中国大陆科学深钻发展的若干思考与建议

科学钻探是获取地球内部信息的最直接和最重要手段,在解决“向地球深部进军”战略科技问题上起着无可替代的作用。本文简要回顾国内外大陆科学钻探的发展历程和深钻的发展现状,分析大陆科学深钻发展特点与态势;围绕中国大陆科学深钻,梳理其关键科学技术问题、面临的挑战与机遇;在此基础上提出中国大陆科学深钻发展的目标、优先发展方向与发展途径建议。大陆科学深钻能够为地球动力学过程、地质灾害、地质资源和环境变化等全球关注的地球科学前沿问题提供独特的研究途径,但是其实施深度又受超高温和超高压等恶劣井眼环境的制约;现代科学技术的进步有力促进了大陆科学深钻中各项技术的发展,为超深井和特深井科学钻探提供重要支撑。中国大陆科学深钻应以9000～15000 m特深井为目标,注重“超深”“深时”和“深观”等领域的科学问题,优先发展地球深部构造、深部生命、深时气候和深部资源探测等方向,研究超深物质、动力学过程和岩石物理等实验技术,研发超高温超高压环境下的钻井、测井和长期观测等技术与装备,促使我国深地探测能力和水平实现一次飞跃。     

Geographic aspects of urbanization and its peculiarities in countries with different social systems

The complex process of urbanization is obtaining under the impress of scientific and technological revolution of global dimensions. But the process of urbanization depends very much on geographical differentiation of the factors and conditions on the Earth' surface. So it is deeply geographical in its essence. It is not only geographically conditioned but it also has deep spatial manifestations, which makes it one of the most important and universal fields of investigation for the whole system of geographic sciences. The common global features and general regularities of urbanization take peculiar forms in each of the three main groups of countries having different social systems: socialist, economically developed capitalist and developing, which leaves its deep imprints not only on the social contents of urbanization but also on the very process of forming of specific spatial-urbanistic structures, existing on the Earth. To this we should further add the results of working of individual traits of different countries and regions. So to get the real pattern of world urbanization it is necessary to study profoundly not only its global and typological features but also the specific local factors. To these ends geographers must elaborate a system of basic notions and characteristics of the urbanization process and stage. Some of them are treated in this paper.     

数字地球及其在全球变化研究中的应用前景

本文介绍了对“数字地球”的不同学术理解和当前国内外数字地球发展重点领域或方向,展望了“数字地球”在全球变化研究中的应用前景,指出在第四纪环境演变研究中要重视广泛应用对地观测技术,建立数据库,进而阐明全球变化的区域响应过程,揭示区域和全球变化过程中人与自然在其中的作用程度,为可持续发展模式的建立提供科学依据。     

Science and Technology of Delimitation of Continental Shelf and Its Application in Maritime Silk Road Cooperation*

Delimitation of the continental shelf is an emerging interdisciplinary discipline in the field of international marine science and technology. It uses the scientific and technological means to expand the jurisdiction of coastal states based on the international rules of the 《United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea》. Therefore, it is related to the marine sovereignty rights and interests of a country and also a hot topic of science and technology that all countries have competed to develop. China has launched the research in this field simultaneously with the world's maritime powers, and formed its innovative advantages in such aspects as geological models, detection techniques and delimitation systems in the delimitation of continental shelf, which have become the brand new ties for China's cooperation with foreign countries in marine science and technology, and also the important field in the maritime silk road cooperation in the 21^st century. This paper introduced the basic principles and methods in the delimitation of continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles (370 km), progress in the delimitation of the global continental shelf, and China's innovative science and technology as well as its application in maritime Silk Road cooperation, and provided the prospect of the future scientific and technological cooperation with foreign countries and development in this filed. And it was suggested China should develop the scientific and technological cooperation on the delimitation of the continental shelf along the Silk Road, promote the scientific and technological development of the delimitation of the continental shelf in China, and enhance China's influence and voice in international ocean affairs.     

关于加强地质情报研究工作的建议

科技情报工作是指在广泛搜集各种情报来源的基础上,运用类比、分析、综合、判断、逻辑推理等方法,鉴别各种情报信息,洞察当前科学技术的变化和发展,研究这些变化与发展的条件、特点和意义,分析这些发展的内在规律并预测其未来发展的趋势,判断其目前所达到的水平和未来可能达到的水平。加强地质科技情报工作是当代地质工作发展的客观需要。当前,中国的地质情报工作必须坚持3个服务方向,即为领导决策服务、为科技进步服务和为生产一线服务。建议中国地质调查局组建地质情报研究中心,选择重点领域开展情报研究,力争建立地质情报研究工作的新模式。     

Development of Geological Science in China in the Twentieth Century

On the occurrence of the celebration of the Fiftieth An-niversary for the establishm ent of the People’s Republic ofChina,we contribute this paper entitled“Developm ent of Ge-ological Science in China in the Twentieth Century”.Thiscomes out from a review of the newly published book aboutthe history of geological disciplines:“Fifty Years of Geologi-cal Science in China”.The draftof the paper was formed aftera discussion between the authors.It deals with the existingstate of geologica…     

Major contribution to carbon neutrality by China’s geosciences and geological technologies

In the context of global climate change, geosciences provide an important geological solution to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality, China’s geosciences and geological technologies can play an important role in solving the problem of carbon neutrality. This paper discusses the main problems, opportunities, and challenges that can be solved by the participation of geosciences in carbon neutrality, as well as China’s response to them. The main scientific problems involved and the geological work carried out mainly fall into three categories: (1) Carbon emission reduction technology (natural gas hydrate, geothermal, hot dry rock, nuclear energy, hydropower, wind energy, solar energy, hydrogen energy); (2) carbon sequestration technology (carbon capture and storage, underground space utilization); (3) key minerals needed to support carbon neutralization (raw materials for energy transformation, carbon reduction technology). Therefore, geosciences and geological technologies are needed: First, actively participate in the development of green energy such as natural gas, geothermal energy, hydropower, hot dry rock, and key energy minerals, and develop exploration and exploitation technologies such as geothermal energy and natural gas; the second is to do a good job in geological support for new energy site selection, carry out an in-depth study on geotechnical feasibility and mitigation measures, and form the basis of relevant economic decisions to reduce costs and prevent geological disasters; the third is to develop and coordinate relevant departments of geosciences, organize and carry out strategic research on natural resources, carry out theoretical system research on global climate change and other issues under the guidance of earth system science theory, and coordinate frontier scientific information and advanced technological tools of various disciplines. The goal of carbon neutrality provides new opportunities and challenges for geosciences research. In the future, it is necessary to provide theoretical and technical support from various aspects, enhance the ability of climate adaptation, and support the realization of the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.     

古地磁场研究:挑战与机遇

地磁场源于地核流体的运动,至少已有约35亿年历史。地磁场的起源及演化一直是地球科学研究的前沿领域之一,这是因为它既是地球宜居环境的重要保障,也是探究地球系统各圈层联系的重要途径。本文重点围绕保留在岩石中的"深时"古地磁场记录,分析在地球内部磁场的形成与维持、地磁场极性倒转、以及地磁场强度变化等古地磁场研究三个方面的主要进展及面临的挑战。同时,结合古地磁测试技术的革新,磁发电机实验和超算模拟的应用,生物磁学的发展,阐述古地磁与地质学多学科交叉研究有望在揭示古地磁场变化及其对生物演化方面的贡献。对古地磁场变化的研究不仅有助于理解地磁场的起源与演化规律,也对认识地球的早期演化,甚至其它行星的演化有重要意义。     

Socio-Economic Perspectives on Ecological Problems

Human activities are the main and root cause of ecological problems, while human activity is socio-economic activity. Therefore, ecological problems must be examined from the perspective of socio-economy. The identification of the Anthropocene concept in the international academic community and the implementation of IHDP and the Future Earth show the importance of socio-economic perspective on contemporary ecological problems. Ecological problem is essentially socio-economic issue, and it needs understanding from a socio-economic and political point of view. As a result, political ecology, theories of the tragedy of the commons and socio-ecosystem analysis have emerged. Examining the institutional factors of ecological problems and the reconstruction of degraded ecosystems from a socio-economic perspective indicate that the research on the socio-economic aspects needs to be strengthened so as to obtain the fundamental solutions. In this way, the development of social economy will be promoted and the degraded ecosystems can go on the right track of natural recovery. For these purposes, the study of ecological problems should seek solutions at three levels: institutional and political reform, development model transformation and scientific and technological innovation.     

花岗岩大地构造研究的若干重要问题

宇宙星球中只有地球发育花岗质岩石及广义的花岗岩,它是大陆最主要的组成。因此,花岗岩在固体地球科学研究中具有举足轻重的意义。对此,作者提出花岗岩大地构造,其基本研究内容可概括为物理特性（构造）、物质组成（岩石地化）和年代学三大方面。文章在已有的初步论述基础上,进一步阐述了以下若干研究方面的进展、问题和发展方向:花岗岩岩石组合及其构造背景与环境厘定;花岗岩演化及其构造环境与演化（构造过程）;花岗岩变形、壳内流变及构造动力学意义;花岗岩深部物源填图与造山带及地壳生长。花岗岩大地构造是从花岗岩角度,探索解决大地构造问题,丰富大地构造研究内容,是当今地球科学学科交叉、融合发展的必要。      

我国海洋科学发展现状与未来展望

海洋是生命的摇篮、资源的宝库和国家安全的屏障,是未来人类可持续发展的重要战略空间。到目前为止,广袤深邃的海洋只有5%的区域被人类探索,加快海洋科技创新、提高海洋资源开发能力、保护海洋生态环境是实现“关心海洋、认识海洋、经略海洋”的根本,事关国家发展的命脉。海洋问题的复杂性使其无法通过单一学科的研究得以解决。目前,我国海洋科学的研究已逐步从过去的跟跑阶段进入并跑阶段,但原始创新能力明显不足。本文回顾分析了我国海洋科学领域的研究进展与发展态势,对标找出与世界先进国家的差距,展望了今后的发展方向,指出围绕海洋多尺度相互作用与气候变化、健康海洋、海洋生命过程、跨圈层流固耦合、快速变化的极地系统、海岸带可持续发展等重大科学前沿,加强顶层设计和战略布局,开展跨尺度、跨圈层的多学科交叉研究,组织并发起我国主导的国际大科学计划,从而显著提升我国在海洋科学研究领域的国际影响力,切实提高保障国家安全和服务社会经济发展需求的能力,为建设海洋强国、构建人类命运共同体提供重要科技支撑。     

Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences Top Ten in First "National Journal Prize"

The first "National Journal Prize", the highest prize in China's journal community for the past fifty years since the founding of the People's Republic of China, has already been selected and determined recently through preliminary assessment, reassessment, and final assessment. Only 64 scientific and technological journals have been awarded the "National Journal Prize", and 22 scientific and technological journals have been granted the "Nomination Prize for National Journal Prize". Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences has been placed top ten in the "National Journal Prize".     

Guidelines for Authors

1 AIM AND SCOPE GEOSCIENCE FRONTIERS(GSF)is a bi-monthly international journal that publishes in English high quality original research articles and timely reviews in interdisciplinary fields of Earth and Planetary Sciences.GSF aims to bridge innovative,provocative and challenging concepts and models related to various fields of research including petrology and geochemistry in understanding lithospheric architecture     

中国地球动力学研究的方向和任务

地球动力学是研究和探索地球内部物质在力源作用下,呈大尺度的运动行为及其在整体运动中物质与能量的交换、深部圈层耦合、介质与结构变异的物理-力学属性、深层过程和动力机制的一门边缘科学。地球动力学集成了当代众多相关学科和学科交叉领域的高、新学科研究成果,它涉及到成山、成盆、成岩、成矿、成灾和深化对地球本体的认识,它在地球科学研究中占有极为重要的地位。本文通过深入研究、综合集成与剖析讨论了该领域四个重要的基本科学问题,即:(1)地球动力学在地球科学研究中的地位和作用;(2)地球动力学研究的趋势和导向;(3)中国地球动力学研究的方向和任务;(4)地球内部物质运移的力源机制和综合研究。     

“同一健康”视角下医学地质学的创新发展

"同一健康"概念是一种融合跨学科和跨行业资源的整体性健康研究与管理新方法,为医学地质创新发展提供了新视角.在全球性传染病防治引起人类社会空前重视的时代背景下,医学地质学需要研究在人类活动影响下,地球物质循环、生态系统韧性变化与疾病出现和传播模式的变化之间的成因联系,并面临三方面的科学挑战:（1）研究对人类和动物有害或有益的地球物质循环规律及其健康风险;（2）揭示与全球性疾病有关的地质环境因素和过程,探索减缓风险对策;（3）识别和评估新型污染物和病原体的分布、迁移与健康风险.为有效应对这些挑战,需要整合创新资源,倡导和支持"聚合"研究,推动多学科协作的医学地质调查计划,加强平台建设和人才培养.      

Deep CMP seismic surveying along the Tatseis-2003 geotraverse across the Volga-Ural petroliferous province

The objective, methods, and main results of deep CMP seismic surveying along the Tatseis-2003 geotraverse are discussed. This geotraverse crosses the Volga-Ural petroliferous province from the northwest to the southeast for more than 1000 km and is linked with the well-known Uralseis-95 geotraverse by an additional profile. The main objective of this surveying was to study the structure of sedimentary cover and the Earth’s crust as a whole in the North Tatar Arch, Kazan-Kazhim Trough, Kotel’nich Arch, and the southeastern Moscow Syneclise in comparison with the petroliferous South Tatar Arch. The applied technology (telemetric stations, powerful vibrators, a 12-km spread, a common midpoint fold of 60, and a recording time of 20 s), the planning of seismic exploration with consideration of the available geological and geophysical information, and special processing of the data—all this provided the high-quality time sections that allowed solution of the geologic problems. The main scientific and applied results of the investigations are establishment of the links between petroleum resource potential of the sedimentary cover and the structure of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle. These data are of basic importance and testify to the considerable role of deep factors in the formation of hydrocarbon fields. After these factors are tested in other regions, the revealed indications may be used in petroleum exploration. The tectonic nature of inclined reflectors in the Earth’s crust and upper mantle is substantiated. It is shown that the near-vertical dynamic anomalies are caused by real geologic bodies. A complex of investigations is proposed for their further interpretation. The deep seismic surveying along the geotraverse fulfilled its task completely. At the same time, the results obtained allow recommending lines of further research and their methods. It would be expedient to perform generalizing scientific research aimed at coordinating the Uralseis-95 and Tatseis-2003 geotraverses in order to develop a common profile from the Urals to the Moscow Syneclise, provide complex interpretation of these data, and integrate the results of the previously performed deep CMP seismic surveying.     

美国国家大气研究中心优先研究领域新特点

美国国家大气研究中心于2005年11月提出了新的战略计划。该计划突出的新特点在于无论科学研究活动还是教育、观测设施等方面的战略目标和优先领域，都是以地球系统研究为中心。如在科学研究方面的战略目标确定为：认识地球系统的作用、准确预报地球系统的演变。相应的优先研究领域则为：研究和了解地球和太阳的自然变率；地球系统各分量的相互作用；地球系统预报；人类活动与地球系统的演变等。鉴于NCAR在国际大气科学界的地位，这种以地球系统为中心的优先研究领域对我国大气科学及地球科学研究有一定的借鉴意义，同时也将促使大气科学工作者摆脱传统天气、气候概念的束缚，站在更高的高度来科学审视学科的发展。     

美国国家科学基金会(NSF)地学学部(GEO)基金资助战略分析

美国国家科学基金会（NSF）是国际上具有重要影响的资助基础科学研究的政府基金机构，对促进美国基础科学研究的发展和保持世界领先地位做出了重要贡献。其对基础研究的资助政策、方向遴选、评审程序、经费分配、管理机制等，形成了一套行之有效的模式，对其它国家的基础研究政府资助机构具有借鉴和示范意义。在分析美国NSF近3年经费状况及其领域分配情况、近5年项目受理与批准情况、近12年项目评议情况的基础上，重点分析了地学学部（GEO）的近期重点资助领域、近3年按照NSF的整体优先领域和战略产出目标的经费分配情况、近10年按科学处的经费分配情况及变化趋势、各科学处2004—2006财政年度经费状况与重点资助领域、近10年项目的资助率与资助强度变化情况等。NSF地学学部是美国政府资助以大学为主的地学基础研究的主要渠道，其经费约占美国政府资助地学基础研究经费的62%。对NSF的基金项目资助战略，特别是对其地学学部项目的资助情况予以全面分析，对我国相关部门的管理工作有重要参考价值和借鉴意义。     

浅谈大气科学与地质学的学科交叉

随着新一轮的科技革命蓬勃兴起,大气科学学科正步入地球系统科学的新时代,学科交叉必然产生新的增长点.大气科学的发展经历了观测-理论-模型的三个阶段,很好地践行了“数据-模式驱使科学”的研究范式.然而,地质学具有更深远的时空复杂性,需要更长时间的数据积累.目前,地质学正面临着研究范式由观测向理论和模型的转变.大气科学与地质学的交叉将为这一转变提供经验和启示.同时,大气科学与地质学的交叉,需要研究气候系统上边界(大气顶的太阳辐射)和下边界(固体地球形态)变化导致的大气和海洋环流的响应.研究这些问题,将成为发展同时统辖“分钟、小时”直至“地史”的时间尺度的大气科学理论的关键,也是未来地球系统模式发展的重要方向之一.中国地质大学(武汉)的大气科学专业,作为推动大气科学与地质学交叉的排头兵,任重而道远.      

21世纪中国的城市化特点及其生态环境挑战

城市化是世界范围的历史进程。中国的城市化虽然起步较晚,但是由于速度快、规模大、资源能源消耗高,从而带来一系列水环境和热环境问题。系统梳理了在全球气候变化和城市化的双重压力下,中国城市面临的水资源短缺与水污染、日益严重的城市热岛和生态水文灾害等生态环境挑战,提出要以城市生态水文学的理论和手段,解决城市生态环境问题,提升中国的城市化质量,实现宜居城市。