陷库车河野外露头及塔北隆起区三叠系层序结构特征进行了分析。各层序低位体系域,主要是冲积扇、辫状河、辫状河三角洲等粗粒沉积体,层序上部多为湖相泥岩,统称为湖侵-高位体系域,单个层序均具有“下粗上细”的“二元”结构特征。塔北三叠系特殊的层序结构,主要是与三叠纪塔里木盆地的幕式挤压活动有关。挤压初期,物源近且供给充分,可容空间增加缓慢,主要为低位体系域的粗碎屑沉积;随着挤压作用持续增强,湖盆逐渐加深,细粒沉积物为主体的湖侵体系域沉积;最终盆地基底破裂时,湖平面快速下降,高位体系域不甚发育,多为湖相细粒沉积物。据此提出塔北三叠系层序发育模式,认为在构造挤压期,沉积扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲等粗粒低位域沉积;而在构造持续期和卸载期,层序上部发育细粒深湖-半深湖湖侵-高位体系域沉积。由于层序特殊的“二元结构”特征,纵向上构成了较好的生储盖组合。因此,除了构造油气藏外,塔北地区各层序低位体系域的岩性油气藏及岩性-构造油气藏是重要的勘探目标。     

伊宁凹陷金鑫煤矿侏罗系露头剖面层序地层分析

以伊宁凹陷北缘霍城县金鑫煤矿侏罗系露头地层剖面为研究对象,采用层序地层学和沉积相分析方法,对其层序界面特征、层序的构成特征和沉积相类型进行研究.结果表明,侏罗系露头剖面发育冲积扇、辫状河、曲流河、三角洲和滨浅湖等沉积相类型;层序界面以侵蚀不整合面和河道强烈侵蚀下切面为识别标志.依据确定的层序界面,在八道湾组中划分3个层序、三工河组和西山窑组中分别划分2个层序.低位体系域主要发育冲积扇和辫状河沉积体系,湖扩体系域主要发育滨浅湖沉积,高位体系域主要发育三角洲和曲流河沉积体系.泥炭沼泽主要发育于湖扩体系域和高位体系域.     

白驹凹陷泰州组层序地层及沉积特征

运用地震、岩心、钻测井和古生物等资料,对苏北盆地白驹凹陷泰州组进行了层序地层和沉积相分析,在泰州组地层中可识别出3个层序界面,划分出2个三级层序(SQ1、SQ2)和4个体系域。根据沉积相标志,在泰州组沉积体中识别出了辫状河三角洲、(曲流河)三角洲及湖泊3种沉积相类型,并进一步划分为8种亚相和17种微相。其中,SQ1沉积于盆地初始断陷期,以发育辫状河三角洲为特征;SQ2低位体系域沉积时期,盆地的拉张作用增加,湖盆范围扩大,(曲流河)三角洲沉积最为发育;SQ2湖侵体系域和高位体系域沉积时期,盆地发育由断陷湖盆转为坳陷湖盆,湖侵体系域湖泊沉积范围最广,主要为半深湖—深湖亚相沉积环境,高位体系域湖平面略有下降,以滨浅湖沉积环境为主。指出白驹凹陷生油层主要发育于SQ2湖侵体系域,其本身又是良好的盖层;而储集层则主要发育在SQ1-SQ2低位体系域以及SQ2高位体系域,之间相互组合形成了2套生储盖组合,生储盖的良好配置使白驹凹陷发育的辫状河三角洲前缘水下分流河道、三角洲前缘水下分流河道、席状砂以及滨浅湖砂滩、砂坝砂体成为有利的油气勘探区。     

川西坳陷中段须四段层序地层格架内沉积特征

为了深入认识川西坳陷中段须四段层序地层格架内沉积特征,综合利用野外露头、地震、岩心、测/录井、分析测试等资料对其进行了系统分析。结果表明须四段为一个三级层序,根据层序界面特征划分出低位体系域、湖侵体系域和高位体系域,并建立了等时层序地层格架。依据沉积相标志识别出冲积扇、辫状河、辫状河三角洲和湖泊4种相类型,明确了层序地层格架内沉积相平面展布及纵向演化特征：平面上,短轴物源自龙门山山前依次发育冲积扇、辫状河、辫状河三角洲和湖泊相,长轴物源主要发育辫状河三角洲前缘沉积,长短轴物源在合兴场-德阳-马井-新繁镇一带地区交汇;纵向上,低位体系域和高位体系域时期以辫状河三角洲前缘沉积为主,水下分支河道砂体纵向叠置、横向连片、分布广泛,湖侵体系域时期以滨浅湖沉积为主。建立了层序-沉积充填模式,指出低位体系域和高位体系域时期的长轴物源和长短轴物源交汇区辫状河三角洲前缘水下分支河道砂体是研究区优质储层发育区。     

松辽盆地北部上白垩统青山口—姚家组沉积相及层序地层界面特征

青山口组和姚家组形成于盆地演化的坳陷期，此时松辽湖盆北部发育富有特色的大型湖泊三角洲沉积，沿湖盆纵向长轴主要出现三角洲—湖相泥岩充填模式，发育三角洲和湖泊两种沉积相类型。从盆地边缘到盆地中心，沉积相由浅水三角洲逐渐变为湖泊沉积。其中青山口组主要发育滨湖、浅湖、半深湖—深湖沉积亚相；姚家组主要发育三角洲平原、三角洲前缘和前三角洲沉积亚相。岩心观察资料显示，研究区泉头组顶部至姚家组顶部共识别出6个沉积层序，相应有7个沉积层序界面，其中一个同时为超层序界面。层序界面附近主要见古土壤、冲刷面、钙质结核、削截等现象，层序界面之上覆盖鲕粒灰岩、生物屑灰岩，并见虫孔构造、黄铁矿等。     

再论陆相三级层序内四分方案及其在油气勘探中的应用

结合在陆相盆地中的实例研究,将一个发育完整的陆相三级层序细分为4个体系域：低水位体系域（LST）、水进体系域（TST）、高水位体系域（HST）和水退体系域（RST）,称为I型层序。或者一个层序可以不发育低水位体系域,而由水进体系域、高水位体系域和水退体系域组成,称为II型层序。低水位体系域发生在湖平面（基准面）快速下降时期;水进体系域出现在首次湖泛面到最大湖泛面之间;高水位体系域形成在高水位时期的湖平面相对静止期;水退体系域形成在湖平面缓慢下降期,在沉积物供给速率大于可容空间增加速率时形成。一般低水位体系域发育小型进积式准层序组,纵向沉积环境变浅,在盆地边缘形成河流下切作用;水进体系域发育退积式准层序组,沉积环境自下而上明显变深;高水位体系域发育加积型准层序组,纵向沉积环境变化不大,且多为静水沉积;水退体系域发育大型进积式准层序组,沉积环境自下而上明显变浅,沉积体系向盆地中心推进。结合对松辽盆地的实例研究,分别阐述了断陷盆地和坳陷盆地中各不同体系域的油气藏分布规律：低水位体系域主要在断陷盆地的陡坡侧和坳陷盆地的深水区发育透镜状岩性油气藏;水进体系域主要在断陷盆地的陡坡带发育上倾尖灭型岩性油气藏,在缓坡带和坳陷盆地的斜坡带发育地层超覆油气藏;高水位体系域主要以深水区的透镜状岩性油气藏为主;水退体系域在断陷盆地中主要发育地层不整合遮挡油气藏,在坳陷盆地中主要发育断块油气藏以及断层遮挡油气藏。从而,以理论与实践相结合的方式,阐明了陆相层序四分体系域的实用性。     

焉耆盆地博湖坳陷三工河组层序格架及沉积体系的时空配置关系

利用层序地层学、沉积学原理和方法,对博湖坳陷下侏罗统三工河组进行了层序划分和沉积体系时空配置关系的研究.建立了三工河组的层序地层榕架,将其划分为J1s3、J1s2和JJ1s13个三级层序,其层序和体系域的变化主要受控于凹陷内沉降中心的分布,沉积主要受控于盆地边缘的南缘陡坡带、北缘缓坡带.每个三级层序低水位体系域发育局限,湖扩与高水位体系域发育.沉积体系构成以扇三角洲、湖泊和辫状河三角洲为主.在建立沉积体系时空配置关系的基础上探讨了沉积体系的演化.     

江陵浅水-半深水坳陷湖盆层序地层学特征

以层序地层学理论为指导,系统研究了江陵浅水-半深水坳陷湖盆的层序地层学特征。研究表明:区域不整合界面和沉积转换界面是级层序的主要界面;层序内虽均发育低位、湖侵和高位体系域,但各体系域发育程度是不同的,致使层序的旋回性以非对称为主;层序内各体系域的沉积相构成均以河流三角洲和浅水湖泊为主,而冲积扇、扇三角洲不发育,湖泊水体基本没有发生过明显的扩张、收缩,湖平面的波动没有造成沉积相带的区域性变化,在此基础上,建立了江陵浅水-半深水坳陷湖盆特有的两种层序地层充填模式。     

塔里木盆地台盆区三叠系层序结构及层序演化模式

采用经典层序地层学与现代沉积学的原理和方法,着眼于塔里木盆地台盆区的整体研究,综合利用地震、钻井、测井等资料,探讨了台盆区层序内部结构及层序演化模式。分析表明,台盆区三叠系主体在挤压背景下发生挠曲而大面积稳定沉降,在古克拉通盆地基础上形成开阔的坳陷型湖盆。内部层序结构具有经典层序地层学缓坡背景下层序模式特点,具明显的"三元"结构,因湖盆坡度十分宽缓,水体较浅,低位体系域低位扇体发育较少,湖扩体系域呈现远距离的上超,高位体系域具波及范围广泛的平缓前积反射。层序内幕结构表现为单个层序内沉降中心向北迁移以及多个层序沉降中心总体向北迁移的特征,即是层序受控于幕式挤压挠曲作用的具体体现,并与该时期北部沉降、南部抬升的基底变形特点一致。     

琼东南盆地渐新统煤系(扇)辫状河三角洲特征

（扇）辫状河三角洲的沉积模式和类型研究有待丰富.在沉积学、层序地层学理论指导下,精细刻画了琼东南盆地渐新统煤系（扇）辫状河三角洲的发育与分布特征,建立了渐新统层序地层格架,识别出6个三级层序,分别与崖城组和陵水组的3个段对应;根据同沉积地貌、断层活动性等特征,划分了断崖型、断坡型、断沟型、横向背斜型与断弯型5种（扇）辫状河三角洲类型（可进一步细化为外部物源、内部物源两个亚类）,分析了渐新统不同沉积期（扇）辫状河三角洲的发育特征与分布规律,归纳了低位、海侵和高位体系域中（扇）辫状河三角洲的发育特征,阐明了层序地层格架下不同体系域内（扇）辫状河三角洲的发育位置、规模和纵向叠加的差异和规律.      

Fluvial sequence pattern and its response of geomorphy in depression phase of rift basin: A case study of the Lower Member of Neogene Minghuazhen Formation in Shaleitian Uplift area,Bohai Bay Basin

The sequence classification is a difficulty of sequence stratigraphic study on rivers that are distal to coast area during the depression phase of rift basin. Based on the integrated analysis of logging,cores and seismic data,the case study shows that the Lower Member of Neogene Minghuazhen Formation in the Shaleitian Uplift area in the western Bohai Sea region corresponds to one complete third-order sequence which can be divided into four fourth-order sequences(i.e. SQm1-SQm4). Sedimentary hiatus,wide and shallow incised valley and amalgamated channel sand bodies are the main recognition of sequence boundaries in fluvial sequence stratigraphy of the study area. Each fourth-order sequence comprises low and high accommodation systems tracts. According to seismic sedimentological and quantitative geomorphological analysis,low-sinuosity rivers including braided river and low-sinuosity meandering river are well developed in the low accommodation systems tract,whereas the medium- to high-sinuosity meandering rivers are well preserved in the high accommodation systems tract. The change in the new creation of accommodation and the sediment supply exert a significant control on the stacked pattern within different systems tracts.     

断陷盆地拗陷期河流层序样式及其地貌响应:以渤海湾盆地沙垒田凸起区新近系明化镇组下段为例*

对于断陷盆地拗陷期远离滨岸的河流而言,其层序划分是层序地层学研究的难点。本研究在已有钻测井、岩心及地震资料分析基础上,以渤海湾盆地沙垒田凸起区新近系明化镇组下段(简称“明下段”)作为研究对象,将其划分为1个完整的三级层序、4个四级层序(即SQm1-SQm4)。沉积间断面、宽浅下切谷及复合连片砂体是该地区河流层序界面重要的识别标志。每个四级层序均由低可容空间和高可容空间体系域组成。地震地貌学定量分析表明,低可容空间体系有利于低弯度河流(辫状河、低弯度曲流河)发育,高可容空间体系域有利于中高弯度河流发育。新增可容空间和沉积物供给速率的变化对于河流不同体系域的砂体样式具有重要控制作用。     

中国东部箕状断陷湖盆扇三角洲与辫状河三角洲对比研究

中国东部箕状断陷湖盆短轴方向,常常发育扇三角洲和辫状河三角洲,二者均可形成良好的油气储集体,但在岩芯以及地球物理资料的识别上常常容易混淆。通过对它们沉积特征、地球物理资料特征、含油气性和控制因素的对比研究和分析认为:扇三角洲是陡坡带冲积扇直接入湖形成,地震反射特征为楔形前积,沉积物成分成熟度和结构成熟度均低于辫状河三角洲,沉积特征反映重力流和牵引流双重作用;辫状河三角洲是缓坡带辫状河入湖形成的三角洲,向湖盆方向推进较远,地震反射特征为叠瓦前积,沉积特征反映牵引流作用。扇三角洲易形成构造-岩性油气藏和岩性油气藏,有利相带为扇三角洲前缘水下分流河道、席状砂以及前扇三角洲容易发育的滑塌浊积扇;辫状河三角洲易形成地层-岩性油气藏和岩性油气藏,有利相带为辫状河三角洲平原辫状分流河道,辫状河三角洲前缘水下分流河道、河口坝、席状砂以及半深湖中的浊积岩体。古气候变化、构造-古地貌以及湖平面变化速率三者共同作用于扇三角洲和辫状河三角洲的沉积特征,其中构造-古地貌是主控因素。结合二者沉积特征差异,建立了中国东部箕状断陷湖盆扇三角洲和辫状河三角洲沉积模式图,以期能对相似构造背景下扇三角洲和辫状河三角洲的分析与研究提供一定的指导作用。     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷中生代沉积演化

塔里木盆地库车坳陷中生代为一前陆坳陷,其内沉积了一套厚度巨大的冲积-湖泊碎屑沉积体,可识别出5种相类型、15种亚相及38种微相。坳陷呈北陡南缓的箕状,沉积体北厚南薄,沉降中心与沉积中心发生明显的错位。中生代,坳陷内湖泊经历了深陷-充填-变浅加宽的过程;三叠纪为深陷期,沉积区范围小;早、中侏罗世为充填期;晚侏罗世至白垩纪湖泊变浅加宽。气候变化总体趋势为:干旱-潮湿-干旱;早、中三叠世为干旱气候;晚三叠世至中侏罗世气候潮湿,煤系地层广泛发育;晚侏罗世至白垩纪气候转为干燥,沉积物皆呈红色     

南海北部湾盆地北部凹陷涠洲组层序地层格架及特征

通过地震、测井和岩心等资料及重矿物变化规律的综合分析,识别出沉积基准面旋回产生的层序界面,在北部湾盆地北部凹陷涠洲组划分出 3个超层序 9个三级层序,并研究了各层序发育的特征及沉积体系构成。盆地充填超层序的发育受控于中长周期基准面变化,层序地层单元在中长周期基准面旋回中所处位置不同,其地层厚度、沉积体系的类型和分布均有显著的不同。通过分析对比确认主要控油层序为超层序 1的层序 2和 3,主要储层赋存于低水位和水进体系域。以基准面旋回为基础,论述了层序与油气储盖组合的关系。     

Linked sequence stratigraphy and tectonics in the Sichuan continental foreland basin,Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation,southwest China

Intracontinental subduction of the South China Block below the North China Block in the Late Triassic resulted in formation of the transpressional Sichuan foreland basin on the South China Block. The Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation was deposited in this basin and consists of an eastward-tapering wedge of predominantly continental siliciclastic sedimentary rocks that are up to 3.5 km thick in the western foredeep depocenter and thin onto the forebulge and into backbulge depocenters.Five facies associations (A–E) make up the Xujiahe Formation and these are interpreted, respectively, as alluvial fan, transverse and longitudinal braided river, meandering river, overbank or shallow lacustrine, and deltaic deposits. This study establishes a sequence stratigraphic framework for the Xujiahe Formation which is subdivided into four sequences (SQ1, 2, 3 and 4). Sequence boundaries are recognized on the basis of facies-tract dislocations and associated fluvial rejuvenation and incision, and systems tracts are identified based on their constituent facies associations and changes in architectural style and sediment body geometries. Typical sequences consist of early to late transgressive systems tract deposits related to a progressive increase in accommodation and represented by Facies Associations A, B and C that grade upwards into Facies Association D. Regionally extensive and vertically stacked coal seams define maximum accommodation and are overlain by early highstand systems tract deposits represented by Facies Associations D, E and C. Late highstand systems tract deposits are rare because of erosion below sequence boundaries. Sequence development in the Xujiahe Formation is attributed to active and quiescent phases of thrust-loading events and is closely related to the tectonic evolution of the basin. The Sichuan Basin experienced three periods of thrust loading and lithospheric flexure (SQ1, lower SQ2 and SQ3), two periods of stress relaxation and basin widening (upper SQ 2 and SQ3) and one phase of isostatic rebound (SQ4). Paleogeographic reconstruction of the Sichuan Basin in the Late Triassic indicates that the Longmen Mountains to the west, consisting of metamorphic, sedimentary and pre-Neoproterozoic basement granitoid rocks, was the major source of sediment to the foredeep depocenter. Subordinate sediment sources were the Xuefeng Mountains to the east to backbulge depocenters, and the Micang Mountains to the northwest during the late history of the basin. This study has demonstrated the viability of sequence stratigraphic analysis in continental successions in a foreland basin, and the influence of thrust loading on sequence development.     

一个辫状河三角洲的沉积特征——以民和盆地朱家台组为例

本文论述了民和盆地朱家台组辫状河三角洲的主要沉积特征,及其与扇三角洲的异同点进行了重点讨论,对正确识别两类粗粒三角洲沉积,对盆地演化的研究及其储集性具有重要意义。     

Sequence subdivision and development characteristics of low-accommodation non-marine basins: a case study of the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin

The third-order sequences of the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin were determined by a comprehensive analysis of surface outcrops, core, logging and seismic data. Natural gamma curves were studied by the band-pass method. The hidden stratigraphic sequence and six lithological cycles were extracted. By examining sequence boundaries and lithological cycles, we identified six third-order (including SQ1, SQ2, SQ3, SQ4, SQ5 and SQ6) and three second-order sequences in the Yanchang Formation. The sequence stratigraphy of the Ordos Basin was found to have the following special development characteristics: (1) the third-order sequence growths were totally stable, and the thickness of the Ordos Basin was relatively stable; (2) thick sand bodies did not form in lowstand systems because of underdeveloped slope breaks; (3) the third-order sequences had diverse features at different sedimentary periods; (4) the distribution of the depositional systems had various characteristics in different tectonic belts, and the entire sequence had the filling characteristics of multiprovenances and multicycles. The low-accommodation Ordos Basin in the Upper Triassic was limited by slow subsidence, gentle basement paleorelief, stable tectonic settings and sufficient sediment supply. The characteristics of the basin included stable developed sequences, limited preserved lowstand systems tracts, multiple depocentres and subsiding centres, development of many delta systems in the north and south of the basin controlled by the gradient of the basement paleorelief, and laterally stretching sediments. Results further indicated that the controlling factors of the third-order stratigraphic sequences of Yanchang Formation in the low-accommodation lacustrine Ordos Basin included sediment supply (provenance), climate and lake-level fluctuation. Overall, our case study indicated that the development characteristics and controlling factors of sequence stratigraphy in a low-accommodation lake basin provided a comprehensive method of establishing the sequence stratigraphic framework of a low-accommodation non-marine basin. Our results also predicted that the SQ3, SQ4 and SQ5 of the Qiaochuan and Zhidan areas favoured oil and gas prospecting of the Yanchang Formation.