西藏知不拉矽卡岩型铜矿床矿物学特征及地质意义

西藏冈底斯知不拉矽卡岩型铜矿床位于驱龙超大型斑岩型铜钼矿床以南约2 km,矽卡岩及矿体主要呈层状-似层状赋存于下侏罗统叶巴组凝灰岩和大理岩中,具有凝灰岩-石榴子石化凝灰岩-石榴子石矽卡岩-辉石矽卡岩-(硅灰石化)大理岩的空间分带特征.石榴子石从早期到晚期以及从凝灰岩到大理岩方向均具有暗棕红色-棕红色-绿色(褐色)-淡黄褐色的变化特征,以钙铁榴石和钙铝榴石为主,辉石主要为透辉石,少量为锰钙辉石.靠近凝灰岩的石榴子石Al、Ti含量较高,靠近大理岩的石榴子石Fe、Mn含量较高.石榴子石环带特征明显,浅色环带富钙铁,暗色环带富钙铝,由核部向边缘整体显示钙铁组分逐渐增加、钙铝组分相对减少的趋势.知不拉层状-似层状矽卡岩型矿体是由深部隐伏岩浆结晶分异的含矿热液在温度与压力的驱动下沿凝灰岩和大理岩的岩性分界面选择性交代形成,属于岩浆热液接触交代型矿床而非层控或喷流成因层矽卡岩型矿床,应与驱龙斑岩铜钼矿床属于同一套斑岩成矿系统.      

新疆雅满苏铁矿床矽卡岩和磁铁矿矿物学特征及其地质意义

雅满苏铁矿床位于东天山中段,矿体赋存于下石炭统雅满苏组安山质火山碎屑岩中,受近EW向断裂及环形断裂构造控制。矿体主要呈层状、似层状、透镜状,近矿围岩蚀变强烈,形成石榴石矽卡岩及复杂矽卡岩。电子探针分析结果表明,石榴石为钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石系列,其化学组成可表示为And45.68~100Gro0.67~57.95(A1m+Sps)11~29.03,与典型的矽卡岩型铁矿中石榴石端员组分相似。在磁铁矿Ca+Al+Mn-Ti+V图解中,大部分样品落入矽卡岩型铁矿区;TiO2-Al2O3-MgO图解中,大多数的样品落入沉积变质接触交代磁铁矿趋势区,部分早期磁铁矿落在岩浆趋势区内。结合矿床地质特征和矿物学研究,认为大多数样品经过了一个热液交代作用过程,表明雅满苏铁矿的形成与岩浆热液交代作用有关。     

吉林烟筒砬子铂铜矿床矿物特征及成因浅析

烟筒砬子矿床是吉林省东部新发现的铂铜矿床之一,其矿床特征国内外研究鲜有提及。通过对吉林省烟筒砬子铂铜矿床的地质特征、矿物学、矿相学以及电子探针分析发现,矿体主要赋存在辉长岩与五道沟群浅变质岩的内接触带,热液交代作用形成的石榴石化辉长岩是其主要赋矿围岩,由此认为热液交代对铂族元素富集成矿起到了决定性作用。     

东天山突出山铁铜矿床磁铁矿特征及成因意义

突出山铁铜矿床位于东天山雅满苏石炭纪弧前-岛弧带,矿体呈透镜状、脉状、似层状赋存于上石炭统底坎尔组下亚组火山岩中,矿体内部及周围发育大量矽卡岩矿物。本文对火山沉积阶段、矽卡岩阶段和硫化物阶段的磁铁矿进行了电子探针分析,表明其具有FeO~T、MnO、MgO含量较高,Al_2O_3含量较低的特点。矽卡岩阶段与火山沉积-热液阶段相比,磁铁矿的MgO、Al_2O_3、SiO_2、CaO含量明显升高,与该阶段中石榴子石、透辉石、透闪石等矽卡岩矿物的形成有关。热液硫化物阶段与矽卡岩阶段相比,SiO_2与FeO~T含量相对增高,表明磁铁矿在该阶段进一步富集。磁铁矿的成分呈矽卡岩型和火山热液型特点,结合矿床地质与地球化学特征,认为矿区矽卡岩和铁矿体可能是火山热液交代底坎尔组碳酸盐岩和中-基性火山岩形成的,矿床成因类型属火山热液交代型。     

安徽安庆铜铁矿床矽卡岩岩相学和矿物学特征及意义

安庆铜铁矿床系长江中下游铁铜成矿带中一典型矽卡岩型矿床.矿体产于月山岩体与下三叠统南陵湖组碳酸盐岩之间的接触带,外接触带矽卡岩中透辉石富集,以铁铜矿化为主;内接触带矽卡岩中石榴子石富集,以铜矿化为主.岩相学研究表明研究区含铜矽卡岩演化经历了矽卡岩期和热液蚀变期,其中,矽卡岩期包括早期矽卡岩阶段、磁铁矿阶段和晚期矽卡岩阶段;热液蚀变期包括早期热液交代阶段、石英-硫化物阶段和石英-碳酸盐阶段.大规模的黄铜矿化发生于石英-硫化物阶段.矿物学研究表明,石榴子石均为钙铁榴石,早期矽卡岩阶段的粒状石榴子石发育韵律环带,其FeO和Al2O3含量表现为振荡变化.与粒状石榴子石相比,晚期矽卡岩阶段脉状石榴子石的And组分更高.早期矽卡岩阶段的粒状辉石为透辉石,具有环带结构,由核部到边部MgO含量减少,FeO含量增加;晚期矽卡岩阶段的脉状辉石为钙铁辉石.空间上,从外接触带到内接触带,辉石的MgO含量与石榴子石的Al2O3含量分别减少,而FeO含量均分别增加.岩相学、矿物学,结合已有地球化学研究成果综合表明,安庆铜铁矿矽卡岩为岩浆热液接触交代成因,Mg来自碳酸盐岩,由外带向内带迁移;Fe来自岩浆热液,由内带向外带迁移,由于磁铁矿阶段的温压条件改变,Fe在外接触带以磁铁矿的形式沉淀富集.     

新疆阿尔泰巴特巴克布拉克铁矿床矽卡岩矿物特征及其地质意义

巴特巴克布拉克铁矿床为在新疆阿尔泰新发现的中型铁矿床,赋存于上志留统—下泥盆统康布铁堡组变质火山-沉积岩系中,近矿围岩为石榴子石矽卡岩、角闪斜长变粒岩和浅粒岩,矿体呈似层状、透镜状及不规则状,周围发育大量矽卡岩矿物。文章对矽卡岩矿物进行了研究,电子探针分析结果显示,石榴子石端员组分为钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石系列,辉石端员组分以透辉石-钙铁辉石为主,角闪石端员组分以铁镁钙闪石为主。研究表明,矿区矽卡岩为交代成因矽卡岩。通过矿床地质及矿物成因研究,认为该矽卡岩是由岩浆热液交代火山岩所形成,磁铁矿的富集成矿与矽卡岩的退化蚀变密切相关。     

新疆准噶尔北缘托斯巴斯套铁铜金矿床矽卡岩和磁铁矿矿物学特征及其地质意义

托斯巴斯套铁铜金矿床赋存于中泥盆统北塔山组火山岩与闪长(玢)岩的接触带中,矿体呈脉状、透镜状,矿体及其周围发育大量矽卡岩.本文分别利用电子探针、电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS),对托斯巴斯套铁铜金矿附近的石榴子石、辉石、绿帘石的化学组分及磁铁矿的主量及微量元素开展研究.结果表明:矽卡岩矿物中石榴子石端员组分以钙铝榴石一钙铁榴石系列为主,辉石端员组分以透辉石为主,绿帘石化学成分富铁富钙,这些特点表明矿区矽卡岩具有钙矽卡岩特征.矽卡岩是由岩浆热液流体交代北塔山组基性火山岩而形成的,磁铁矿的形成与矽卡岩的退化变质作用有关.在石英-硫化物-碳酸盐阶段形成铜和金矿化.     

哈萨克斯坦萨亚克大型铜矿田矿物学特征及其地质意义

哈萨克斯坦萨亚克大型铜矿田中, 矽卡岩型矿床的矿体赋存于石炭系灰岩与花岗岩类的接触带上, 矿体及其周围发育大量矽卡岩。矽卡岩矿物主要由石榴子石、辉石、绿帘石、绿泥石等组成, 矿石矿物主要发育黄铜矿、斑铜矿、黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、辉钴矿等。萨亚克矽卡岩型矿床成矿作用分为5个阶段: 透辉石-石榴子石矽卡岩阶段、石榴子石矽卡岩阶段、绿帘石-磁铁矿阶段、石英-硫化物阶段和碳酸盐阶段。电子探针分析结果表明, 矿区矽卡岩属典型的钙质矽卡岩。 其中石榴子石发育3种类型, 均属钙铝-钙铁榴石固溶体系列, 自早期透辉石-石榴子石矽卡岩阶段至晚期石榴子石矽卡岩阶段, 由钙铁榴石向钙铝-钙铁榴石转变, 并且钙铁-钙铝榴石与矿化关系最为密切。其中具环带结构的石榴子石中钙铁与钙铝含量随环带呈韵律性变化, 表明生长过程中成分具震荡性变化, 形成于不完全封闭的平衡条件, 指示流体的多期次多阶段性; 辉石以透辉石为主; 绿帘石属绿帘石族中绿帘石范畴; 磁铁矿TFeO含量高, 与其他氧化物成分呈负相关关系。石英硫化物阶段早期发育黄铜矿-黄铁矿-磁黄铁矿-白铁矿、黄铜矿-辉钴矿矿物组合; 晚期为主要矿化阶段, 发育大量致密块状黄铜矿。黄铜矿显示贫硫富铜、铁特征; 黄铁矿为亏硫型; 磁黄铁矿属贫钴富镍型。矽卡岩矿物共生组合及石榴子石成分演化等矿物学特征显示, 成矿过程中随着温度及氧逸度的降低, 成矿热液由弱碱性向酸性演化, 伴随热液在接触带的中和作用, 以黄铜矿为主的金属硫化物富集沉淀。     

西藏列廷冈铁多金属矿床磁铁矿元素地球化学特征及地质意义

西藏列廷冈矿床是林周盆地Fe-Mo-Cu-Pb-Zn矿集区内近年来新发现不久、规模较大的矽卡岩型铁多金属矿床。矿区磁铁矿发育,主要包括块状、浸染状和脉状3种类型。基于详细的野外地质调查和室内矿相学研究,将矿床成矿期划分为矽卡岩期和热液期2期,进而划分为5个成矿阶段:早期矽卡岩阶段、退化蚀变阶段、早期热液阶段、石英-硫化物阶段和碳酸盐阶段,其中,块状磁铁矿主要形成于退化蚀变阶段,浸染状和脉状磁铁矿主要形成于早期热液阶段。以磁铁矿为主要研究对象,采用电子探针(EPMA)和单矿物微量稀土元素ICP-MS分析实验,重点对磁铁矿元素地球化学特征、成因矿物学进行系统研究。研究结果表明,3种不同类型磁铁矿内均含Ti、Si、Ca等次要元素以及Na、K、Cr、Ni、Co、Pb、Ba、Sn、Sr、Sb、Cu等多种可检测到的微量元素,且矿物内主要发生了Al、Mg、Mn等元素的类质同像置换,综合TiO_2-Al_2O_3-MgO、TiO_2-Al_2O_3-(MgO+Mn O)和(Ca+Al+Mn)-(Ti+V)、Ni/(Cr+Mn)-(Ti+V)等多种磁铁矿成因判别图解投图结果及矿体野外宏观地质特征,表明矿区磁铁矿均为热液成因。块状磁铁矿具明显的Eu正异常,浸染状和脉状磁铁矿具Eu负异常,均无明显Ce异常特征,表明富Eu成矿流体在矽卡岩期的高温氧化环境下形成了矽卡岩型块状磁铁矿体,在热液期则逐渐转变为低温还原环境,形成浸染状和脉状磁铁矿及多种金属硫化物,且铁的物质来源主要与矿区花岗闪长岩和花岗斑岩紧密相关。     

四川省冕宁县大顶山磁铁矿床成因探讨

大顶山磁铁矿床位于泸沽花岗岩体外接触带,铁矿体赋存于中元古界登相营群夕卡岩化大理岩中,呈似层状、透镜状产出,矿体与夕卡岩化大理岩关系密切;大顶山磁铁矿床是泸沽花岗岩体侵位过程中沿层交代的产物,其矿床成因属接触交代型矿床.     

新疆西天山智博铁矿床磁铁矿成分对其成矿机制的指示

智博铁矿床位于新疆西天山阿吾拉勒成矿带东段,主要赋矿围岩为石炭系大哈拉军山组安山岩、玄武质安山岩和火山碎屑岩.该矿床主要有东、中、西3个矿区,其中以东矿区为主矿区.矿体主要呈层状、似层状、厚板状和透镜状.金属矿物以磁铁矿为主,含有少量黄铁矿、赤铁矿和黄铜矿.矿石构造以块状和浸染状构造为主,此外还有角砾状构造、条带状构造、流纹状构造和脉状构造等.矿石结构有他形-半自形结构、板条状结构和海绵陨铁结构等.智博铁矿床蚀变矿物主要有透辉石、钠长石、阳起石、绿帘石、钾长石等,含有少量方解石、石英和绿泥石等.根据矿石和矿物共生关系,将智博铁矿床划分为岩浆期和热液期2个成矿期次.岩浆期可划分为钠长石-透辉石阶段和磁铁矿-阳起石阶段,热液期可划分为钾长石-绿帘石阶段和石英-硫化物阶段.根据智博磁铁矿的电子探针数据,各类磁铁矿矿石中除热液期含黄铁矿致密块状矿石w(FeOT)变化较大外,其他类型磁铁矿的w(FeOT)多集中在90％～95％,又以岩浆期块状矿石中w(FeOT)最高.对其氧化物进行相应的图解,电子探针数据中w(CaO)、w(Al2O3)、w(MnO)、w(K2O)、w(MgO)和w(SiO2)都和w(FeOT)有良好的负相关性,而NiO和TiO2则具有一定的正相关性,V2O3则在岩浆期块状和含磁铁矿脉矿石中含量明显高于其他类型矿石.根据磁铁矿TiO2-Al2O3-MgO成因图解和w(Ca+Al+Mn)-w(Ti+V)成因图解显示,智博铁矿床矿石兼具岩浆型成因特征和热液型成因特征,表明智博铁矿床的形成与岩浆作用和火山热液交代作用有关.     

Alteration of the Damiao anorthosite complex in the northern North China Craton: Implications for high-grade iron mineralization

The Damiao type iron deposit is hosted in a typical Proterozoic anorthosite complex in the northern North China Craton. The types of ores in Damiao mainly comprise massive Fe ores, massive Fe–P ores, and disseminated Fe and Fe–P ores. The disseminated Fe and Fe–P ores formed by fractional crystallization are generally hosted in oxide-apatite gabbronorite and account for 70% of the proven reserve of the Damiao type iron ore. The massive Fe and Fe–P ores account for 30% of the proven reserve of the Damiao type deposit iron ore and generally occur as irregular dykes or veins filling vertical fractures of the previously consolidated anorthosite, showing typical features of hydrothermal mineralization. The contact between the massive orebodies and wall rocks is sharp and straight. The anorthosite comprises white and dark varieties, with the former resulted by the alteration of the latter that occurs as relicts. Petrographic observation and electron microprobe analyses show abundant Fe–Ti oxide inclusions in plagioclase which impart the dark color to the rock. The similar spider diagram patterns between fresh and altered plagioclase and between dark- and white-colored anorthosite imply a genetic relationship between the dark and white types. During the alteration of anorthosite, CaO and MgO were slightly decreased, the SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and Na₂O were significantly increased, and the TFe₂O₃ and TiO₂ were significantly decreased. The TFe₂O₃ and TiO₂ in the dark-colored anorthosite have a range of 4.86–12.18 wt.% and 0.37–1.65 wt.%, respectively. However, The TFe₂O₃ and TiO₂ in the white-colored anorthosite have a range of 1.67–3.1 wt.% and 0.14–0.31 wt.%, respectively. These features suggest that the alteration of the anorthosite led the Fe element by leaching from the dark-colored anorthosite at highly oxidized condition, and then precipitated within the fractures of the anorthosite, thus forming the massive Fe and Fe–P orebodies. Because the estimated amount of transported Fe is much more abundant than the proven ore reserve, we infer that there should be huge potential for prospecting Damiao type iron ores.     

西昆仑赞坎铁矿床地质特征、形成时代及高品位矿石的成因

新疆赞坎铁矿床位于西昆仑塔什库尔干地块西段,是近年新发现的一个大型沉积变质型磁铁矿床。赋矿岩系布伦阔勒群主要由黑云母石英片岩、斜长角闪片岩、变粒岩、硅质岩及磁铁石英岩等组成。目前探明工业矿体4条,单个矿体长度大于2.5km,矿体厚10~70m;局部见高品位铁矿段(mFe50%),长度达900m,厚度40m左右。矿石类型主要为2种,一种为原生的条纹-条带状磁铁矿(为主);另一种为热液改造形成的块状(高品位铁矿石)及浸染状磁铁矿。矿石稀土元素配分(PAAS)表明,原生条纹-条带状铁矿石Ce和Y元素异常不明显(~1.15、~0.94),Eu具正异常(~1.69),Y/Ho平均值为25,稀土配分模式与沉积变质型铁矿相似。而受改造的矿石中,浸染状矿石具有较高的稀土总量,明显富集轻稀土,La和Ce显示正异常(~1.46、~1.17),Y显示负异常(=0.66~0.72),Eu表现为强烈的正异常(~4.37),稀土配分模式明显不同于原生条纹-条带状铁矿石。矿体围岩斜长角闪片岩(变沉积岩)中的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄为591±1Ma,结合前人对矿区内侵入体的年代学研究(霏细斑岩,533Ma),大致反映沉积铁矿的形成时代为新元古代至早寒武世。电子探针显示,条带状磁铁矿中的TiO_2、AL_2O_3、MgO、MnO含量较低,标型组分含量与沉积变质型磁铁矿颇为接近,在磁铁矿单矿物成因图解中,条带状磁铁矿整体显示磁铁矿为沉积变质型铁矿;浸染状矿石和块状矿石的组成与典型沉积变质型铁矿的偏离反映了后期岩浆-构造热事件对条带状铁矿石的改造;上述结果显示赞坎铁矿整体属于沉积变质型铁矿(BIF)。调查发现赞坎高品位铁矿体与早寒武世侵入的霏细斑岩联系密切,高品位矿石及其围岩发育一定程度的矽卡岩化,如阳起石化、碳酸盐化和黄铁矿化。本文推测高品位铁矿石的成因可能为霏细斑岩的岩浆热液溶解并运移早期沉积变质铁矿中的含铁物质,在构造发育处充填交代形成块状磁铁富矿石。在早寒武世侵入到矿区中部的霏细斑岩体中,同时发育有角砾状磁铁矿和脉状磁铁矿,因此,岩浆热液改造原生条带状铁矿石形成高品位铁矿石的时代应为早寒武世。     

西天山智博铁矿床磁铁矿成分特征及其矿床成因意义

智博大型磁铁矿床位于新疆西天山阿吾拉勒成矿带东段,赋存于石炭系大哈拉军山组玄武质安山岩、安山岩及火山碎屑岩中。智博铁矿床包括东、中、西以及13号矿体4个矿段。矿体主要呈层状、似层状、透镜状。金属矿物以磁铁矿为主,含少量浸染状黄铁矿,局部可见细脉赤铁矿及零星状黄铜矿。矿石构造以块状和浸染状构造为主,角砾状次之,局部为条带状构造、脉状-网脉状构造;矿石结构包括半自形-他形粒状结构、交代残余结构、板条状结构。智博矿区的蚀变矿物组合以透辉石、钠长石、钾长石、绿帘石、阳起石为主,含有少量方解石、石英、绿泥石及榍石。根据矿物共生组合、矿石结构的观察以及矿物化学分析,识别出岩浆期和热液期2个成矿期,进一步细分为3个成矿阶段:磁铁矿-透辉石-绿帘石阶段(a1),磁铁矿-钾长石-绿帘石阶段(b1),石英-硫化物阶段(b2)。磁铁矿的电子探针成分分析显示,岩浆期矿石中FeOT含量较高,而Al2O3、CaO、MgO、SiO2等氧化物含量较低,热液期矿石则相反。角砾状和部分浸染状磁铁矿中V2O5含量相对较高,与火山岩中含量类似,暗示该矿化阶段的铁质部分来源于围岩;块状以及浸染状磁铁矿FeOT含量大部分在90%以上;角砾状、网脉状、树枝状矿石中磁铁矿的w(FeOT)分布相对比较集中,多数在90%~92%之间;纹层状矿石的w(FeOT)则变化于88%~92%之间,其CaO、SiO2等氧化物平均含量相对增加。TiO2-Al2O3-MgO图解和Ca+Al+Mn vs Ti+V图解均表明智博铁矿床的形成与火山活动和岩浆热液的交代作用有关。     

The Eocene corundum-bearing rocks in the Gangdese arc,south Tibet:Implications for tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen

The genesis of Liangguo corundum deposit in the southern Gangdese magmatic arc, east-central Himalaya, remains unknown. The present study shows that the corundum-bearing rocks occur as lenses with variable sizes in the Eocene gabbro that intruded into marble. These corundum-bearing rocks have highly variable mineral assemblage and mode. The corundum-rich rocks are characterized by containing abundant corundum, and minor spinel, ilmenite and magnetite, whereas the corundum-poor and corundum-free rocks have variable contents of spinel, plagioclase, sillimanite, cordierite, ilmenite and magnetite. The host gabbro shows variable degrees of hydration and carbonization. The corundum grains are mostly black, and rarely blue, and have minor Fe O and TiO_2. The spinel is hercynite, with high Fe O and low Mg O contents. The corundum-bearing rocks have variable but high Al_2O_3, FeO and TiO_2, and low SiO_2 contents. Inherited magmatic and altered zircons of the corundum-bearing rocks have similar U e Pb ages(~47 Ma) to the magmatic zircons of the host gabbro, indicating corundum-bearing rock formation immediately after the gabbro intrusion. We considered that emplacement of gabbro induced the contact metamorphism of the country-rock marble and the formation of silica-poor fluid. The channeled infiltration of generated fluid in turn resulted in the hydrothermal metasomatism of the gabbro, which characterized by considerable loss of Si from the gabbro and strong residual enrichment of Al. The metasomatic alteration probably formed under Pe T conditions of ~2.2 -2.8 kbar and ~650 -700℃. We speculate that SiO_2, CaO and Na_2O were mobile, and Al_2O_3, FeO, TiO_2 and high field strength elements remained immobile during the metasomatic process of the gabbro. The Liangguo corundum deposit, together with metamorphic corundum deposits in Central and Southeast Asia, were related to the Cenozoic Himalayan orogeny, and therefore are plate tectonic indicators.     

黑龙江苏家铁多金属矿床地质、地球化学特征及成因

苏家铁多金属矿床位于黑龙江省张广才岭成矿带内,受一撮毛碱长花岗岩体及相关花岗斑岩岩体控制。矿体产出于花岗斑岩和大理岩的接触带及层间破裂带内,主要为矽卡岩型铁锌矿体。组成矿体的主要矿石矿物为磁铁矿和闪锌矿; 围岩蚀变类型主要有矽卡岩化、矽化、角岩化、碳酸盐化和绿泥石化,其中矽卡岩化与矿化关系密切,是区内的主要找矿标志。矿床地球化学特征研究表明成矿物质来自壳源岩浆演化和上部热液交代碳酸岩地层,并在矽卡岩带内形成矿化体和矿体。结合成矿地质背景,确定苏家铁多金属矿床为矽卡岩型矿床。     

Geology, geochemistry and sulfur isotope composition of the Late Proterozoic Jingtieshan (Superior-type) hematite-jasper-barite iron ore deposits associated with stratabound Cu mineralization in the Gansu Province, China

The Jingtieshan deposit occurs in a Precambrian tectonic-stratigraphic terrane within the Northern Qilian Caledonian Orogen, and is generally considered as a Superior-type iron formation. The deposit is characterized by Fe-Si-Ba and Cu mineralization and consists of two types of orebodies, an upper jasper-barite-iron deposit and a lower copper sulfide deposit. The iron orebodies occur as independent stratigraphic layers concordant within a thick argillaceous succession, and exhibit fine-grained textures and well-developed sedimentary layering. The ores are predominantly composed of specularite and jasper with lesser amounts of magnetite, hematite, siderite, and barite. The presence of barite, hematite and jasper as major components shows that the iron ores were precipitated in a relatively oxidized ocean floor environment. The Cu orebody directly underlies the iron ore and is hosted by chlorite-sericite-quartz phyllite. The Cu mineralization is composed of pyrite and chalcopyrite and is characterized by stockwork. The disseminated and stockwork Cu mineralization is metamorphosed and concordant with respect to foliation, indicating pre-fabric development, i.e. pre-metamorphism, and was probably originally formed by reduced fluids reacting at the base of and within the oxide iron formation. Geochemical data show that the jasper-barite-iron ores, which resemble Superior-type iron formations, have a high input of hydrothermal-hydrogeneous elements (SiO₂, av.=56%; Fe₂O_3t, av.=30%; Mn, av.=0.45%; BaO, av.=16.7%) with minimal terrigeneous input (<15% combined Al₂O₃, TiO₂, K₂O, MgO, etc.). The δ³⁴S of exhalative barite varies from 28 to 34‰, which is very heavy with respect to other Late Proterozoic sulfate-bearing deposits, except those of circa 600 Ma in which the sulfides range from 8 to 20‰. The sulfur isotope data indicate that the barite was formed by the mixing of a Ba-rich hydrothermal fluid with sulfate-rich ambient seawater and that the sulfides ores were most probably derived from the reduction of seawater sulfate during subsurface reaction with ferrous iron-bearing minerals. These data are consistent with the jasper-barite-iron deposit forming by hydrothermal exhalative and chemical sedimentary processes on the floor of an ocean basin, and with the Cu mineralization forming by hydrothermal filling and replacement in base of and within the iron formation. Received: 19 March 1997 / Accepted: 14 May 1998     

河南省铁山河铁矿床地球化学特征及成因探讨

铁山河铁矿床赋存于古元古界银鱼沟群地层中,是华北陆块南缘一个重要的富铁矿床。文章对铁山河铁矿床进行了系统的野外地质调查和矿床地球化学研究,并与国内外典型的沉积变质型铁矿床进行了对比。结果显示:铁山河铁矿床保存有明显的化学沉积的特征,化学成分主要由Fe_2O_3、FeO和SiO_2组成,Al_2O_3和TiO_2含量较低;稀土元素总量较低,稀土元素配分模式呈轻稀土元素亏损、重稀土元素富集的特征,具有明显的Eu、Y、La正异常,弱的Ce异常,Y/Ho比值与海水的分布范围相近,Sr/Ba和Ni/Co比值分别与鞍山弓长岭铁矿和山西五台山、冀东迁安地区铁矿相似,但与基性岩浆活动相关的Co、Ni、Cr、V、Ti元素含量相对偏高。这些特征表明:该矿床的形成可能与海相火山沉积物有关,属于火山沉积变质型铁矿的范围,区内基性岩脉广泛发育,矿床可能遭受了后期热液的叠加改造作用;成矿物质来源于热液和海水的混合作用,矿床形成于相对缺氧的环境。     

Major and Trace Elements of Magnetite from the Qimantag Metallogenic Belt: Insights into Evolution of Ore–forming Fluids

Magnetite, as a genetic indicator of ores, has been studied in various deposits in the world. In this paper, we present textural and compositional data of magnetite from the Qimantag metallogenic belt of the Kunlun Orogenic Belt in China, to provide a better understanding of the formation mechanism and genesis of the metallogenic belt and to shed light on analytical protocols for the in situ chemical analysis of magnetite. Magnetite samples from various occurrences, including the ore–related granitoid pluton, mineralised endoskarn and vein–type iron ores hosted in marine carbonate intruded by the pluton, were examined using scanning electron microscopy and analysed for major and trace elements using electron microprobe and laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. The field and microscope observation reveals that early–stage magnetite from the Hutouya and Kendekeke deposits occurs as massive or banded assemblages, whereas late–stage magnetite is disseminated or scattered in the ores. Early–stage magnetite contains high contents of Ti, V, Ga, Al and low in Mg and Mn. In contrast, late–stage magnetite is high in Mg, Mn and low in Ti, V, Ga, Al. Most magnetite grains from the Qimantag metallogenic belt deposits except the Kendekeke deposit plot in the " Skarn " field in the Ca+Al+Mn vs Ti+V diagram, far from typical magmatic Fe deposits such as the Damiao and Panzhihua deposits. According to the(Mg O+Mn O)–Ti O2–Al2O3 diagram, magnetite grains from the Kaerqueka and Galingge deposits and the No.7 ore body of the Hutouya deposit show typical characteristics of skarn magnetite, whereas magnetite grains from the Kendekeke deposit and the No.2 ore body of the Hutouya deposit show continuous elemental variation from magmatic type to skarn type. This compositional contrast indicates that chemical composition of magnetite is largely controlled by the compositions of magmatic fluids and host rocks of the ores that have reacted with the fluids. Moreover, a combination of petrography and magnetite geochemistry indicates that the formation of those ore deposits in the Qimantag metallogenic belt involved a magmatic–hydrothermal process.