千年尺度气候变率的研究

2 0世纪后期 ,千年 (ka)尺度气候变率的研究取得了重要的进展 ,这表现在以下几个方面 :(1)格陵兰冰芯及深海沉积证明 ,在末次冰期中普遍存在平均周期为 1 5ka的循环 ,有人认为全新世也存在这种循环 ,小冰期就是最近一个循环的冷期。 (2 )每个循环由 1个相对暖期 (间冰阶 )及 1个冷期(冰阶 )组成 ,称为Dansgaard/Oeshger循环 (D/O循环 )。 (3)连续几个D/O循环的冰阶气温愈来愈低 ,海因里希事件 (H事件 )就发生在最冷的冰阶之后。 (4 )自 15kaBP到 6 8kaBP共确定出 6次H事件 ,分别称为H1…H6,有的作者认为新仙女木事件 (YD)与H事件形成机制近似 ,可以称为H0 。 (5 )D/O循环与H事件的成因 ,目前尚无定论。但热盐环流 (THC)变化的学说得到了较多作者的承认。这个学说认为 :北大西洋北部的大量融冰使海面为冷的淡水控制 ,影响了大传送带中海水的下沉 ,从而削弱了深水的形成。北大西洋THC减弱 ,使向北输送的热量减少 ,使北大西洋气候更寒冷。一旦深水形成再次增加 ,完成一个D/O循环。H事件形成的机制与之类似 ,不过过程变化更为激烈。 (6 )这样 ,THC有 3种模态 :现代模 (北大西洋有两个泵 )、冰阶模 (一个泵 ) ,及H事件 (无泵 )。 (7)海洋环流模式已经对THC的变化及模态之间的转换进行了模拟 ,至少在一定程度?     

千牛年尺度气候变率的研究

20世纪后期，千年（ka）尺度气候变率的研究取得了重要的进展，这表现在以下几个方面：（1）格陵兰冰芯及深海沉积证明，在末次冰期中普遍存在平均周期为1.5ka的循环，有人认为全新世也存在这种循环，小冰期就是最近一个循环的冷期。（2）每个循环由1个相对暖期（间冰阶）及1个冷期（冰阶）组成，称为Dansgaard/Oeshger循环（D／O循环）。（3）连续几个D／O循环的冰附气湿愈来愈低，海因里希事件（H事件）就发生在最冷的冰阶之后。（4）自15kaBP到68kaBP共确定出6次H事件，分别称为H1…H6，有的作者认为新仙女木事件（YD）与H事件形成机制近似，可以称为H0。（5）D／O）循环与H事件的成因，目前尚无定论，但热盐环流（THC）变化的学说得到了较多作者的承认。这个学说认为：北大西洋北部的大量融冰使海面为冷的淡水控制，影响了大传送带中海水的下沉，从而削弱了深水的形成。北大西洋THC减弱，使向北输送的热量减少。使北大西洋气候更寒冷。一旦深水形成再次增加，完成一个D／O循环。H事件形成的机制与之类似，不断过程变化更为激烈。（6）这样，THC有3种模态：现代模（北大西洋有两个泵）、冰阶模（一个泵），及H事件（无泵）。（7）海洋环流模式已经对THC的变化及模态之间的转换进行了模拟，至少在一定程度上模拟出了HTC的变化，在给定淡水输入的外强迫时，也模拟出了气候突变。     

环境变化对长江三角洲地区“北方海上丝绸之路”始发港变迁的影响*

“北方海上丝绸之路”作为中国古代与东亚各国进行贸易往来的重要海上通道,促进了宋元时期海上丝绸之路的大发展并成就了明朝大航海的辉煌,研究其始发港的变迁与原因对“海上丝绸之路研究体系”的完善和“21世纪海上丝绸之路”的建设具有重要意义,但目前鲜有研究。基于古代典籍、地方志和历史地图的记载,结合前人对历史时期中国环境变化的认识,对隋唐至明清时期长江三角洲地区“北方海上丝绸之路”主要始发港的变迁与原因进行研究。结果表明: (1)隋唐—明清时期中国长江三角洲地区先后兴起了3个“北方海上丝绸之路”主要始发港,扬州港盛于隋唐,上海港盛于唐宋,明州港(今宁波港)盛于宋元; (2)气候变冷引起的北方少数民族南犯,中原地区经济和政治中心南迁,北方海上丝绸之路的始发港由登州(今蓬莱)迁到了长江三角洲地区; (3)随泥沙堆积,雁形式沙洲发育,河口分汊东伸南移,长江河口海岸由喇叭形的河口湾演化为三角洲,这是引起始发港由扬州港向东迁往上海港、乃至明州港的根本原因; (4)长江河口沙洲的发育,引起了长江扬州港段和上海港段水系的变化,使得2个港作为始发港时,港口的具体位置不断地随河势变化而调整; (5)对外贸易政策的变化亦对始发港的兴衰与变迁起到一定的促进或阻碍作用。     

“黔中隆起”和贵州晚古生代古地理演化及其对铝土矿的控矿作用*

早古生代的区域隆升形成的古地貌和晚古生代海平面变化明显控制了贵州晚古生代古地理与古地貌的演化,“黔中隆起”表现尤为明显。然而对“黔中隆起”的形成时间及演化存在较大争议,限制了对贵州铝土矿的沉积古地理与古地理演化史的认识。通过野外踏勘、资料收集和整理,建立了贵州晚寒武世至二叠纪数个重要地质历史时期的古地理图,对“黔中”隆起的形成时间、演化等进行了再认识,揭示其与贵州铝土矿成矿的耦合关系。寒武纪至早志留世早—中期,“黔中隆起”北缘缺失与之相关的古陆边缘相沉积,黔中地区大规模的隆起时间应以下志留统韩家店组潮坪相沉积的出现作为开始。在“黔中隆起”的显著影响下,黔中和遵义地区经历长期而强烈的风化剥蚀,于早石炭世分别形成喀斯特洼地和漏斗、峡谷地貌,为九架炉组含铝岩系的形成提供了物质条件和成矿场所,并在晚古生代冰盖消长带来的海平面和气候变化的影响下,通过强烈的淋滤作用形成铝土矿。黔北务正道地区经历了长期的风化剥蚀后,在海平面高频变化下形成有利于下二叠统大竹园组铝土矿形成的滨岸湿地环境和洼地地貌。贵州早二叠世的铝土矿与晚古生代冰期具有更明显的耦合关系。     

关于“海陆对比”研究的若干实践和思考

通过剖析和总结两个重要的研究经历和学术成果:(1)应用东北印度洋的深海钻心研究喜马拉雅山—青藏高原隆升,(2)应用南海周边陆域的岩浆-沉积记录研究“古南海”的消亡和南海的早期开裂,作者阐释了对于这一特殊的“海陆对比”研究的理解、策划与心得体会。在前一项凭海观山的研究中,首先明确在东北印度洋区存在两类组分、成因各不相同的深海沉积序列,它们分别坐落于孟加拉海底扇和东经90°海岭,在响应山脉隆升的方式上各具优势。经过对两个序列的替代性指标的严格筛选与对比,确定3.6~3.2 Ma和1.0~0.6 Ma是晚中新世以来山脉与高原隆升影响最为深刻的关键时段。在第二项由陆识海的研究中,须要处理的则是较第一项更为复杂的包括岩浆、构造、沉积甚至陆上钻井在内的地质记录,而且其保存条件远逊深海沉积系列。此类研究的优势在于,可以避免单一钻孔记录的局限性,助力研究者在更广阔的区域内综合各种适用的基础材料,构建反映海陆一体化的区域构造演化框架。在华南大陆边缘,存在中生代晚期活动陆缘向新生代被动陆缘的重大构造转换。为建立一个完整的陆缘弧体系,作者于研究区布设了“十字形”考察路线,在东西向追索最初发现于海南的陆缘弧的展布特征,在南北向查明陆缘弧的结构样式,发现在白垩纪中期(110~80 Ma)发生强烈的因板块汇聚而产生的区域隆升,且由南向北隆升强度减弱。经过与同期浙闽陆缘岩浆-沉积记录的综合对比,认为中生代向北俯冲的“古南海”很可能属于业已消亡的特提斯域。中生代末华南陆缘进入全新的发展阶段,三水盆地因展现白垩纪—始新世规模最大且保存最好的岩浆-沉积过程被选为被动陆缘破裂研究的中心地区。古新世晚期(~57 Ma)以碱性玄武岩-粗面岩-钠闪碱流岩为代表的碱性系列双峰式火山喷发活动在研究区兴起,并一直持续到盆地停止发育(42~38 Ma)。实验数据显示:(1)岩浆源区位于软流圈地幔,即使喷发规模最大的粗面岩和碱流岩,也是来自幔源玄武质岩浆的分阶段结晶分异,(2)计算得到的地幔热异常并不明显。作者综合所得结果判断,研究区不存在主导区域构造运动的深源地幔柱,三水盆地发达的火山岩系产出的真实背景在于,中生代晚期的俯冲-碰撞使得岩石圈缩短加厚,于中新生代之交发生拆沉作用和软流圈上涌。这一区域构造环境不仅导致新生代早期的华南裂谷作用,很可能对其后的南海扩张也产生重要影响。现代地球科学将海和陆这两个最大的地理单元紧密地联系在一起,从海洋采集相关的地质信号研究大陆构造,抑或反之,都给我们提供了审视和解决科学问题的新的有效视窗。     

华南成冰纪“大塘坡式”锰矿沉积成矿作用与重大地质事件的耦合关系*

华南地区成冰系大塘坡组锰矿近年来在找矿勘探方面取得了突破性进展,同时,由于该套锰矿在时空分布及成矿背景上的特殊性,长期以来都受到研究者关注,累积了大量研究成果。在系统性总结大塘坡组锰矿研究成果的基础上,结合新元古代全球大地构造、古气候演变、古海洋环境变化及微生物演化等重大地质事件的最新研究进展,综合分析了华南成冰纪大规模锰沉积成矿作用与这些重大地质事件之间的联系。从新元古代中期开始,罗迪尼亚(Rodinia)超大陆的裂解在全球范围内形成了广泛分布的裂谷盆地系统,以中国南方南华盆地为代表的成锰盆地即是在裂谷盆地基础上发展而来的。裂谷盆地系统为锰矿沉积提供了必须的容矿空间,决定了其展布规律,并且盆地底部的热液系统为锰质输入盆地提供了必要途径。新元古代冰期(“雪球地球”)事件中覆盖全球的冰川系统切断或阻碍了地球各子圈层的物质与能量交换,可能导致冰期海洋缺氧状态的广泛出现。而冰期—间冰期的古气候变化使冰盖消失,海—气循环与海水圈层循环重新启动,随之而来的是古海水氧化还原条件的改变。针对南华盆地而言,表层海水的氧化及可能存在的含氧底流为锰矿沉淀提供了所需的氧化环境。此外,新近的证据表明间冰期微生物复苏背景下的锰微生物成矿作用可能是锰矿形成的重要机制。以上这些重大地质事件之间具有复杂的相互联系,同时它们也为“大塘坡式”锰矿沉积成矿作用提供了必不可少的成矿控制条件。因此, 华南成冰纪“大塘坡式”锰矿沉积成矿作用与新元古代重大地质事件间存在耦合关系。     

扬子西缘鹤庆—洱源地区晚二叠世—晚三叠世盆-山演化的沉积记录

鹤庆—洱源地区位于扬子板块西缘,西邻“三江”结合带,晚二叠世—晚三叠世经历了完整的盆-山转换过程。通过分析该区地层岩性组合及沉积环境,结合构造事件,厘清了区内盆-山转换的时间格架及各阶段盆地沉积响应。研究结果表明: 区内盆地演化可分为陆内裂谷盆地、坳陷盆地和前陆盆地3个阶段; 裂谷盆地阶段沉积形成了巨厚的玄武岩沉积; 坳陷盆地阶段依次沉积了青天堡组碎屑岩、北衙组灰岩和白云岩; 前陆盆地阶段形成了中窝组和松桂组不整合界面及粗碎屑砾岩。研究成果对研究扬子西缘和“三江”特提斯构造带盆-山演化具有重要的科学意义。     

西太平洋暖池冰期旋回中的类ENSO式演化及其驱动机制

作为全球接受太阳辐射最多、表层海水温度最高的区域,西太平洋暖池区通过厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Niño-Southern Oscillation,ENSO)和季风等过程影响着全球气候的变化。越来越多的沉积记录证明,在地质历史时期西太平洋暖池也存在类似于现代ENSO过程的“类ENSO式”变化。而目前类ENSO式变化与冰期—间冰期旋回之间的响应关系和驱动机制及其与东亚季风的关联仍存在争议。本文利用位于暖池核心区的B10岩心浮游有孔虫氧同位素、Mg/Ca(质量分数比)和黏土矿物参数重建了暖池区氧同位素8期以来的古气候记录,并结合已有的热带海表温度记录、中国石笋氧同位素和南大洋地区海表温度记录,研究了西太平洋暖池冰期旋回中类ENSO状态的演化规律及其与东亚季风的关系,并探讨了暖池区类ENSO演化的驱动机制。结果发现:冰期时,西太平洋暖池区温跃层变浅,赤道东、西太平洋温差减小,同时,东亚夏季风减弱,暖池区降水量相对减少,与现代El Niño时期气候态类似;间冰期时,西太平洋暖池区温跃层加深,赤道东、西太平洋温差增大,东亚冬夏季风增强,暖池区降水量相对增加,与现代La Niña时期气候态类似。频谱分析结果表明,西太平洋暖池区海表温度的变化具有偏心率周期(96 ka)。冰消期时,低纬度太阳辐射量的增加,增大了纬向上的SST梯度,并使得次表层海水储存了更多的热量,积累的热量会通过调节次表层环流向暖池区的热传输,最终调控赤道太平洋地区Walker环流强度和ENSO活动的长期变化。而冰期时,南大洋地区降温所引起的东南信风和大洋环流异常可能对类ENSO式起到调控的作用。     

松潘—甘孜造山带容须卡岩浆-穹隆地质特征及构造演化

位于松潘—甘孜造山带雅江穹隆群北东部的容须卡岩浆底辟穹隆区,经历了多期构造演化,内部构造极其复杂。为厘清容须卡地区岩浆与穹隆的演化关系,通过野外地质调查及室内综合研究,探讨了容须卡穹隆的地质特征及构造演化。该穹隆中心发育无根或肠状褶皱,及“S”型、“Z”型褶皱和“A”型平卧褶皱; 穹隆外围发育叠加褶皱,反映造山带早期SN向和EW向收缩挤压。该穹隆主要经历了晚三叠世(印支末期)SN向与EW向的“双向挤压”作用; 成穹期岩浆向上侵位时限为(214.4±1.2) Ma; 成穹后经历了挤压推覆和应力松弛阶段; 早中新世(17~10 Ma),由于青藏高原东南缘快速抬升,松潘—甘孜造山带发育NW-SE向鲜水河左旋走滑断裂,使容须卡地区形成一系列NNW向韧脆性和脆性破碎带。     

松潘—甘孜造山带容须卡岩浆-穹隆地质特征及构造演化

位于松潘—甘孜造山带雅江穹隆群北东部的容须卡岩浆底辟穹隆区,经历了多期构造演化,内部构造极其复杂。为厘清容须卡地区岩浆与穹隆的演化关系,通过野外地质调查及室内综合研究,探讨了容须卡穹隆的地质特征及构造演化。该穹隆中心发育无根或肠状褶皱,及“S”型、“Z”型褶皱和“A”型平卧褶皱; 穹隆外围发育叠加褶皱,反映造山带早期SN向和EW向收缩挤压。该穹隆主要经历了晚三叠世(印支末期)SN向与EW向的“双向挤压”作用; 成穹期岩浆向上侵位时限为(214.4±1.2) Ma; 成穹后经历了挤压推覆和应力松弛阶段; 早中新世(17~10 Ma),由于青藏高原东南缘快速抬升,松潘—甘孜造山带发育NW-SE向鲜水河左旋走滑断裂,使容须卡地区形成一系列NNW向韧脆性和脆性破碎带。     

Thermosteresis and Transportation of Atlantic Water Along Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean

It is summarized based on previous studies that warm and salty Atlantic Water (AW) brings huge amount of heat into Arctic Ocean and influences oceanic heat distribution and climate. Both heat transportation and heat release of AW are key factors affecting the thermal process in Eurasian Basin. The Arctic circumpolar boundary current is the carrier of AW, whose flow velocity varies to influence the efficiency of the warm advection. Because the depth of AW in Eurasian Basin is much shallower than that in Canadian Basin, the upward heat release of AW is an important heat source to supply sea ice melting. Turbulent mixing, winter convention and double-diffusion convention constitute the main physical mechanism for AW upward heat release, which results in the decrease of the Atlantic water core temperature during its spreading along the boundary current. St. Anna Trough, a relatively narrow and long trough in northern continental shelf of Kara Sea, plays a key role in remodeling temperature and salinity characteristics of AW, in which the AW from Fram Strait enters the trough and mixes with the AW from Barents Sea. Since the 21^st Century, AW in the Arctic Ocean has experienced obvious warming and had the influence on the physical processes in downstream Canada Basin, which is attributed to the anomalous warming events of AW inflowing from the Fram Strait. It is inferred that the warming AW is dominated by a long-term warming trend superimposed on low frequency oscillation occurring in the Nordic Seas and North Atlantic Ocean. As the Arctic Ocean is experiencing sea ice decline and Arctic amplification, the role of AW heat release in response to the rapid change needs further investigation.     

Subarctic Front migration at the Reykjanes Ridge during the mid‐ to late Holocene: evidence from planktic foraminifera

Expansion of fresh and sea‐ice loaded surface waters from the Arctic Ocean into the sub‐polar North Atlantic is suggested to modulate the northward heat transport within the North Atlantic Current (NAC). The Reykjanes Ridge south of Iceland is a suitable area to reconstruct changes in the mid‐ to late Holocene fresh and sea‐ice loaded surface water expansion, which is marked by the Subarctic Front (SAF). Here, shifts in the location of the SAF result from the interaction of freshwater expansion and inflow of warmer and saline (NAC) waters to the Ridge. Using planktic foraminiferal assemblage and concentration data from a marine sediment core on the eastern Reykjanes Ridge elucidates SAF location changes and thus, changes in the water‐mass composition (upper ˜200 m) during the last c. 5.8 ka BP. Our foraminifer data highlight a late Holocene shift (at c. 3.0 ka BP) in water‐mass composition at the Reykjanes Ridge, which reflects the occurrence of cooler and fresher surface waters when compared to the mid‐Holocene. We document two phases of SAF presence at the study site: from (i) c. 5.5 to 5.0 ka BP and (ii) c. 2.7 to 1.5 ka BP. Both phases are characterized by marked increases in the planktic foraminiferal concentration, which coincides with freshwater expansions and warm subsurface water conditions within the sub‐polar North Atlantic. We link the SAF changes, from c. 2.7 to 1.5 ka BP, to a strengthening of the East Greenland Current and a warming in the NAC, as identified by various studies underlying these two currents. From c. 1.5 ka BP onwards, we record a prominent subsurface cooling and continued occurrence of fresh and sea‐ice loaded surface waters at the study site. This implies that the SAF migrated to the southeast of our core site during the last millennium.     

Abrupt climate change: An alternative view

Hypotheses and inferences concerning the nature of abrupt climate change, exemplified by the Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) events, are reviewed. There is little concrete evidence that these events are more than a regional Greenland phenomenon. The partial coherence of ice core δ¹⁸O and CH₄ is a possible exception. Claims, however, of D-O presence in most remote locations cannot be distinguished from the hypothesis that many regions are just exhibiting temporal variability in climate proxies with approximately similar frequency content. Further suggestions that D-O events in Greenland are generated by shifts in the North Atlantic ocean circulation seem highly implausible, given the weak contribution of the high latitude ocean to the meridional flux of heat. A more likely scenario is that changes in the ocean circulation are a consequence of wind shifts. The disappearance of D-O events in the Holocene coincides with the disappearance also of the Laurentide and Fennoscandian ice sheets. It is thus suggested that D-O events are a consequence of interactions of the windfield with the continental ice sheets and that better understanding of the wind field in the glacial periods is the highest priority. Wind fields are capable of great volatility and very rapid global-scale teleconnections, and they are efficient generators of oceanic circulation changes and (more speculatively) of multiple states relative to great ice sheets. Connection of D-O events to the possibility of modern abrupt climate change rests on a very weak chain of assumptions.     

北极海冰与全球气候变化

最近有关北极海冰在全球气候系统中作用的研究发现，北冰洋边缘海域大洋深水的形成与海冰发育有关，海冰冻融过程对盐度层结具有重要影响，海冰变化可引起盐度突变层的灾变和热盐环流的突然停止，热盐环流的变化与北大西洋海冰１０年际变化相联系，北大西洋气候的不稳定性与热盐环流变化密切相关。北极海冰－海洋－大气间耦合作用，使北极海冰构成了北大西洋和全球气候反馈循环中的重要环节。     

Oceanic evidence for the mechanism of rapid northern hemisphere glaciation

The oxygen isotopic stage 5/4 boundary in deep-sea sediments marks a prominent interval of northern hemisphere ice-sheet growth that lasted about 10,000 yr. During much of this rapid ice growth, the North Atlantic Ocean from at least 40°N to 60°N maintained warm sea-surface temperatures, within 1° to 2°C of today's subpolar ocean. This oceanic warmth provided a local source of moisture for ice-sheet accretion on the adjacent continents. The unusually strong thermal gradient off the east coast of North America (an “interglacial” ocean alongside a “glacial” land mass) also should have directed low-pressure storms from warm southern latitudes north-ward toward the Laurentide Ice Sheet. In addition, minimal calving of ice into the North Atlantic occurred during most of the stage 5/4 transition, indicative of ice retention within the continents. Diminished summer and autumn insolation, a warm subpolar ocean, and minimal calving of ice are conducive to rapid and extensive episodes of northern hemisphere ice-sheet growth.     

Blueprints for Medieval hydroclimate

According to tree ring and other records, a series of severe droughts that lasted for decades afflicted western North America during the Medieval period resulting in a more arid climate than in subsequent centuries. A review of proxy evidence from around the world indicates that North American megadroughts were part of a global pattern of Medieval hydroclimate that was distinct from that of today. In particular, the Medieval hydroclimate was wet in northern South America, dry in mid-latitude South America, dry in eastern Africa but with strong Nile River floods and a strong Indian monsoon. This pattern is similar to that accompanying persistent North American droughts in the instrumental era. This pattern is compared to that associated with familiar climate phenomena. The best fit comes from a persistently La Niña-like tropical Pacific and the warm phase of the so-called Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. A positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) also helps to explain the Medieval hydroclimate pattern. Limited sea surface temperature reconstructions support the contention that the tropical Pacific was cold and the subtropical North Atlantic was warm, ideal conditions for North American drought. Tentative modeling results indicate that a multi-century La Niña-like state could have arisen as a coupled atmosphere–ocean response to high irradiance and weak volcanism during the Medieval period and that this could in turn have induced a persistently positive NAO state. A La Niña-like state could also induce a strengthening of the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, and hence warming of the North Atlantic Ocean, by (i) the ocean response to the positive NAO and by shifting the southern mid-latitude westerlies poleward which (ii) will increase the salt flux from the Indian Ocean into the South Atlantic and (iii) drive stronger Southern Ocean upwelling.     

Atlantic ocean heat piracy and the bipolar climate see‐saw during Heinrich and Dansgaard–Oeschger events

The millennial‐scale asynchrony of Antarctic and Greenland climate records during the last glacial period implies that the global climate system acts as a bipolar see‐saw driven by either high‐latitudinal and/or near‐equatorial sea‐surface perturbations. Based on the results of recent modelling of generic Heinrich and Dansgaard–Oeschger scenarios, we discuss the possibility that oscillations of the deep‐ocean conveyor may have been sufficient to cause this bipolar see‐saw. The bipolar climate asynchrony in our scenarios is caused by the toggle between North Atlantic heat piracy and South Atlantic counter heat piracy. Ocean circulation has an enhanced sensitivity to the northern deep‐water source as the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) cannot enter the Southern Ocean at depths shallower than the bottom of the Drake Passage. Any shoaling of the NADW can, therefore, increase the northward incursion of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), and trigger an interhemispheric climate oscillation. As hundreds of years are required to warm the respective high latitudes, the observed climate lead and lags between the two hemispheres can be explained entirely by the variability of the meridional overturning and by the corresponding change in the oceanic heat transport. Accordingly, it is entirely feasible for the global climate to work like a pendulum, which theoretically could be controlled by pushing at either of the deep‐water sources. Our model scenarios suggest that it is entirely feasible for the bipolar climate see‐saw to be controlled solely by variations in NADW formation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamics of sea-ice biogeochemistry in the coastal Antarctica during transition from summer to winter

The seasonality of carbon dioxide partial pressure(pCO_2).air-sea CO_2 fluxes and associated environmental parameters were investigated in the Antarctic coastal waters.The in-situ survey was carried out from the austral summer till the onset of winter[January 2012,February 2010 and March 2009) in the Enderby Basin.Rapid decrease in pCO_2 was evident under the sea-ice cover in January,when both water column and sea-ice algal activity resulted in the removal of nutrients and dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC) and increase in pH.The major highlight of this study is the shift in the dominant biogeochemical factors from summer to early winter.Nutrient limitation(low Si/N),sea-ice cover,low photosynthetically active radiation(PAR),deep mixed layer and high upwelling velocity contributed towards higher pCO_2during March(early winter).CO_2 fluxes suggest that the Enderby Basin acts as a strong CO_2 sink during January(-81 mmol m~2 d~(-1)),however it acts as a weak sink of CO_2 with-2.4 and-1.7 mmol m~(-2) d~(-1)during February and March,respectively.The present work,concludes that sea ice plays a dual role towards climate change,by decreasing sea surface PCO_2 in summer and enhancing in early winter.Our observations emphasize the need to address seasonal sea-ice driven CO_2 flux dynamics in assessing Antarctic contributions to the global oceanic CO_2 budget.     

南极海冰与气候

在极区,海冰的形成在海洋上部和大气下部之间构成了新的交界面,改变了大洋表面的辐射平衡和能量平衡,隔离了海洋与大气之间的热交换和水汽交换;海冰冻融过程影响着大洋温、盐流的形成和强度;海冰对南大洋和南极大陆气象、气候有重要的影响,在气候环境系统中起着重要的作用。南极海冰作用区约占南半球雪冰作用区面积的58%,约占地球表面积的3.58%。其中,一年生海冰约占南极海冰区分布面积的83%;其分布面积从夏末2月份最小时的3×106 km2左右,到9月份冬末最大时的18×106 km2左右,一年中季节变化幅度可达15×106 km2,季节变化率>500%。海冰分布区域的年际变化较大。南极海冰区是影响季节和年际全球气候环境变化的重要区域。当前,国际南极海冰与气候研究的核心问题是海冰物理过程和在海冰区的海洋—大气相互作用。结合目前承担的研究课题,对国际南极海冰与气候研究的前沿动态和相关的国际计划进行了综述。     

Sensitivity of the Northern Hemisphere climate system to extreme changes in Holocene Arctic sea ice

The extent of seasonal and perennial sea ice changed dramatically through the Late Quaternary and these changes influenced both the ocean and atmosphere by controlling the exchange of energy, moisture and gases between them, and by altering the planetary albedo. Reconstructing the changing patterns of sea ice distribution in the recent past remains one of the outstanding challenges to the paleo-community. To evaluate the importance of these reconstructions we performed sensitivity tests using NCAR's Community Climate Model (CCM3), and a series of prescribed sea ice extents designed to capture the full range of Arctic sea ice variability under interglacial (Holocene) and full glacial (Last Glacial Maximum) boundary conditions. Our simulations indicate that surface temperatures and sea level pressures in winter (DJF) are most sensitive to changes in sea ice, and that these changes are propagated over the surrounding land masses in the North Atlantic, but that equivalent changes in sea ice produce smaller corresponding changes in temperature or sea level pressure in the North Pacific region. A comparison between CLIMAP (Map Chart Series MC-36, Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, 1981) and a more realistic assessment of LGM sea ice yields dramatic changes in winter temperatures and precipitation patterns across Eurasia. These differences, forced only by changed sea ice conditions, reinforce the need to develop accurate maps of past sea ice to correctly simulate Late Quaternary environments. Such reconstructions also will be essential to validate the next generation of sea ice models.