锚杆荷载-位移曲线的指数函数模型研究

利用现场抗拔试验测取锚杆荷载与锚杆位移的关系曲线(P-S曲线),确定锚杆的极限荷载标准值,必须进行破坏性试验。结合锚杆抗拔试验数据,开展锚杆P-S曲线的数学模型研究,探讨了双曲线模型和指数模型模拟锚杆P-S曲线的效果。结果表明,指数模型能较好地模拟锚杆P-S曲线,其对极限承载力的预测也符合实际。     

囊式扩体锚杆在宁波地区的现场试验研究

锚杆几何形态对于锚杆承载机制的影响及其在软弱土层中的工作性状一直是岩土锚固工程领域具有争议且亟待解决的问题。采用粗细径比为4.44的扩体锚杆现场足尺试验方法,通过宁波软弱地层的30 m深埋囊式扩体锚杆拉拔试验,获得了一组带有共性的单调上升的锚杆荷载–位移曲线。试验结果表明,深埋扩体锚杆具有卓越的力学特性,位移延性性能也表现出色,即使在大变形区域,锚杆承载力仍然能够持续提升。分析锚杆的荷载–位移曲线、锚杆弹性与塑性变形的试验结果以及对比锚杆极限承载力计算值与试验值,加深了对囊式扩体锚杆独特的应变硬化性状、承载机制和位移控制量值等规律的认识,试验研究结果对大埋深的新型扩体锚杆在宁波地区的推广应用具有指导意义。     

基于小波函数的锚杆拉拔全过程分析

基于小波函数伸缩平移的特性,建立了能反映锚杆界面黏结?软化?滑动力学特性的剪应力?位移非线性本构模型,克服了三折线软化界面模型需要分段分析的复杂性。结合锚固体荷载传递的力学微分方程,推导了锚杆拉拔荷载?位移曲线的解析表达式,并提出了锚固体位移、轴力、周边剪应力的数值计算方法和步骤。通过算例分析,得到不同张拉位移作用下的锚固段位移、轴力和剪应力分布,获得的锚杆拉拔荷载?位移和锚杆轴向力分布计算值与实测值进行了对比分析,验证了该方法的有效性。该方法能准确地反映锚杆在不同荷载下的传力机制,模拟锚杆从弹性工作状态到塑性滑移的全过程。最后,通过参数分析,得到了锚杆锚固长度、轴向刚度以及锚固界面本构参数对锚固效果的影响规律。     

土层锚固体复合界面单元形式及力学效应研究

土层锚固技术在岩土工程中已得到越来越广泛应用。简单介绍了已有土层锚固界面单元形式的研究现状,分析了土层锚固界面层的特点,提出一种新的复合界面单元,该复合界面单元由接触单元和实体单元构成,其中接触单元作为锚固体与土体之间的滑动摩擦单元,实体单元体现锚杆拉拔时对周围土体的体胀特性。利用ANSYS数值模拟软件,将新的复合单元应用于锚固体与土体之间的界面层,模拟并分析锚杆拉拔时界面层的破坏特征,得到随荷载增大时界面层剪应力分布的变化过程,并将界面层的破坏分为3个阶段,即线性阶段、滑移扩展阶段、滑移阶段。通过土层锚杆原位拉拔试验,得到土层锚杆拉拔的荷载-位移曲线,分析曲线变化特征,并对数值模拟结果进行了验证。     

玄武岩纤维与钢筋锚杆锚固性能现场对比试验研究

玄武岩纤维（BFRP）锚杆具有抗拉强度高、耐腐蚀性能好等优点,是岩土锚固结构中钢筋的良好替代品,近年颇受业界关注。通过在黄土地层中开展4组?25 mm BFRP锚杆和钢锚杆的现场拉拔试验,初步研究两种材质锚杆的破坏模式和锚固性能差异。研究结果表明：对于诸如?25 mm类较大直径土层锚杆,拉拔过程中锚固体系的灌浆体内外界面破坏迹象共存,但最终破坏模式受控于灌浆体与土层界面（第二界面）,且BFRP锚杆与砂浆内界面（第一界面）破坏程度明显高于钢锚杆;两种材质锚杆的极限承载力相近,界面黏结强度均随锚固长度的增大而减小;受两种材质锚杆本身的加工工艺和材料力学性能影响,试验中钢锚杆与灌浆体的黏结性能优于BFRP锚杆;相同荷载水平,相同位置处,BFRP锚杆杆体轴力大于钢锚杆,轴力衰减速率略小于钢锚杆;峰值剪应力BFRP锚杆小于钢锚杆。     

高层建筑深基坑支护中应用土层锚杆的试验和监测分析

本文介绍了武汉天一大厦深基坑支护方案和土层锚杆施工情况。进行了长江Ｉ级阶地汉口地区粘性土层作为锚固段的锚杆试验，确定了此类锚杆的极限承载力，根据试验曲线，对锚杆的张拉位移进行了分析，提出了锚杆张拉位移由主位移（即杆体的弹塑性位移）和副位移（即杆体的拉直、接触间隙减小等位移）组成，并阐述了进行锚杆预拉的必要性。对基抗的变形曲线和护坡桩的受力情况进行了分析，对悬臂桩和加强桩支护方案的基坑稳定性效果和周     

管缝式锚杆在拉拔荷载作用下受力分析模型

建立了管缝式锚杆在拉拔荷载作用下的受力分析模型,该模型能够反映锚杆破坏的渐进过程。分析表明,在拉拔荷载作用下管缝式锚杆在荷载作用点最先发生相对滑移,且随着荷载的增加滑移段的长度逐渐增加,直到整根锚杆与围岩发生相对滑移。根据能量守恒原理得到了管缝式锚杆在安装入钻孔后对围岩径向作用力的计算公式。对管缝式锚杆进行了非局部摩擦分析,得到了基于非局部摩擦模型的管缝式锚杆界面剪应力分布。研究了管缝式锚杆直径对锚杆界面剪应力分布的影响,同时得到了锚杆最大抗拉拔力与锚杆长度之间的关系。将理论模型预测值与试验结果对比,验证了理论模型的有效性。     

岩石锚杆锚固段荷载分布试验研究

岩石锚杆锚固段荷载分布规律是岩土锚固技术的关键问题之一。在拉拔试验锚杆杆体测点应变数值采集的基础上,利用复合幂函数和高斯函数对实测数据进行曲线拟合,获得了临界破坏状态下的锚固段轴力及剪应力分布情况。试验结果表明：岩石锚杆锚固段剪应力的分布集中在锚固段的前部;高斯函数可以较好地描述临界破坏状态下锚杆杆体的轴力分布;界面破坏出现在界面峰值抗剪强度远大于界面所能提供的黏结强度情况下。研究结果为锚杆的设计与计算提供了理论依据。     

注浆支盘式锚杆拉拔试验及极限承载力计算

注浆支盘式锚杆是自主研发的一种新型锚杆,具有广阔的应用前景。为了探究支盘式锚杆的承载特性,构建室内试验模型,针对不同的埋置深度、支盘直径和双支盘间距等条件进行拉拔试验,获取相应的荷载-位移曲线,并对部分数据采取无量纲化处理得到埋深比与荷载系数关系曲线,最后通过简化力学模型推导出支盘式锚杆的端阻力与拉拔极限承载力的计算公式。研究结果表明,埋置深度与极限承载力呈非线性关系且存在临界埋深;盘径对抗拔承载力的影响最为显著,与极限承载力呈线性增长关系,极限承载力较普通锚杆提高了2～5倍多;双支盘的分界间距为4倍支盘直径时可充分调用双支盘的承载力,由于双支盘锚杆在加载初期时土体主要为剪切变形,故其荷载-位移曲线开始阶段斜率较单支盘锚杆要大得多;埋深比与荷载系数关系曲线的斜率突变点为临界埋深比,其值为3.02;该计算公式所得结果与4组试验结果基本一致,验证了计算公式的有效性。研究结果对支盘式锚杆的设计和工程应用具有重要的理论及实际意义。     

泥岩地层抗浮锚杆试验研究

为探讨泥岩地层全黏结抗浮锚杆荷载传递机理和承载性能,基于陕西安康地区泥岩地层抗浮锚杆现场进行了基本试验和锚杆杆体的轴力测试,试验结果表明:锚杆杆体的轴力分布是不均匀的,从锚杆顶面向深部逐渐减小,且超过一定的长度后不再受力;同时表明锚杆受力时,沿锚固端全长的黏结应力分布也是不均匀的,其有效发挥黏结应力的分布长度有一定限度;确定了该地区泥岩地层中直径为150 mm抗浮锚杆的有效锚固长度、极限黏结强度标准值及8 m长锚固段对黏结强度的影响系数等,为类似泥岩地层抗浮锚杆的设计提供依据。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.