俯冲带岩浆弧安山岩的成因研究进展

安山岩是俯冲带岩浆弧中重要的岩石类型,其成因至今仍是国际地质学界研究的热点之一.根据安山岩分布的地质背景,岩浆弧安山岩可以简单划分为陆弧安山岩和洋弧安山岩,二者在化学成分和空间分布等方面存在明显差异.自20世纪20年代末以来,大量的研究成果丰富了人们对岩浆弧安山岩成因的认识,逐渐将其归纳为玄武质岩浆输入和安山质岩浆输入2种模型.玄武质岩浆输入模型认为形成岩浆弧安山岩的初始岩浆成分为玄武质,强调分离结晶、同化混染和岩浆混合等壳内过程;而安山质岩浆输入模型认为地幔源区可以直接形成安山质熔体,强调俯冲板片来源的流体/熔体—地幔橄榄岩的交代反应和沉积物底辟等壳下过程.虽然岩浆弧安山岩的成因研究取得了一定的进展,但每一个模型都有亟待完善之处.地幔交代岩的实验岩石学研究、安山岩与大陆地壳形成与演化间的关系、理论计算和模拟的应用等都是未来需要研究的领域.     

板片-地幔相互作用:大别造山带碰撞后安山质火山岩成因

安山岩广泛出露于汇聚板块边界,表明其成因与板块俯冲有关。另一方面,大陆地壳整体上被认为是地幔部分熔融的产物,平均成分为安山质,是与亏损地幔(DM)互补的地球化学储库。然而,地幔部分熔融的产物通常具有玄武质成分,这与大陆地壳的安山岩平均成分不符。这个问题一直困扰着地球化学家们。因此,揭示安山岩的成因对于理解大陆地壳的形成和壳幔分异历史具有十分重要的意义。目前普遍接受的汇聚板块边界安山岩的成因模型包括:1)玄武岩输入模型;2)安山岩模型。这两者的主要区别在于地幔来源的初始岩浆是玄武质还是安山质。玄武岩输入模型认为初始岩浆为玄武质,安山岩是由初始玄武质岩浆在壳内的分异如分离结晶、地壳混染以及岩浆混合等地质过程形成的。安山岩模型则认为初始岩浆为安山质,是富水地幔橄榄岩部分熔融或俯冲板片部分熔融产生的埃达克质熔体与地幔橄榄岩反应的产物。无论哪种模型,俯冲隧道内的板片-地幔相互作用是形成安山岩地幔源区的关键过程,俯冲地壳物质是形成汇聚板块边界安山岩重要的组分来源。板片俯冲进入地幔是引起地幔化学不均一性的重要地质过程。在大洋俯冲带,俯冲洋壳释放流体/熔体交代上覆地幔楔并引发地幔楔发生部分熔融,从而形成同俯冲弧岩浆岩。大陆俯冲带通常缺乏对应的同俯冲弧岩浆岩,但在造山带内部和仰冲板块边缘通常发育大量同折返和碰撞后岩浆岩,这些岩浆岩为研究俯冲陆壳物质再造和再循环及其壳幔相互作用提供了重要的研究载体。大别造山带是三叠纪华南板块向华北板块俯冲碰撞形成的碰撞造山带,发育有大量的碰撞后火成岩,其中含有安山质火山岩。我们对大别造山带北淮阳碰撞后安山质火山岩进行了详细的地球化学研究,包括全岩主微量、Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf同位素分析,锆石SIMS U-Pb定年、O同位素和Lu-Hf同位素分析。这些火山岩具有变化的Si O2质量分数(50.3%~63.9%),Mg O质量分数(1.2%~4.7%),Mg#(32.4~63.6),Na2O+K2O质量分数(5.0%~8.5%),其岩性主体为粗面安山岩,还有少量玄武粗面安山岩、安山岩、英安岩和粗面岩。锆石SIMS U-Pb定年结果显示,北淮阳安山质火山岩的形成年龄为早白垩世(123~130 Ma)。另外,它们含有丰富的残留锆石核,其U-Pb年龄为新元古代和三叠纪,分别与大别造山带超高压变质岩的原岩和变质年龄一致。它们具有弧型的微量元素分布特征,即富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)和轻稀土元素(LREE),亏损高场强元素(HFSE);具有富集的Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成,即高的初始87Sr/86Sr比值(0.707 5~0.711 0),低的εNd(t)值(-23.1~-15.0)和εHf(t)(-29.8~-18.3)。锆石具有低的εHf(t)值(-31.0~17.8)和变化的δ18O值(4.4‰~6.8‰)。这些元素和同位素特征表明,北淮阳碰撞后安山质火山岩来源于富集的造山带岩石圈地幔。三叠纪华南陆块与华北陆块碰撞过程中,俯冲的华南陆壳在地幔深度发生部分熔融产生的长英质熔体在大陆俯冲隧道内交代上覆华北岩石圈地幔楔橄榄岩,熔体-橄榄岩反应形成了富沃富集的地幔交代体。该地幔交代体在早白垩世发生部分熔融就形成了北淮阳碰撞后安山质火山岩。因此,大陆俯冲隧道内的板片-地幔相互作用是形成碰撞造山带安山质岩石的关键过程。     

大陆板片-地幔相互作用:来自大别造山带碰撞后安山质火山岩的地球化学证据

俯冲到地幔深度的地壳物质不可避免地在板片-地幔界面与地幔楔发生相互作用,由此形成的超镁铁质交代岩就是造山带镁铁质火成岩的地幔源区.因此,造山带镁铁质火成岩为研究俯冲地壳物质再循环和壳-幔相互作用提供了重要研究对象.为了揭示俯冲陆壳物质再循环的机制和过程,对大别造山带碰撞后安山质火山岩开展了元素和同位素地球化学研究.这些安山质火山岩的SIMS锆石U-Pb年龄为124±3~130±2 Ma,表明其形成于早白垩世.此外,残留锆石的U-Pb年龄为中新元古代和三叠纪,分别对应于大别-苏鲁造山带超高压变火成岩的原岩年龄和变质年龄.它们具有岛弧型微量元素特征、富集的Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成,以及变化的且大多不同于正常地幔的锆石δ18O值.这些元素和同位素特征指示,这些安山质火山岩是交代富集的造山带岩石圈地幔部分熔融的产物.在三叠纪华南陆块俯冲于华北陆块之下的过程中,俯冲华南陆壳来源的长英质熔体交代了上覆华北岩石圈地幔楔橄榄岩,大陆俯冲隧道内的熔体-橄榄岩反应产生了富沃、富集的镁铁质地幔交代岩.这种地幔交代岩在早白垩世发生部分熔融,就形成了所观察到的安山质火山岩.因此,碰撞造山带镁铁质岩浆岩的地幔源区是通过大陆俯冲隧道内板片-地幔相互作用形成的,而加入地幔楔中长英质熔体的比例决定了这些镁铁质岩浆岩的岩石化学和地球化学成分.      

埃达克质岩的构造背景与岩石组合

本文介绍了埃达克质岩形成的构造背景与岩石组合。埃达克质岩可以形成于不同的构造背景并与不同类型的岩石同时出现：1）火山弧环境中常出现埃达克质岩一高镁安山岩-富Nb玄武质岩组合,它的形成可能与板片熔融以及熔体一地幔橄榄岩的相互作用有关;2）大陆活动碰撞造山带环境（如羌塘）中埃达克质岩常与同期钾质或橄榄玄粗质岩共生,这可能与俯冲陆壳熔融和俯冲陆壳熔体交代的地幔橄榄岩熔融有关;3）造山带伸展垮塌环境（如大别山）中埃达克质岩会伴随有镁铁质一超镁铁质岩浆出露,增厚下地壳产生埃达克质岩浆后的榴辉岩质残留体拆沉进入地幔,与地幔橄榄岩的混合可能形成后期镁铁质一超镁铁质岩浆的源区;4）大陆板内伸展环境中埃达克质岩常与同期橄榄玄粗质的岩石共生,增厚、拆沉下地壳,以及富集地幔的熔融或岩浆混合在岩石的成因中发挥了重要作用。     

罗迪尼亚超大陆聚合在华南陆块北缘的镁铁质岩浆岩记录

超大陆的聚合必然伴随着从大洋俯冲、弧陆碰撞到陆陆碰撞等一系列板块汇聚和造山过程,这些不同阶段的俯冲和汇聚过程会产生不同特征的岩浆岩记录.华南陆块是新元古代罗迪尼亚超大陆的重要组成部分,在这个超大陆聚合过程中有格林维尔期洋壳俯冲及其伴随的壳幔相互作用.总结了华南陆块北缘记录的罗迪尼亚超大陆聚合不同阶段发生的岩浆活动,比较了其产物的地球化学特征,探讨了它们对应的构造环境.华南陆块北缘900~950 Ma的岩浆活动产物以镁铁质岩浆岩为主,伴随有少量斜长花岗岩,为洋壳俯冲作用的产物.当洋壳俯冲到大陆边缘之下形成安第斯型俯冲带,古老陆源沉积物也被携带进入俯冲带,由此部分熔融产生的含水熔体交代上覆地幔楔形成极度富集的造山带岩石圈地幔,其在新元古代中期发生部分熔融形成具有极负锆石ε_Hf（t）值的镁铁质岩浆岩.因此,在罗迪尼亚超大陆聚合过程中地幔楔被交代形成镁铁质-超镁铁质交代岩,其中一部分在俯冲阶段就发生部分熔融形成大洋弧或大陆弧镁铁质岩浆岩,另一部分在俯冲之后由于大陆裂断引起造山带岩石圈拉张使其与上覆地壳一起部分熔融形成双峰式岩浆岩.      

班公湖—怒江缝合带西段昂龙岗日地区沙木罗组火山岩的岩石大地构造学研究

班公湖—怒江缝合带作为青藏高原的主缝合带之一,其研究对班公湖—怒江特提斯洋的演化和造山带的研究具有重要意义。本文首次对该缝合带西段昂龙岗日地区沙木罗组火山岩进行系统的野外地质调查,并结合全岩地球化学分析,探讨火山岩的成因、构造环境及地球动力学背景。沙木罗组火山岩从底部至顶部共划分出3个火山喷发亚旋回,岩性为安山岩和安山质火山碎屑岩。地球化学分析表明3个亚旋回的火山岩均为钙碱性系列,LREE和不相容元素相对富集,而相对亏损HREE和Nb、P、Ti等高场强元素,具岛弧火山岩的地球化学特征。第一喷发亚旋回火山岩具典型的高镁安山岩特征,暗示是大洋板块俯冲作用的产物,从第一喷发亚旋回至第三喷发亚旋回构造环境由大洋岛弧过渡为大陆边缘弧,火山岩形成于大洋地壳向大陆地壳之下俯冲的背景,且洋壳初始俯冲的时间不晚于晚侏罗世末。岩浆起源于受俯冲板片流体交代的亏损地幔—弱富集地幔,来自俯冲板片的流体上升,引起上覆地幔楔物质发生部分熔融,形成幔源岩浆,在密度差的作用下幔源岩浆向上运移,底侵下地壳,引发下地壳物质发生部分熔融,并与之发生混合作用,形成了研究区火山岩的母岩浆,在岩浆源区或岩浆上升过程中遭受了地壳物质的混染作用,且岩浆演化以部分熔融作用为主,结合区域大地构造背景认为沙木罗组火山岩的形成与班公湖—怒江特提斯洋盆向北向羌塘地块之下俯冲关系密切,沙木罗组角度不整合覆盖在木嘎岗日岩群之上不能作为班公湖—怒江特提斯洋盘闭合的证据。     

高镁安山岩及其地球动力学意义

高镁安山岩是当前国际地质研究的一个热点之一。本文重点介绍了高镁安山岩的分类、成因、成矿和地球动力学意义。高镁安山岩主要包括高镁埃达克岩、巴哈岩、赞岐岩和玻安岩等四类。高镁安山岩的成分复杂,可以包含地幔源区组分,以及俯冲大洋板片(玄武质洋壳或洋壳沉积物)或俯冲陆壳沉积物熔体或流体组分,有时也可能包含拆沉下地壳熔体组分。高镁安山岩可以通过地幔橄榄岩的直接熔融形成,也可通过熔体与地幔的相互作用形成。高镁安山岩的形成环境特殊：除青藏高原中部的一些新生代高镁安山岩外,几乎所有其它新生代的高镁安山岩都形成在会聚板块边界,且大都与年轻的、热的洋壳或洋脊的俯冲有关。高镁安山岩对揭示大陆地壳的形成以及金属矿化方面都有非常重要的意义。最后,对当前高镁安山岩的研究中存在的问题进行了探讨。     

镁铁质地壳的深熔作用和安山岩的高压结晶作用

钙碱性安山岩的主要发育地区是壳层厚度超过30Km的已演变形成的岛弧地区和大陆边缘区。在这两种情况下,安山岩既可能形成于含水的镁铁质下地壳的部分熔融,也可能来自于板下的含水镁铁质岩桨的分离结晶作用,直接的或间接的与沉降的大洋地壳及上覆于贝尼奥夫带的地幔楔的熔融作用相联系。然而不同于许多安山岩的是安山岩罕见以高压斑晶或包体的形式出现的深层位的历史证据,而可能受到浅层位作用的巨大影响。高压试验工作能够多方面的勾画出可能的源岩成分,以及深地壳和上地幔对岩浆母体形成钙碱性安山岩起作用的分离结晶作用。对于镁铁质源岩成分来说,结果是指向于两个主要模式:(1)8～12Kb下的角闪石模式;(2)超过25Kb的榴辉岩模式,以及12～25Kb范围内过渡的石榴石——角闪石模式。因此在8—12Kb压力下角闪石是含水镁铁质成分的物质中占主导地位的结晶相或残余相。所获得的液体具有钙碱性安山岩及相关岩石的主要元素特征。同样在超过25Kb时对干条件石英榴辉岩40～50％的熔融可能获得安山岩质液体,当水存在时较低程度的熔融可以产生英安岩及流纹岩的熔体,但是在干条件下较低程度的熔融形成粗面岩液体而不是安山质液体。痕量元素型式特别是REE可能带有这些模式的印记,但是较浅层位的结晶作用及其残余物对富集痕量元素的副矿物相(榍石、磷灰石等)来说,能够明显的改变痕量元素的浓度。控制钙碱性安山岩形成的两个主要因素是(1)经过含水的消减大洋地壳的脱水和熔融反应向地幔及深地壳中输送水,(2)在已演变成的岛弧及大陆边缘区存在着的增厚了的地壳,形成一个致密的相当于大约8～12Kb压力,促进了此层位的上涌岩浆的分离结晶作用。     

新疆新源县城南石炭纪火山岩岩石学和元素地球化学研究

新疆新源县南部那拉提山北坡出露的石炭纪火山岩主要由玄武岩、玄武质粗面安山岩、粗面安山岩、安山岩、流纹岩和火山碎屑岩组成。该火山岩中玄武岩属于钙碱性系列，安山质岩石和流纹岩属于高钾钙碱性系列，其中轻稀土轻微富集而重稀土相对亏损，玄武岩富集大离子亲石元素、U、Th和Pb，亏损高场强元素。研究表明，该火山岩岩浆可能是由俯冲板片脱水产生的流体交代地幔楔后，地幔楔发生部分熔融的结果。微量元素模拟计算表明，该玄武岩岩浆可以由石榴石二辉橄榄岩经3％～6％的部分熔融得到；安山质岩浆可由玄武岩岩浆经15％-28％的分离结晶形成。     

准噶尔盆地东北缘石炭系火山岩形成机制:对准噶尔洋盆闭合时限的新启示

准噶尔古大洋作为古亚洲洋北部的重要分支及阶段性演化产物,其洋盆的俯冲、闭合时限以及盆地基底属性一直存在分歧。本文选取准噶尔盆地东北缘(乌伦古地区)石炭系火山岩来说明其岩浆来源及成因机制,通过主微量元素、Sr-Nd同位素分析结果,进一步阐明准噶尔洋盆在晚古生代的闭合时限。本次研究包括玄武岩、玄武质安山岩和安山岩三类火山岩,岩体显示低TiO₂(0.60%~0.84%)、较高的全碱K₂O+Na₂O含量(1.18%~8.59%),玄武岩为岛弧拉斑系列,安山岩类的钙碱元素含量高,具有火山弧火山岩特征。中-低⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_(i)(0.703 250~0.704 559)、相对亏损的Nd同位素(+4.8~+6.8)以及t_DM2(483~625 Ma)值表明玄武岩、玄武质安山岩和安山岩同为亏损地幔熔融岩浆分异结晶的产物,安山岩为地幔熔融岩浆后期分离结晶形成;微量元素与同位素地球化学示踪暗示玄武岩、玄武质安山岩和安山岩含有洋壳俯冲过程的脱水流体交代上覆地幔楔的消减组分,安山岩在深部岩浆房经历了壳-幔混合作用,受地壳成分的混染程度更大。大离子亲石元素(LILE)Ba、Sr和轻稀土元素、不相容元素(Th、U、K)相对富集,高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、Ta相对亏损,以及Pb、Zr、Hf的富集,说明该区属于与俯冲消减带相关的构造背景;结合本套火山岩高Ba/La(30.14~208.86)值、低TiO₂(0.60%~0.84%)值,以及Ce/Nb比(8.71~12.05)、Th/Nb比(0.93~1.74)等,表明准噶尔洋盆于石炭纪沿着大陆板块下部持续俯冲,洋壳板片的俯冲脱水流体交代地幔楔后增生岛弧。该套中-基性火山岩建造佐证了准噶尔洋盆闭合时限为晚石炭世(ca. 305.5±4.4 Ma),结合区域地质资料分析,提出与俯冲带有关的岩浆通过岛弧拼贴增生到大陆地壳上,进一步为准噶尔盆地基底的岛弧拼贴成因提供了新依据。     

中国东部新生代玄武岩记录古太平洋俯冲带壳幔相互作用

大陆玄武岩通常具有与洋岛玄武岩相似的地球化学成分,其中含有显著的壳源组分.对于洋岛玄武岩来说,虽然其中的壳源组分归咎于深俯冲大洋板片的再循环,但是对板片俯冲过程中的壳幔相互作用缺乏研究.对于大陆玄武岩来说,由于其形成与特定大洋板片在大陆边缘之下的俯冲有关,可以用来确定古大洋板片俯冲的地壳物质再循环.本文总结了我们对中国东部新生代玄武岩所进行的一系列地球化学研究,结果记录了古太平洋板片俯冲析出流体对地幔楔的化学交代作用.这些大陆玄武岩普遍具有与洋岛玄武岩类似的地球化学成分,在微量元素组成上表现为富集LILE和LREE、亏损HREE,但是不亏损HFSE的分布特点,在放射成因同位素组成上表现为亏损至弱富集的Sr-Nd同位素组成.在排除地壳混染效应之后,这些玄武岩的地球化学特征可以由其地幔源区中壳源组分的性质来解释.俯冲大洋地壳部分熔融产生的熔体提供了地幔源区中的壳源组分,其中包括洋壳镁铁质火成岩、海底沉积物和大陆下地壳三种组分.华北和华南新生代大陆玄武岩在Pb同位素组成上存在显著差异,反映它们地幔源区中的壳源组分有所区别.中国东部新生代玄武岩的地幔源区是古太平洋板片于中生代俯冲至亚欧大陆东部之下时,在>200 km的俯冲带深度发生壳幔相互作用的产物.在新生代期间,随着俯冲太平洋板片的回卷引起的中国东部大陆岩石圈拉张和软流圈地幔上涌,那些交代成因的地幔源区发生部分熔融,形成了现今所见的新生代玄武岩.      

Insights from trace element geochemistry as to the roles of subduction zone geometry and subduction input on the chemistry of arc magmas

Subduction zones of continental, transitional, and oceanic settings, relative to the nature of the overriding plate, are compared in terms of trace element compositions of mafic to intermediate arc rocks, in order to evaluate the relationship between subduction parameters and the presence of subduction fluids. The continental Chilean Southern Volcanic Zone (SVZ) and the transitional to oceanic Central American Volcanic Arc (CAVA) show increasing degrees of melting with increasing involvement of slab fluids, as is typical for hydrous flux melting beneath arc volcanoes. At the SVZ, the central segment with the thinnest continental crust/lithosphere erupted the highest-degree melts from the most depleted sources, similar to the oceanic-like Nicaraguan segment of the CAVA. The northern part of the SVZ, located on the thickest continental crust/lithosphere, exhibits features more similar to Costa Rica situated on the Caribbean Large Igneous Province, with lower degrees of melting from more enriched source materials. The composition of the slab fluids is characteristic for each arc system, with a particularly pronounced enrichment in Pb at the SVZ and in Ba at the CAVA. A direct compositional relationship between the arc rocks and the corresponding marine sediments that are subducted at the trenches clearly shows that the compositional signature of the lavas erupted in the different arcs carries an inherited signal from the subducted sediments.     

岛弧火山岩成因和地球化学特征

岛弧火山岩主要为俯冲带的俯冲板片脱水形成的富大离子亲石元素流体交代地幔楔,并使其发生部分熔融,产生岛弧岩浆作用而形成的,岩石组合通常为玄武岩—安山岩—英安岩—流纹岩及相应侵入岩组合。它以Al2O3、K2O高,低Ti O2,且K2ONa2O为特征,相对富集LILE,亏损HFSE,特别是Ti、Nb、Ta等。本文主要从岛弧岩浆作用的起因着手,分析流体和熔体对地幔楔的交代作用,以及岛弧岩浆作用过程,进而分析岛弧火山岩的地球化学特征。     

Origin of some magmas in oceanic and circum-oceanic regions

Partial melting experiments on spinel-lherzolite, a rock which probably occurs in relatively shallow parts of the oceanic upper mantle, demonstrate that alkali basaltic melt is formed at depths of at least 20 kbar whereas tholeiitic melt is formed at lower pressures (< 15 kbar) under anhydrous conditions. The specimen studied was a relatively iron-rich natural spinel-lherzolite (Fe/Mg+Fe=0.15) and the melts produced have ratios comparable to those obtained in basalts. Slight increase of degree of partial melting produces picritic melt over a wide pressure range. Under hydrous (water-excess) conditions, andesitic melt is produced by partial melting of the same natural spinel-lherzolite and a synthetic lherzolite. The melting experiments on two different abyssal tholeiites from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge suggest that the derivation of olivine tholeiite from a more mafic magma or a mantle peridotite (lherzolite) is possible, but is limited to depths shallower than 25 km under essentially anhydrous conditions, whereas plagioclase tholeiite may have been formed by fractional crystallization at depths of about 20 km in the presence of a small amount (～ 2 wt.%) of water.It is suggested that under mid-ocean ridges, partial melting of spinel-lherzolite at depths shallower than 60 km would produce olivine-tholeiitic magma, which differentiates at shallower levels (20–25 km) under either essentially anhydrous or hydrous (but vapor-absent) conditions to produce abyssal tholeiites of olivine-tholeiite type or plagioclase-tholeiite type. It may be also possible that the former olivine-tholeiite is generated by direct partial melting of plagioclase-lherzolite. Alkali basalts in the oceanic region may be generated at depths greater than 50 km by relatively small degree of partial melting. Along island arcs and continental margins, where the subduction zones probably exist, partial melting of lherzolite would take place in the presence of water that may be supplied by breakdown of hydrous minerals in the subducted oceanic crust, thereby producing andesitic magmas. High-alumina basalt magma could be produced by partial melting of the dehydrated oceanic crust in the subduction zone at depths between 40 and 60 km, where garnet is unstable above the solidus.     

Generation of calc-alkaline andesite of the Tatun volcanic group (Taiwan) within an extensional environment by crystal fractionation

The Pliocene–Pleistocene northern Taiwan volcanic zone (NTVZ) is located within a trench-arc–back-arc basin and oblique arc–continent collision zone. Consequently the origin and tectonic setting of the andesitic rocks within the NTVZ and their relation to other circum-Pacific volcanic island-arc systems is uncertain. Rocks collected from the Tatun volcanic group (TTVG) include basaltic to andesitic rocks. The basalt is compositionally similar to within-plate continental tholeiites whereas the basaltic andesite and andesite are calc-alkaline; however, all rocks show a distinct depletion of Nb-Ta in their normalized incompatible element diagrams. The Sr-Nd isotope compositions of the TTVG rocks are very similar and have a relatively restricted range (i.e. I_Sr = 0.70417–0.70488; εNd_(T) = +2.2 to +3.1), suggesting that they are derived directly or indirectly from the same mantle source. The basalts are likely derived by mixing between melts from the asthenosphere and a subduction-modified subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) source, whereas the basaltic andesites may be derived by partial melting of pyroxenitic lenses within the SCLM and mixing with asthenospheric melts. MELTS modelling using a starting composition equal to the most primitive basaltic andesite, shallow-pressure (i.e. ≤1 kbar), oxidizing conditions (i.e. FMQ +1), and near water saturation will produce compositions similar to the andesites observed in this study. Petrological modelling and the Sr-Nd isotope results indicate that the volcanic rocks from TTVG, including the spatially and temporally associated Kuanyinshan volcanic rocks, are derived from the same mantle source and that the andesites are the product of fractional crystallization of a parental magma similar in composition to the basaltic andesites. Furthermore, our results indicate that, in some cases, calc-alkaline andesites may be generated by crystal fractionation of mafic magmas derived in an extensional back-arc setting rather than a subduction zone setting.     

Drastic shift in lava geochemistry in the volcanic-front to rear-arc region of the Southern Kamchatkan subduction zone: Evidence for the transition from slab surface dehydration to sediment melting

The shift of lava geochemistry between volcanic front to rear-arc volcanoes in active subduction zones is a widespread phenomenon. It is somehow linked to an increase of the slab surface depth of the subducting oceanic lithosphere and increasing thickness of the mantle wedge and new constraints for its causes may improve our understanding of magma generation and element recycling in subduction zones in general. As a case study, this paper focuses on the geochemical composition of lavas from two adjacent volcanic centres from the volcanic front (VF) to rear-arc (RA) transition of the Southern Kamchatkan subduction zone, with the aim to examine whether the shift in lava geochemistry is associated with processes in the mantle wedge or in the subducted oceanic lithosphere or both. The trace element and O-Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb (double-spike)-isotopic composition of the mafic Mutnovsky (VF) and Gorely (RA) lavas in conjunction with geochemical modelling provides constraints for the degree of partial melting in the mantle wedge and the nature of their slab components. Degrees of partial melting are inferred to be significantly higher beneath Mutnovsky (∼18%) than Gorely (∼10%). The Mutnovsky (VF) slab component is dominated by hydrous fluids, derived from subducted sediments and altered oceanic crust, eventually containing minor but variable amounts of sediment melts. The composition of the Gorely slab component strongly points to a hydrous silicate melt, most likely mainly stemming from subducted sediments, although additional fluid-contribution from the underlying altered oceanic crust (AOC) is likely. Moreover, the Hf-Nd-isotope data combined with geochemical modelling suggest progressive break-down of accessory zircon in the melting metasediments. Therefore, the drastic VF to RA shift in basalt chemistry mainly arises from the transition of the nature of the slab component (from hydrous fluid to melt) in conjunction with decreasing degrees of partial melting within ∼15 km across-arc. Finally, systematic variations of key inter-element with high-precision Pb-isotope ratios provide geochemical evidence for a pollution of the Mutnovsky mantle source with Gorely melt components but not vice versa, most likely resulting from trench-ward mantle wedge corner flow. We also present a geodynamic model integrating the location of the Mutnovsky and Gorely volcanic centres and their lava geochemistry with the recently proposed thermal structure of the southern Kamchatkan arc and constraints about phase equilibria in subducted sediments and AOC. Herein, the slab surface hosting the subducted sediments suffers a transition from dehydration to melting above a continuously dehydrating layer of AOC. Wider implications of this study are that an onset of (flush-) sediment melting may ultimately be the main trigger for the VF to RA transition of lava geochemistry in subduction zones.     

造山带橄榄岩起源和大陆俯冲带壳幔相互作用

俯冲地壳衍生流体交代地幔楔,是产生俯冲带岩浆作用的重要机制.但是,目前人们对俯冲大陆物质改造地幔楔的岩石学过程和机理仍缺乏深入认识,造山带橄榄岩是解析这一问题的直接样品.通过对大别-苏鲁造山带橄榄岩进行系统的矿物学、岩石学和地球化学研究,发现橄榄石Ni/Co比值可有效区分幔源和壳源造山带橄榄岩,揭示幔源造山带橄榄岩起源于华北岩石圈地幔.苏鲁李家屯纯橄岩在进入俯冲带之前就已在地幔内部经历了碳酸盐熔体交代.大别毛屋和苏鲁蒋庄橄榄岩及其交代脉体记录了约170~200 km深度的俯冲带壳幔相互作用过程.深俯冲陆壳释放的富Si-Al质熔体可不同程度地改造地幔楔底部,形成富石榴石和富辉石的交代岩,并引发强烈的Os同位素分馏效应.该过程不仅改变地幔楔岩性和化学组成,还能够改变交代介质成分,为俯冲带各类深部地幔岩浆提供源区物质.因此,大陆深俯冲是导致上地幔不均一的重要途径.      

Geochemistry of Late Proterozoic volcanic rocks from Tassendjanet area (N.W. Hoggar,Algeria)

The Late Proterozoic calc-alkaline andesitic rocks of the Tassendjanet volcanic complex, north-western Hoggar, Algeria resemble the continental margin rocks and also are closely comparable to the Archaean andesites. Most Tassendjanet rocks were affected to various extents by low grade hydrous metamorphism which led to an increase of Na, P, Fe, Ti, and V and a decrease of Mg, Ca, Sr, Cr, and Ni. Although K, Rb, Ba, and Li are enriched in the majority of altered rocks, these elements are strongly depleted in the albitized Na-rich volcanics. REE are enriched in albitized andesites but their fractionation patterns remain unchanged. The trace element data are consistent with the derivation of the Tassendjanet andesites by partial melting of an upper mantle source enriched in LILE and presumably overlying the subduction zone.