前寒武纪地球动力学(Ⅷ):华北克拉通太古宙末期地壳生长方式

地球早期大陆地壳的生长方式和壳幔动力学机制一直是国际前寒武纪研究的热点问题。尽管太古宙是大陆地壳生长的主要时期已基本获得共识,但是对于太古宙时期地壳生长的具体方式和壳幔动力学过程仍然存在很大的争议。部分学者提出地幔柱或者与拆沉相关的垂向构造体制,而其他学者主张与俯冲相关的侧向增生模式或者地幔柱-岛弧的联合作用体制。研究表明,太古宙末期科马提岩明显减少、富钾花岗质岩石普遍发育、地壳再循环速度显著增强,反映地壳演化的壳幔动力学机制发生了明显的转变。华北克拉通以发育大规模2.5~2.6Ga构造岩浆活动为特征,是探讨太古宙末期地壳生长方式和壳幔动力学机制转变的关键地区。本文系统总结了近些年来华北克拉通东部陆块西北缘早前寒武纪研究的最新进展,特别是对辽西、冀东、辽北和五台地区的新太古代晚期(约2.5~2.6Ga)表壳岩变质火山岩系进行了系统的岩石成因和壳幔作用探讨。研究表明,上述地区的变质铁镁质岩石可以划分为3个岩石成因系列:MORB型、IAT(岛弧拉斑玄武岩)型和CAB(岛弧钙碱性玄武岩)型,它们的原岩分别起源于洋中脊软流圈地幔以及受到不同程度俯冲流体交代的地幔楔的部分熔融。变质安山质-英安质火山岩分别具有类似高镁安山岩和埃达克岩的地球化学特征,它们的原岩形成过程可能与俯冲板片的部分熔融以及板片熔体与地幔楔的相互作用有关。结合整个东部陆块早前寒武纪的研究进展,我们提出华北克拉通在太古宙末期(约2.5和约2.7Ga)经历了强烈的地壳生长过程,其中新太古代早期(约2.7Ga)地壳生长以地幔柱-岛弧联合作用体制为主,而新太古代末期(约2.5~2.6Ga)以洋内俯冲和弧陆增生作用体制占主导地位。新太古代末期与俯冲增生相关的构造岩浆活动在Tarim克拉通、印度南部、南极洲Vestfold Hills地体以及南澳Gawler克拉通被广泛报道,这可能与类似显生宙板块构造体制的启动以及太古宙末期Kenorland超大陆的汇聚过程有关。     

冀东青龙-双山子地区新太古代高镁安山岩-镁闪长岩锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及大地构造意义

冀东地区位于华北克拉通北缘,学术界对该地区新太古代岩浆作用的成因模式及构造背景一直存在争议,因此对冀东青龙-双山子地区的新太古代变质表壳岩及侵入岩进行了系统的同位素年代学及岩石地球化学研究.锆石LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学结果显示变安山岩的形成时代为2 576 Ma,辉长闪长岩-英云闪长岩-石英闪长岩的侵入时代为2 484~2 535 Ma.岩石地球化学特征显示,较早期的变安山岩部分属高镁安山岩类,源自俯冲板片脱水流体交代地幔楔的部分熔融;而稍晚的侵入岩类为具有埃达克质岩石特征的镁闪长岩类,源区具有熔体交代地幔楔部分熔融的特征;整体构成高镁安山岩-埃达克质镁闪长岩组合.结合区域上的同位素年代学及地球化学报道,冀东青龙-双山子地区新太古代应处于活动大陆边缘构造背景.      

长江中下游中生代安山质火山岩记录的新元古代大洋板片-地幔相互作用

大陆弧安山岩的形成是大洋板片向大陆边缘之下俯冲的结果,但是在具体形成机制上存在很大争议.针对这个问题,对长江中下游地区中生代安山质火山岩及其伴生的玄武质和英安质火山岩进行了系统的岩石地球化学研究,结果对大陆弧安山质火成岩的成因提出了新的机制.分析表明,这些岩石形成于早白垩世,它们不仅表现出典型的岛弧型微量元素分布特征,而且具有高度富集的Sr-Nd-Hf同位素和高的放射成因Pb以及高的氧同位素组成.通过全岩和矿物地球化学成分变化检查发现,地壳混染和岩浆混合作用对其成分的富集特征贡献有限,而其岩浆源区含有丰富的俯冲地壳衍生物质才是其成分富集的根本原因.虽然这些火山岩的喷发年龄为中生代,但是其岩浆源区形成于新元古代早期的华夏洋壳俯冲对扬子克拉通边缘之下地幔楔的交代作用.大陆弧安山岩地幔源区中含有大量俯冲洋壳沉积物部分熔融产生的含水熔体,显著区别于大洋弧玄武岩的地幔源区,其中只含有少量俯冲洋壳来源的富水溶液和含水熔体.正是这些含水熔体交代上覆地幔楔橄榄岩,形成了不同程度富集的超镁铁质-镁铁质地幔源区.在早白垩纪时期,古太平洋俯冲过程的远弧后拉张导致中国东部岩石圈发生部分熔融,其中超镁铁质地幔源区熔融形成玄武质火山岩,镁铁质地幔源区则熔融形成安山质火山岩.因此,大陆弧安山岩成因与大洋弧玄武岩一样,可分为源区形成和源区熔融两个阶段,其中第一阶段对应于俯冲带壳幔相互作用.      

板片-地幔相互作用:大别造山带碰撞后安山质火山岩成因

安山岩广泛出露于汇聚板块边界,表明其成因与板块俯冲有关。另一方面,大陆地壳整体上被认为是地幔部分熔融的产物,平均成分为安山质,是与亏损地幔(DM)互补的地球化学储库。然而,地幔部分熔融的产物通常具有玄武质成分,这与大陆地壳的安山岩平均成分不符。这个问题一直困扰着地球化学家们。因此,揭示安山岩的成因对于理解大陆地壳的形成和壳幔分异历史具有十分重要的意义。目前普遍接受的汇聚板块边界安山岩的成因模型包括:1)玄武岩输入模型;2)安山岩模型。这两者的主要区别在于地幔来源的初始岩浆是玄武质还是安山质。玄武岩输入模型认为初始岩浆为玄武质,安山岩是由初始玄武质岩浆在壳内的分异如分离结晶、地壳混染以及岩浆混合等地质过程形成的。安山岩模型则认为初始岩浆为安山质,是富水地幔橄榄岩部分熔融或俯冲板片部分熔融产生的埃达克质熔体与地幔橄榄岩反应的产物。无论哪种模型,俯冲隧道内的板片-地幔相互作用是形成安山岩地幔源区的关键过程,俯冲地壳物质是形成汇聚板块边界安山岩重要的组分来源。板片俯冲进入地幔是引起地幔化学不均一性的重要地质过程。在大洋俯冲带,俯冲洋壳释放流体/熔体交代上覆地幔楔并引发地幔楔发生部分熔融,从而形成同俯冲弧岩浆岩。大陆俯冲带通常缺乏对应的同俯冲弧岩浆岩,但在造山带内部和仰冲板块边缘通常发育大量同折返和碰撞后岩浆岩,这些岩浆岩为研究俯冲陆壳物质再造和再循环及其壳幔相互作用提供了重要的研究载体。大别造山带是三叠纪华南板块向华北板块俯冲碰撞形成的碰撞造山带,发育有大量的碰撞后火成岩,其中含有安山质火山岩。我们对大别造山带北淮阳碰撞后安山质火山岩进行了详细的地球化学研究,包括全岩主微量、Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf同位素分析,锆石SIMS U-Pb定年、O同位素和Lu-Hf同位素分析。这些火山岩具有变化的Si O2质量分数(50.3%~63.9%),Mg O质量分数(1.2%~4.7%),Mg#(32.4~63.6),Na2O+K2O质量分数(5.0%~8.5%),其岩性主体为粗面安山岩,还有少量玄武粗面安山岩、安山岩、英安岩和粗面岩。锆石SIMS U-Pb定年结果显示,北淮阳安山质火山岩的形成年龄为早白垩世(123~130 Ma)。另外,它们含有丰富的残留锆石核,其U-Pb年龄为新元古代和三叠纪,分别与大别造山带超高压变质岩的原岩和变质年龄一致。它们具有弧型的微量元素分布特征,即富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)和轻稀土元素(LREE),亏损高场强元素(HFSE);具有富集的Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成,即高的初始87Sr/86Sr比值(0.707 5~0.711 0),低的εNd(t)值(-23.1~-15.0)和εHf(t)(-29.8~-18.3)。锆石具有低的εHf(t)值(-31.0~17.8)和变化的δ18O值(4.4‰~6.8‰)。这些元素和同位素特征表明,北淮阳碰撞后安山质火山岩来源于富集的造山带岩石圈地幔。三叠纪华南陆块与华北陆块碰撞过程中,俯冲的华南陆壳在地幔深度发生部分熔融产生的长英质熔体在大陆俯冲隧道内交代上覆华北岩石圈地幔楔橄榄岩,熔体-橄榄岩反应形成了富沃富集的地幔交代体。该地幔交代体在早白垩世发生部分熔融就形成了北淮阳碰撞后安山质火山岩。因此,大陆俯冲隧道内的板片-地幔相互作用是形成碰撞造山带安山质岩石的关键过程。     

前寒武纪地球动力学(Ⅶ):早期大陆地壳的形成与演化

冥古宙到太古宙大陆地壳主要由花岗质片麻岩区和绿岩带构造单元组成。大量的研究表明,以花岗质岩石出现为标志的大陆地壳最早的碎屑锆石记录为约4.4Ga,最早的英云闪长质-花岗闪长质片麻岩形成于约4.03Ga,最早的绿岩带层序形成于约3.8Ga。冥古宙到始—古太古代时期的花岗质片麻岩区主要由英云闪长质-奥长花岗质-花岗闪长质片麻岩组成(TTG片麻岩),中—新太古代,尤其是新太古代晚期TTG片麻岩仍然为花岗质片麻岩区的主要岩石组成,但是花岗质片麻岩的成分出现了明显的多样化趋势,最明显的标志就是出现了大量的花岗闪长岩-二长花岗岩-碱长花岗岩组合。绿岩带的组成较为复杂,早期科马提岩、拉斑玄武岩等铁镁质火山岩占主导地位,组合有BIF等沉积层序,尤其是科马提岩的出现标志着高温地幔岩浆作用占主导作用。而晚期绿岩带科马提岩占的比重已经明显较少,大量出现拉斑玄武质-钙碱性玄武质到英安质火山岩和副变质沉积层序,局部出现类玻安岩、埃达克岩的变质火山岩记录。地球动力学体制研究表明,冥古宙到古太古代以地幔柱构造体制占主导地位,从始太古代到古太古代(3.0Ga)地幔柱活动和地幔对流使岩石圈不断加厚。在地幔对流沉降部位,由于地幔对流的拖曳使其铁镁质地壳逆冲堆垛并不断增厚,其深部发生麻粒岩相-榴辉岩相变质、部分熔融形成初始的大陆地壳花岗质岩石,并孕育了早期高温状态的板块热俯冲。中太古代晚期和新太古代初期形成了以榴辉岩为标志的类现代板片俯冲的构造体制,新太古代末期尽管地幔柱构造体制在局部仍起重要作用,但是类现代板片俯冲构造体制已经成为这一时期主导的动力学体制。     

华北克拉通~2.5Ga地壳再造事件：来自中条山TTG质片麻岩的证据

华北克拉通中部中条山区涑水杂岩是华北克拉通新太古代TTG质片麻岩地体之一。为了探讨华北克拉通新太古代构造-岩浆事件的性质及早前寒武纪地壳的形成和演化,选择涑水杂岩中TTG质岩石进行研究。研究表明这套TTG质岩石富Na、高Al、Sr,低Y、Cr、Ni含量。稀土元素配分曲线右倾,富Rb、Ba等大离子亲石元素,强烈亏损Nb、Ta等高场强元素。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,这套TTG质片麻岩形成于2553～2561Ma,属新太古代晚期产物。锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析结果显示εHf(t)为正值,两阶段模式年龄集中在2.7～2.8Ga。结合涑水杂岩中TTG质片麻岩的岩石地球化学特征,认为这套TTG片麻岩可能主要来自2.7～2.8Ga的下地壳镁铁质岩石在新太古代晚期的部分熔融,可能有少量的地幔物质加入。考虑同期发育大量花岗质岩石的事实,说明新太古代晚期在华北克拉通中部并不存在大规模的俯冲作用,华北克拉通在新太古代晚期已经基本成型。结合前人研究成果和本文锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析结果,提出中条山区～2.5Ga岩浆事件代表一期重要的陆壳再造事件。     

鲁西新太古代洋板块地质及板块构造活动遗迹

鲁西地区是我国新太古代经典的花岗岩-绿岩带出露地区之一,前人已积累了丰硕的构造地层、同位素地质年龄、地球化学及成矿作用等方面的资料,并对这一时期的地球动力学特征进行了讨论.通过研究“洋板块地质”的思路综合前人已获得的区域地质调查研究资料,表明泰山岩群镁铁质火山岩演化是一套由科马提岩-拉斑玄武岩和拉斑玄武岩、钙碱性玄武岩及安山岩等两类岩石组合复合而成的火山岩系,反映了相对早期形成与洋内地幔柱有关的科马提岩向相对晚期与弧有关的钙碱性玄武岩-安山岩的演化过程;新太古代初期形成岛弧型英云闪长岩带到新太古代中期形成分异型奥长花岗岩,则反映了俯冲过程中的花岗岩演化特点;新太古代晚期硅质高镁玄武岩（高镁玄武安山岩）的确定则是活动大陆边缘岩浆弧的产物;泰山岩群中红宝石（刚玉）的发现,进一步指示其形成的背景与新太古代板块构造俯冲作用有关,为鲁西存在新太古代洋板块地质遗迹提供了地质学证据.      

太古宙、元古宙玄武岩与安山岩的地球化学变化:鉴别与意义

为准确识别太古宙与元古宙之间在岩石成分上的变化,必须对比相似岩性组合的岩石,以限制构造环境的影响。大多数绿岩组合(以火山岩为主的海相上壳岩)中的玄武岩和安山岩,具有与现代弧体系中对应部分类似的俯冲带的地球化学组分。有岛弧地球化学亲合性的玄武岩在太古宙绿岩中占支配地位,而有钙碱性亲合性的玄武岩在元古宙绿岩中最丰富。前寒武纪各年代中,具有 MORB 或大洋板块内地球化学特征的玄武岩稀少。与晚太古代绿岩玄武岩(2500-3500 Ma)相比,现存的早太古代绿岩玄武岩(≥3500Ma)反映较少亏损的地幔源。与所有太古宙地幔源相比,元古宙绿岩玄武岩是源于相对富集的地幔源,这一特征可能是因为随着晚太古代大陆迅速的生长,大陆沉积物进入地幔中产生再循环作用而造成的.前寒武纪安山岩在地球化学方面相似于现代岛弧安山岩,唯太古宙安山岩亏损 HREE 及 Y。此与太古宙安山岩形成于下降的镁铁质地壳的部分熔融(有角闪石/石榴石留在残余物中)是一致的,而元古宙(和更年青的)安山岩是由玄武岩的分离结晶所产生的。     

松辽盆地北部营城组火山岩地球化学特征及地质意义

松辽盆地北部早白垩世营城组发育一套以流纹岩为主的中酸性火山岩,其具有高硅、铝,富碱和低镁、铁的特征,不同类型火山岩均具有轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损、轻重分异严重的特征。其中：酸性流纹岩表现为富集Pb、U、Th、Ta、Hf和Zr等元素,亏损Sr、Ba、Eu等元素;中性安山岩、粗安岩和基性玄武岩则亏损不明显;中酸性英安岩介于两者之间。地化特征分析表明,营城组岩浆来源于亏损地幔,是地幔底侵导致地壳部分熔融,并受到地幔物质的混染,酸性岩喷出前经历了较强的岩浆分异作用。构造判别图解指示营城组火山岩形成于板内伸展环境,具有与板块俯冲作用有关的、发育于活动陆缘或岛弧的火山岩类似的演化特征。结合中国东部构造环境演化特征,认为松辽盆地北部早白垩世火山活动可能是古太平洋板块北北西方向高速俯冲导致地壳岩石圈减薄、地幔物质上涌的产物。     

中条山同善地区虎坪杂岩锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素特征及地质意义

中条山地区是华北克拉通中部造山带的重要组成部分,区内前寒武纪地层广泛出露,新太古代地质体主要分布在北东走向的中条山主山脉和近东西向王屋山"同善天窗"内。"同善天窗"中主要出露虎坪花岗质片麻杂岩及宋家山群。虎坪杂岩中黑云斜长片麻岩的锆石U-Pb上交点年龄为(2 530±13)Ma,εHf(2 530Ma)为3.89～7.12;英云闪长岩207 Pb/206 Pb加权平均年龄为(2 551.4±2.7)Ma,εHf(t)为5.49～9.67。结合近年来华北克拉通新太古代晚期中部造山带镁铁质火山岩Nd同位素及遵化二辉橄榄岩的Hf同位素特征,推测华北克拉通中部造山带新太古代晚期地幔εHf(t)与εNd(t)具有一定的线性关系,中条山新太古代晚期地幔εHf(2.55Ga)为8.2～9.5,显示华北克拉通地幔在2.55Ga之前即发生过大规模的分异。虎坪变英云闪长岩幔源Hf同位素的特征需要新生玄武质地壳俯冲熔融,类似特征的花岗岩往往存在于洋内俯冲带或是洋脊俯冲的特殊构造环境;因此,虎坪英云闪长岩的产出可能代表了中条山2.55Ga的洋脊俯冲或是年轻洋壳的壳内俯冲事件。     

Neoarchean granite-greenstone belts and related ore mineralization in the North China Craton:An overview

Tectonic processes involving amalgamations of microblocks along zones of ocean closure represented by granite-greenstone belts(GGB) were fundamental in building the Earth's early continents. The crustal growth and cratonization of the North China Craton(NCC) are correlated to the amalgamation of microblocks welded by 2.75-2.6 Ga and ~2.5 Ga GGBs. The lithological assemblages in the GGBs are broadly represented by volcano-sedimentary sequences, subduction-collision related granitoids and bimodal volcanic rocks(basalt and dacite) interlayered with minor komatiites and calc-alkalic volcanic rocks(basalt, andesite and felsic rock). The geochemical features of meta-basalts in the major GGBs of the NCC display affinity with N-MORB, E-MORB, OIB and calc-alkaline basalt, suggesting that the microblocks were separated by oceanic realm. The granitoid rocks display arc signature with enrichment of LILE(K,Rb, Sr, Ba) and LREE, and depletion of HFSE(Nb, Ta, Th, U, Ti) and HREE, and fall in the VAG field. The major mineralization includes Neoarchean BIF-type iron and VMS-type Cu-Zb deposits and these,together with the associated supracrustal rocks possibly formed in back-arc basins or arc-related oceanic slab subduction setting with or without input from mantle plumes. The 2.75-2.60 Ga TTG rocks,komatiites, meta-basalts and metasedimentary rocks in the Yanlingguan GGB are correlated to the upwelling mantle plume with eruption close to the continental margin within an ocean basin. The volcanosedimentary rocks and granitoid rocks in the late Neoarchean GGBs display formation ages of 2.60-2.48 Ga, followed by metamorphism at 2.52-2.47 Ga, corresponding to a typical modern-style subduction-collision system operating at the dawn of Proterozoic. The late Neoarchean komatiite(Dongwufenzi GGB), sanukitoid(Dongwufenzi GGB and Western Shandong GGB), BIF(Zunhua GGB) and VMS deposit(Hongtoushan-Qingyuan-Helong GGB) have closer connection to a combined process of oceanic slab subduction and mantle plume. The Neoarchean cratonization of the NCC appears to have involved two stages of tectonic process along the 2.75-2.6 Ga GGB and ~2.5 Ga GGBs, the former involve plume-arc interaction process, and the latter involving oceanic lithospheric subduction, with or without arcplume interaction.     

Orogenic Volcanism in Eastern Kazakhstan: Composition,Age, and Geodynamic Position

Studies of volcanic rocks in orogenic troughs of Eastern Kazakhstan were carried out. The troughs were formed at late-orogenic stages of evolution of Hercynian Altai collision system. Volcanic rocks are represented by basalts, andesites, dacites and rhyolites. Based on geochemical and isotopic data, the basalts and andesites derived from mafic magmas that formed as a result of partial melting of garnet peridotites in the upper mantle under the orogen. U–Pb zircon data prove two volcanic stages: more-scaled Middle Carboniferous (~311 Ma) and less-scaled Early Permian (297–290 Ma). Basalts and andesites in lower parts of the orogenic troughs and independent dacite-rhyolite structures were formed at the Middle Carboniferous stage. Parental mafic magmas were formed as a result of partial melting of mantle substrates in local transtensional zones along large shear faults. The formation of dacites and rhyolites could have been caused by partial melting of crustal substrates under effect of mafic magmas. Transtensional movements in the lithosphere of orogenic belts may indicate the beginning of collapse of orogens. A smaller volume of basalts and andesites formed at the Early Permian stage. Geochemical data prove the independent episode of partial melting in upper mantle. Synchronous basalts and andesites also appeared at wide territory in Tian Shan, Central Kazakhstan, and Central and Southern Mongolia. Early Permian volcanism indicates general extension of the lithosphere at the postorogenic stages. Large-scaled Early Permian mafic and granitoid magmatism in Central Asia has been interpreted in recent years as the Tarim Large Igneous Province caused by Tarim mantle plume activity. Thus, the extension of the lithosphere and associated volcanism in the Early Permian can be an indicator of the onset of the plume–lithosphere interaction process.

     

滇东南建水地区高镁火山岩包体的成因和构造背景

在滇东南建水地区发现产于峨眉山玄武岩中的高镁火山岩包体,这对于地幔柱的形成演化具有重要研究意义.对这些包体进行了锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学和岩矿分析.高镁火山岩包体具斑状结构,致密块状构造,斑晶主要为贵橄榄石和透辉石.13颗锆石U-Pb LA-ICP-MS加权平均年龄为259±2Ma(MSWD=1.9),显示与寄主岩石同期形成.包体岩石具有高镁(Mg~#=68～75)、低硅(SiO_2=45.11%～45.93%)特征,轻稀土元素(LREE)、高场强元素(HFSE)富集而重稀土元素(HREE)亏损,属于亚碱性、拉斑玄武岩系列,具有板内玄武岩(IPB)特征.火山岩包体的原始岩浆起源于石榴子石二辉橄榄岩低程度部分熔融的产物,岩浆演化过程中发生了橄榄石和单斜辉石的分离结晶作用,在侵位上升过程中未受明显的地壳混染作用.该高镁火山岩的存在,显示地幔柱除了垂直上升运动外,在地球深部不同的边界还有多次侧向扩展移动,表明滇东南晚二叠世存在峨眉山地幔柱的一个分支-地幔枝活动.     

汝城地区晚中生代火山岩地球化学特征及其对源区属性的指示

湘东南汝城地区发育一套由基性玄武岩和中酸性安山质-英安质岩石组成的火山岩建造,属于低钾拉斑系列,该火山岩系中两个玄武岩的K-Ar年龄分别为124.5±2.5Ma和127.6±1.9Ma,属晚侏罗—早白垩世产物。在主、微量元素上两者成分存在明显差异。其中安山质-英安质岩石具有高MgO特征,属高MgO岩石,LILE富集、Nb-Ta、Sr-P亏损强烈,(La/Yb)N=6.7～7.9,Eu*/Eu=0.74～0.85,具岛弧型微量元素配分型式,87Sr/86Sr(t)=0.71079～0.71118,εNd(t)=-7.64～-8.16,与adakites高Mg岩石有着明显的差别,可能是富集岩石圈地幔熔融后直接分异的产物;玄武岩LILE富集,Nb-Ta富集,(La/Yb)cn=4.0～4.3,Eu*/Eu=1.00～1.16,具OIB型微量元素配分型式,87Sr/86Sr(t)=0.70812～0.70832,εNd(t)=0.48～1.03,其源区具二元混合趋势,其源区可能是富集型岩石圈地幔端员与亏损的软流圈地幔端员的混合产物。汝城地区晚中生代玄武岩和高Mg安山质-英安质岩石源区属性的限定及其相互的空间依存关系表明该区晚中生代时有着较薄的岩石圈厚度,处于岩石圈伸展减薄的大地构造背景。     

岛弧火山岩成因和地球化学特征

岛弧火山岩主要为俯冲带的俯冲板片脱水形成的富大离子亲石元素流体交代地幔楔,并使其发生部分熔融,产生岛弧岩浆作用而形成的,岩石组合通常为玄武岩—安山岩—英安岩—流纹岩及相应侵入岩组合。它以Al2O3、K2O高,低Ti O2,且K2ONa2O为特征,相对富集LILE,亏损HFSE,特别是Ti、Nb、Ta等。本文主要从岛弧岩浆作用的起因着手,分析流体和熔体对地幔楔的交代作用,以及岛弧岩浆作用过程,进而分析岛弧火山岩的地球化学特征。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111001125

<正>Greenstone belts of the eastern Dharwar Craton,India are reinterpreted as composite tectonostratigraphic terranes of accreted plume-derived and convergent margin-derived magmatic sequences based on new high-precision elemental data.The former are dominated by a komatiile plus Mg-tholeiitic basalt volcanic association,with deep water siliciclastic and banded iron formation(BIF) sedimentary rocks.Plumes melted at90 km under thin rifted continental lithosphere to preserve inlraoceanic and continental margin aspects.Associated alkaline basalts record subduction-recycling of Mesoarchean oceanic crust,incubated in the asthenosphere.and erupted coevally with Mg basalts from a heterogeneous mantle plume.Together.komaliites-Mg basalts-alkaline basalts plot along the Phanerozoic mantle array in Th/Yb versus Nb/Yb coordinate space,representing zoned plumes,establishing that these reservoirs were present in the Neoarchean mantle. Convergent margin magmatic associations are dominated by tholeiitic to calc-alkaline basalts eompositionally similar to recent intraoceanic arcs.As well,boninitic flows sourced in extremely depleted mantle are present,and the association of arc basalts with Mg-andesites-Nb enriched basalts-adakites documented from Cenozoic arcs characterized by subduction of young(20 Ma),hot,oceanic lithosphere. Consequently.Cenozoic style "hot" subduction was operating in the Neoarchean.These diverse volcanic associations were assembled to give composite terranes in a subduction-accretion orogen at～2.1 Ga,coevally with a global accretionary orogen at ~2.7 Ga,and associated orogenic gold mineralization. Archean lithospheric mantle,distinctive in being thick,refractory,and buoyant,formed complementary to the accreted plume and convergent margin terranes.as migrating arcs captured thick plumeplateaus. and the refractory,low density.residue of plume melting coupled with accreted imbricated plume-arc crust.     

Nd-isotope and geochemistry of an early Palaeoproterozoic high-Si high-Mg boninite–norite suite of rocks in the southern Bastar craton,central India: petrogenesis and tectonic significance

ABSTRACT

Nd-isotope and lithogeochemistry of an early Palaeoproterozoic high-Si high-Mg boninite–norite (BN) suite of rocks from the southern Bastar craton, central India, are presented to understand their nature, origin, and tectonic setting of emplacement. Various types of evidence, such as field relationships, radiometric metamorphic ages, and the global distribution of BN magmatism, suggest emplacement in an intracratonic rift setting, commonly around 2.4–2.5 Ga. On the basis of geochemistry these high-Si high-Mg rocks are classified as high-Ca boninites, high-Mg norites, and high-Mg diorites. Nd-isotope data indicate that the high-Mg norite and the high-Mg diorite samples are similar, whereas the high-Ca boninites have a different isotopic character. The high-Mg norite and the high-Mg diorite samples have younger T_DM model ages than the high-Ca boninites. Geochemical and Nd-isotopic characteristics of the studied rocks indicate some prospect of crustal contamination; however, the possibility of mantle metasomatism during ancient subduction event cannot be ignored. Trace-element modelling suggests that the high-Ca boninites may have crystallized from a magma generated by a comparatively greater percentage of melting of a lherzolite mantle source than the source for the other two varieties. Furthermore, the high-Ca boninite rocks are most likely derived from an Archaean subduction process (the Whundo-type), whereas the other two types are the products of the interaction of subduction-modified refractory mantle wedge and a plume, around the Neoarchaean–Palaeoproterozoic boundary. The emplacement of the high-Mg norites and the high-Mg diorites may be linked to crustal thickening and associated cratonization at the end of the Archaean.     

Late Mesozoic magmatism in the Jiaodong Peninsula,East China:Implications for crust-mantle interactions and lithospheric thinning of the eastern North China Craton

A section from the Linglong gold deposit on the northwestern Jiaodong Peninsula,East China,containing Late Mesozoic magmatic rocks from mafic and intermediate dikes and felsic intrusions,was chosen to investigate the lithospheric evolution of the eastern North China Craton(NCC).Zircon U-Pb data showed that low-Mg adakitic monzogranites and granodiorite intrusions were emplaced during the Late Jurassic(～145 Ma) and late Early Cretaceous(112-107 Ma),respectively;high-Mg adakitic diorite and mafic dikes were also emplaced during the Early Cretaceous at～139 Ma and ～118 Ma,and 125-145 Ma and 115-120 Ma,respectively.The geochemical data,including whole-rock major and trace element compositions and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes,imply that the mafic dikes originated from the partial melting of a lithospheric mantle metasomatised through hydrous fluids from a subducted oceanic slab.Low-Mg adakitic monzogranites and granodiorite intrusions originated from the partial melting of the thickened lower crust of the NCC,while high-Mg adakitic diorite dikes originated from the mixing of mafic and felsic melts.Late Mesozoic magmatism showed that lithosphere-derived melts showed a similar source depth and that crust-derived felsic melts originated from the continuously thickened lower crust of the Jiaodong Peninsula from the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous.We infer that the lower crust of the eastern NCC was thickened through compression and subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific plate beneath the NCC during the Middle Jurassic.Slab rollback of the plate from ～160 Ma resulted in lithospheric thinning and accompanied Late Mesozoic magmatism.     

Geochemistry and metamorphic parameters of rocks in the Batomga granite-greenstone terrane, Aldan Shield

The protoliths of the Early Proterozoic metamorphic complex in the Batomga granite-greenstone terrane are proved to comprise two petrochemical series of volcanic rocks: calc-alkaline and komatiite-tholeiite. The metavolcanic rocks of the calc-alkaline series are metamorphosed basalts, andesites, dacites, and rhyolites. The topology of the trace-element patterns of the acid volcanics is similar to that of Archean gray gneisses in platform basements, and this suggests that the petrologic mechanisms that produced the protoliths could be similar. The metavolcanics of the komatiite-tholeiite series are determined to include komatiite and tholeiite basalts. Their chemical composition is consistent with the fractionation model of high-Mg basalts in intermediate chambers under low pressures. The Nb, Y, and Zr concentrations of the metatholeiites testify that their parental melts were derived from a plume source. The metamorphic culmination parameters of the rocks corresponded to the boundary between the amphibolite and granulite facies of elevated pressure.     

Secular evolution of the lithosphere beneath the eastern North China Craton: evidence from Mesozoic basalts and high-Mg andesites

Geochemical and isotopic data from Mesozoic lavas from the Jianguo, Niutoushan, Wulahada, and Guancaishan volcanic fields on the northern margin of the North China Craton provide evidence for secular lithospheric evolution of the region. Jianguo lavas are alkaline basalts with LILE- and LREE-enrichment ((La/Yb)_N=12.2-13.2) and MORB-like Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic ratios ((⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i<0.704; ε_Nd=3.9-4.8; (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i≈18). Niutoushan basalts are similar but show evidence of olivine fractionation. Wulahada lavas are high-Mg andesites (Mg#∼67) with EM1 Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic signatures. Geochemical data suggest that the basalts originated from MORB-type asthenosphere whereas the high-Mg andesites were derived an EM1 mantle source, i.e., a refractory lithospheric mantle modified by a previously subducted slab. The result, combined with the available data of the Mesozoic basalts from the southern portion of the NCC (Zhang et al., 2002), manifests a vast secular evolution of the lithospheric mantle beneath the eastern NCC from the Paleozoic refractory continental lithosphere to this Mesozoic modified lithosphere. Compared with the cratonic margin, the lithospheric mantle beneath the center of the craton was less extensively modified, implying the secular evolution was related to the subduction processes surrounding the NCC. Therefore, we suggest that the interaction of the slab-derived silicic melt with the old refractory lithospheric mantle converted the Paleozoic cratonic lithospheric mantle into the late Mesozoic fertile mantle, which was also different from the Cenozoic counterpart. A geodynamic model is proposed to illustrate such a secular lithosphere evolution.