华北晚古生代层序地层模式及其演化

华北晚古生代沉积建造是在陆表海环境向大陆环境演化的背景下形成的,其层序地层模式包括陆表海型、过渡型和湖泊型等3类。陆表海型层序的底界面为IP型,顶界面为IP型和I型层序界面,层序内由海侵体系域和高位体系域构成;过渡型层序的底、顶界面均为I型层序界面,层序由陆表海低位体系域、海浸体系域及高位体系域构成,陆表海低位体系域以发育席状砂体为特征;湖泊型层序的顶、底界面亦为I型层序界面,层序由低位体系域,水进体系域和高位体系域构成。该沉积建造的形成经历了上述3种模式5个阶段的演化,这5个阶段是盆地的形成、发展、鼎盛、萎缩和转化阶段,分别对应于DS₁~DS₅这5个沉积层序。      

塔里木盆地塔河地区石炭系卡拉沙依组层序格架内沉积模式北大核心CSCD

近些年来,塔里木盆地塔河地区石炭系卡拉沙依组碎屑岩的油气勘探取得了丰硕成果。依据全球海平面变化,结合钻井和地震资料,本文划分了塔河地区石炭系卡拉沙依组层序,并提出其层序格架内的三种体系域沉积模式。塔河地区石炭系卡拉沙依组碎屑岩地层处于一个二级层序之内,其内部砂泥岩段被划分为5个三级层序。本文总结了每个层序界面、层序的内部特征及层序发育的控制因素,提出了塔河地区石炭系卡拉沙依组三级层序内的低位、海侵和高位3种体系域沉积模式,并分析了其内部沉积特征。塔河地区石炭系卡拉沙依组碎屑岩地层沉积物源为塔北剥蚀区,主要发育辫状河三角洲-陆棚沉积体系,其中上泥岩段整体主要发育浅海陆棚沉积,砂泥岩段(SQC1-2k^(5)—SQC1-2k^(1))海侵体系域主要发育退积型前三角洲,高位体系域主要发育进积型辫状河三角洲平原-三角洲前缘-前三角洲;低位体系域发育期主要作用于前一个三级层序的高位体系域,为三级层序界面形成期。构造运动、海平面升降、物源供给及古气候是塔河地区石炭系卡拉沙依组三级层序及其内部体系域发育的主要控制因素。     

滇黔泥盆纪露头层序地层的初步研究

通过露头层序地层学研究,滇黔泥盆系中可识别出三个Ⅰ类和二个Ⅱ类层序界面,以及三个Ⅰ类和一个Ⅱ类层序:洛霍柯夫—布拉克期为碎屑岩Ⅰ类层序,由低水位、海侵和高水位三个体系域构成层序;爱姆新—爱菲尔期为碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩Ⅱ类层序,由陆棚边缘、海侵和高水位三个体系域构成层序;吉维特早期和吉维特晚期—法门期为两个相似的碳酸盐岩为主的Ⅰ类层序,都由低水位、海侵和高水位三个体系域构成层序。由沉积体系域演化作出的泥盆纪海平面变化曲线,不同于威尔的全球泥盆纪海平面变化Ⅱ级旋回,表明滇黔地区泥盆纪海水进退和上升、下降受局部构造控制。     

北塔里木地区下寒武统肖尔布拉克组层序地层发育特征及其影响因素探讨

塔里木盆地下古生界碳酸盐岩是深层油气勘探的重点领域。利用野外露头、钻测井、地球化学及地震资料,对北塔里木地区肖尔布拉克组碳酸盐缓坡沉积进行了层序特征分析,探讨储层分布规律及层序发育影响因素。结果表明：北塔里木肖尔布拉克组可划分为2个三级层序(SQ1,SQ2),2个层序均发育海侵体系域及高位体系域,低位体系域不发育,海侵体系域远薄于高位体系域。每个层序内由巴楚-塔中向塔北依次发育内缓坡-中缓坡-外缓坡沉积,海侵期内-中缓坡发育藻席、潮坪沉积,外缓坡发育灰泥丘。高位期内缓坡发育潮坪、泻湖及颗粒滩,中缓坡发育微生物丘滩体,外缓坡发育灰泥沉积。据此建立了北塔里木肖尔布拉克组碳酸盐缓坡层序发育模式。有利储集体主要发育在海侵期内-中缓坡藻席,高位期内缓坡颗粒滩及中缓坡微生物丘-滩体中,高位期海平面持续下降使内-中缓坡浅水区潮坪相白云岩受大气淡水溶蚀作用,可形成溶蚀孔洞型储层。层序发育受古构造、古地貌、海平面变化、古纬度及古气候共同影响。     

华北地区下古生界沉积相和层序地层分析

运用沉积学和层序地层学研究方法，结合生物地层学，在古地理格局演化和海平面变化分析的基础上，对华北地区下古生界进行沉积相划分和层序地层研究，将下古生界划分为两个超层序和１２个三级层序．各层序主要或基本由海侵体系域及高水位体系域组成．两个超层序最底部的层序为Ⅰ型层序，其顶底界面为Ⅰ类层序界面（ＳＢ１），其余的层序均为Ⅱ型层序，其顶底界面为Ⅱ类层序界面（ＳＢ２）边界     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘晚石炭世沉积体系与高频层序旋回--以呼鲁斯太剖面例析

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘呼鲁斯太剖面上石炭统包括靖远组、羊虎沟组和太原组,发育有堡岛、堡岛—台地和潮控三角洲三种沉积体系,自下而上可以划分出１６ 个海进－ 海退层序旋回,每个层序旋回的时限为１ ．１ ～３ ．３ Ｍａ ,平均１ ．９ Ｍａ ,相当于四级相对海平面变化旋回,属高频层序旋回。每个层序由海侵体系域和早期高位体系域、晚期高位体系域组成,偶发育有强制海退体系域。晚石炭世早期海侵来自祁连海,太原晚期,祁连海与华北连通。研究区古海平面变化表现为先慢速后快速海侵和快速海退,少数为正常海退,并由此建立了古海岸平原的层序地层模式。     

渝东南地区五峰-龙马溪组层序地层特征及地质意义

在野外露头观察与实测的基础上,将钻井、录井及实测资料相结合,运用沉积学与层序地层学相关理论方法,对渝东南地区五峰-龙马溪组沉积特征和层序充填特征进行深入研究,并探索油气地质意义。五峰-龙马溪组页岩野外沉积特征明显,识别度高,厚度60~130 m,下部为硅质页岩,向上砂质含量逐渐增加,岩性过渡为泥质粉砂岩。通过测井曲线特征、岩性、沉积构造响应及海平面升降,可将五峰-龙马溪组划分为4个三级层序,海侵体系域和高位体系域对称发育,横向上连续性较好,纵向上特征明显;Sq1海侵体系域在研究区内广泛发育,沉积一套硅质页岩,Sq2上部开始发育高位体系域沉积,对应为泥质粉砂岩沉积,Sq3下部发育海侵体系域泥岩沉积,Sq4以高位体系域为主,发育泥质陆棚相炭质页岩沉积。五峰-龙马溪组在整个层序充填过程中受到构造运动和海平面升降的控制,物源主要来自东南缘雪峰古隆起,早期的火山热事件为页岩中大范围硅化现象提供硅质来源的同时,为该时期浮游生物提供了生存条件,促进了五峰-龙马溪组页岩中有机质的发育,为页岩气富集成藏提供了充足的气源。      

塔里木盆地柯巴麦地区寒武纪层序模式及意义

以层序地层学理论为指导,据全球海平面变化,结合钻井、野外露头及地震资料,将柯坪-巴楚-麦盖提斜坡地区寒武系碳酸盐岩划分为3个二级层序,24个三级层序。总结每个层序界面及层序内部特征,建立柯巴麦寒武系层序地层格架,揭示层序内体系域构成特征。提出柯巴麦地区寒武系碳酸盐岩发育3种层序模式—低位、海侵与高位模式,分析其控制因素。将寒武系沉积模式归纳为2种：碎屑岩沉积模式和碳酸盐台地-蒸发台地沉积模式,为塔西南地区进一步油气勘探提供新思路。     

华北地区下古生界沉相和层序地层分析

运用沉积学和层序地层学研究方法，结合生物地怪学，在古地理格局演化和海平面变化分析的基础上，对华北地区下古生界进行沉积相划分层序地层研究，将下古生界划分为两个超层序和１２个三级层序，各层序主要或基本由海侵体系域及高水位体系域组成，两个超层序最底中的序为Ｉ型层序，其顶底界面为Ｉ类层序界面（ＳＢ１），其余的层序均为型层序，其顶底面为Ⅱ类层序界面（ＳＢ２）边界。     

塔里木盆地草湖凹陷石炭系层序地层与海平面变化

根据测井和钻井资料，草湖凹陷下石炭统可划分为2个二级层序和6个三级层序。层序类型全部为Ⅱ型，且仅发育海侵体系域和高水位体系域，缺失陆棚边缘体系域。沉积环境属于滨-浅海沉积，岩相表现为海相碳酸盐岩和陆源碎屑岩混积。本区在早石炭世有2次二级海平面变化和6次三级海平面变化。分析认为二级海平面变化在区域上或全球范围内基本可以对比，但是三级海平面变化却比较复杂。     

华北石炭二叠纪层序地层学研究的特点

本文从华北晚古生代受限陆表海的性质与特点入手，讨论了将层序地层学理论应用于含煤建造研究中的特点：①华北晚古生代含煤建造中存在着一种特殊的Ⅰ型层序界面（Ｉｐ型），这是在陆表海这一特定背景之下由相对海平面下降形成的，其上缺失低水位体系域；②华北陆表海盆内没有标准的凝缩层，但快速海平面上升期间形成的灰岩和硅质岩具有凝缩层的意义与作用，能够起到大区域对比地层和划分海侵体系域与高水位体系域的作用，③沉积建造内有４种类型的准层序，即底部型准层序、台地堡岛复合型准层序、碎屑滨岸型准层序和河流湖泊型准层序，它们在时间和空间上的分布具有一定的规律性；④露头层序地层学是研究华北晚古生代沉积建造的有效方法。     

Sequence stratigraphy in a mixed carbonate-silicilastic depositional system (Middle Miocene; Styrian Basin,Austria)

The mixed carbonate-siliciclastic Weißenegg (Allo-) Formation records three depositional sequences corresponding approximately to the TB 2.3, TB 2.4 and TB 2.5 global cycles. Sea-level fluctuations were of the order of at least 30 m. Siliciclastic lowstand systems tracts comprise lignite deposits, reworked basement and tidal siltstones (above a tectonically enhanced sequence boundary) as well as coastal sand bars. Coastal sands of the transgressive systems tract contain distinct layers of well cemented nodules. They are interpreted as the first stage in hardground formation and record superimposed minor sea-level fluctuations. Coral patch reefs and rhodolith platforms developed during transgressive phases and were subsequently drowned and/or suffocated by siliciclastics during early highstand. Shallowing upwards siliciclastic parasequences, each terminated by a bank of rhodolith limestone, form the (late) highstand systems tract. The limestone beds record superimposed fourth-order transgressive pulses. Occasionally a carbonate highstand wedge developed. Lowstand carbonate shedding occurred where the top of a platform which suffered incipient drowning during highstand was near sealevel again during the following lowstand. Late highstand delta progradation is common.     

Facies and sequence stratigraphic analysis in an intracratonic, thermal-relaxation basin: the Early Proterozoic, Lower Quilalar Formation and Ballara Quartzite, Mount Isa Inlier, Australia

The Quilalar Formation and correlative Mary Kathleen Group in the Mount Isa Inlier, Australia, conformably overlie rift-related volcanics and sediments and non-conformably overlie basement rocks. They represent a thermal-relaxation phase of sedimentation between 1780 and 1740 Ma. Facies analysis of the lower siliciclastic member of the Quilalar Formation and the coeval Ballara Quartzite permits discrimination of depositional systems that were restricted areally to either N-S-trending marginal platform or central trough palaeogeographic settings. Four depositional systems, each consisting of several facies, are represented in the lower Quilalar Formation-Ballara Quartzite; these are categorized broadly as storm-dominated shelf (SDS), continental (C), tide-dominated shelf (TDS) and wave-dominated shoreline (WDS). SDS facies consist either of black pyritic mudstone intervals up to 10 m thick, or mudstone and sandstone associated in 6–12-m-thick, coarsening-upward parasequences. Black mudstones are interpreted as condensed sections that developed as a result of slow sedimentation in an outer-shelf setting starved of siliciclastic influx. Vertical transition of facies in parasequences reflects flooding followed by shoaling of different shelf subenvironments; the shoreface contains evidence of subaerial exposure. Continental facies consist of fining-upward parasequences of fluvial origin and tabular, 0·4–4-m-thick, aeolian parasequences. TDS facies are represented by stacked, tabular parasequences between 0·5 and 5 m thick. Vertical arrangement of facies in parasequences reflects flooding and establishment of a tidal shelf followed by shoaling to intertidal conditions. WDS facies are preserved in 0·5–3-m-thick, stacked, tabular parasequences. Vertical transition of facies reflects initial flooding with wave reworking of underlying arenites along a ravinement surface, followed by shoaling from lower shoreface to foreshore conditions. Parasequences are stacked in retrogradational and progradational parasequence sets. Retrogradational sets consist of thin SDS parasequences in the trough, and C, TDS and probably WDS parasequences on the platforms. Thick SDS parasequences in the trough, and TDS, subordinate C and probably WDS parasequences on the platforms make up progradational parasequence sets. Depositional systems are associated in systems tracts that make up 40–140-m-thick sequences bounded by type-2 sequence boundaries that are disconformities. Transgressive systems tracts consist of C, TDS and probably WDS depositional systems on the platforms and the SDS depositional system and suspension mudstone deposits in the trough. The transgressive systems tract is characterized by retrogradational parasequence sets and developed in response to accelerating rates of sea-level rise following lowstand. Condensed-section deposits in the trough, and the thickest TDS parasequences on the platforms reflect maximum rates of sea-level rise and define maximum flooding surfaces. Highstand systems tract deposits are progradational. Early highstand systems tracts are represented by TDS and probably WDS depositional systems on the platforms and suspension mudstone deposits in the trough and reflect decreasing rates of sea-level rise. Later highstand systems tracts consist of the progradational SDS depositional system in the trough and, possibly, thin continental facies on the platforms. This stage of sequence development is related to slow rates of sea-level rise, stillstand and slow rates of fall. Lowstand deposits of shelf-margin systems tracts are not recognized but may be represented by shoreface deposits at the top of progradational SDS parasequence sets.     

Eustatically-controlled sedimentation in the Hettangian-Sinemurian (Early Jurassic) of Poland and Sweden

In earliest Jurassic times, terrigenous, continental and marginal marine deposition occurred in a large epeiric basin along the Tornquist Line in Europe. Detailed sedimentological studies allow recognition of palaeoenvironmental fluctuations in space and time. The main earliest Jurassic transgressions occurred in the early Hettangian, early Sinemurian, mid-Sinemurian and latest Sinemurian and formed bounding discontinuities (transgressive surfaces) of considerable correlative significance. There is a step-wise trend of increasing marine extension and influence during the early Hettangian, early Sinemurian, mid-Sinemurian and latest Sinemurian-earliest Pliensbachian transgressions. Four sequences, four transgressive systems tracts, three highstand systems tracts and three levels regarded as equivalents of maximum flooding surfaces are distinguished. In the case of type 2 sequences, when incised valley-fill deposits are not developed and regional erosion is less common, it may be rather difficult to define the sequence boundaries, which are often concealed within the amalgamated fluvial deposits occurring in the neighbouring parts of two adjacent sequences (fluvial/deltaic sediments terminate the highstand systems tracts and in this setting the transgressive systems tracts start with continental deposits prior to the transgressive surfaces). Generally, an exact correlation can be achieved between the sequence stratigraphy of the northeast and northwest European Lower Jurassic and the eustatic curve proposed by EPR (assuming some changes proposed by A. Hallam). The establishment of this correlation hopefully will stimulate future studies of the sequence stratigraphy of poorly dated siliciclastic deposits of marginal basins. In this setting even minor changes in sea-level may cause major changes in facies development over large areas.     

内陆表海聚煤盆地的曾想到处分析

在华北石炭二叠纪内陆表海聚煤盆地，海侵的突发性和事件性，泥炭沼泽化的广泛性和等时性，是划分其层序内部构成单元的良好界面。研究表明，华北石炭二叠纪内陆表海聚煤盆地的层序结构为“二元结构型”，即“海侵－高位”，缺少低位体系域。海侵体系域由１～２个小层序构成，而高位体系域由小层序构成。体系域恰与小层序组对应，海侵小层序组表现为弱退积－加积型，而高位体系域则表现为弱进积－加积型。小层序为高精度的岩相古地理编图单位，它为解析层序格架和煤聚积规律提供了最可靠的依据。     

前陆盆地层序地层学研究简介

前陆盆地层序地层学是将层序地层学理论应用于构造活动的前陆盆地分析的一个特例。前陆盆地三级层序成因并非受全球统一的海平面变化控制，而是与盆缘造山带区域本报特约记者运动、盆内沉积作用和相对海平面变化的联合作用有关，代表了前陆分地一个成盆期的不同发育阶段。层序界面是相对海平面下降和区域构造隆的联合作用面。在盆地演化的不对称沉降阶充填阶段，邻造山带区为低水位浊积扇沉积层序；远离造山带区，低水位体系域不发育     

黔桂泥盆纪层序地层及海平面变化的频幅、速度和相位

通过对广西六景、贵州独山和乌当泥盆系剖面层序、体系域、副层序及作用相和环境相的系统研究,识别出2种层序界面;3种海进过程和10种层序、体系域和相对海面变化.并发现,阶跃型高幅海平面变化形成的层序界面、层序、体系域、副层序和旋回层往往可在大区域追踪对比;剖面作用相、环境相分析是露头层序地层和相对海平面变化研究的基础,剖面上层序、体系域及其反映的相对海平面变化的频率、幅度、速度和相位研究对层序界面、层序、体系域、副层序和旋回层的空间延拓、等时追踪对比和驱动机制的成因解释有重要的指导、预测作用.     

The carbonate—clastic cycles of the East-Alpine Raibl group: Result of third-order sea-level fluctuations in the Carnian

The Carnian Raibl group of the Eastern Alps consists of three 50–100 m thick, alternating carbonate and clastic third-order cycles, each of which can be traced for hundreds of kilometers. Tectono-eustatic sea-level fluctuations of a few tens of metres, spanning a few millions of years, are the driving mechanism of this cyclicity. The carbonate intervals represent restricted marginal marine, tidal and evaporitic environments. The clastic intervals represent inner and outer shelf facies, and are related to the fluviatile “Schilfsandstein” of the Germanic facies belt. In the Raibl group, contrary to other carbonate/clastic depositional settings, relative sea-level lowstands are dominated by carbonate production, and highstands are dominated by clastic deposition.

Each of the three Raibl cycles corresponds to a type-2 sequence, containing shelf margin, transgressive and highstand systems tracts. During sea-level lowstands, deltaic point sources were near the shelf margin, allowing clastics to bypass the carbonate platform. This setting corresponds to a shelf margin systems tract. Transgressive and highstand systems tracts developed during the subsequent sea-level rise, as deltaic clastics were reworked and redistributed over the carbonate platform, and the deltas retrograded to the inner shelf. The highstand systems tracts are capped by a type 2 sequence boundary, which is conformable in the study area. The systems tracts can be further subdivided into shallowing upward subcycles, caused by fourth-order sea-level fluctuations, believed to represent Milankovitch rhythms.

The middle Raibl cycle is consistently thinner, and may represent a shorter termed, third-order sea-level fluctuation. Our data also corroborate a second-order transgressive trend for the Carnian.     

Facies and sequence stratigraphy of a Late Barremian wave-dominated deltaic deposit, Agadir Basin, Morocco

The late Barremian succession in the Agadir Basin of the Moroccan Western High Atlas represents wave-dominated deltaic deposits. The succession is represented by stacked thickening and coarsening upwards parasequences 5–15 m thick formed during fifth- or fourth-order regression and building a third-order highstand systems tract. Vertical facies transitions in parasequences reflect flooding followed by shoaling of diverse shelf environments ranging from offshore transition interbedded mudstones, siltstones and thin sandstones, lower shoreface/lower delta front hummocky bedforms to upper shoreface/upper delta front cross-bedded sandstones. The regional configuration reflects the progradation of wave-dominated deltas over an offshore setting. The maximum sea-level fall led to the development of a sequence boundary that is an unconformity. The subsequent early Aptian relative sea-level rise contributes to the development of an extensive conglomerate lagged transgressive surface of erosion. The latter and the sequence boundary are amalgamated forming a composite surface.