非连续变形分析中时间步及弹簧刚度取值研究

非连续变形分析（DDA）是一种隐式求解的动力学计算方法,且采用在块体界面加减刚硬弹簧的方式来满足块体界面无张拉和无嵌入的接触准则,其中时间步长和弹簧刚度两个物理量的取值直接影响DDA的计算结果。基于对DDA时间步和弹簧刚度在程序运行过程中的调整策略和块体接触的简化力学概念模型,研究了惯性力在DDA收敛求解中的作用过程。采用数值模拟试验对自由落体和斜面单滑块模型在3种力学状态下的相关力学问题进行了数值模拟研究,通过对自由落体运动的模拟,研究了时间步长单一因素对计算结果的影响规律,并初步确定了时间步长的合理取值区间。在此基础上,采用斜面单滑块模型,研究了时间步长和弹簧刚度对计算结果的共同影响,确定了不同时间步长条件下弹簧刚度的合理取值区间。研究成果表明,合适的时间步长和弹簧刚度的取值组合构成一个单连通参数取值域,当时间步和弹簧刚度的取值组合位于此“域”范围内时,DDA的计算结果是合理的。     

一种改进步长自调的非连续变形分析法

非连续变形分析（DDA）是一种针对块体系统变形和位移求解的数值计算方法。引入Newmark方法于结构动力学微分方程中,考虑惯性力和阻尼力作用,改进时间步长自动调节,并实现DDA求解程序;比较研究Newmark方法中的线性加速法、常加速法和平均加速法在DDA程序中计算的收敛速度,讨论块体系统动力学计算过程中DDA方法对惯性力和阻尼力的添加和删除,并提出根据计算精度要求的误差控制实现方案。将改进的DDA方法模拟一个典型的煤与瓦斯突出过程,取得了满意的计算结果,该改进算法为DDA方法处理动力学问题提供新的途径     

基于线性互补的非连续变形分析

非连续变形分析(DDA)方法是一种新的用来分析块体系统运动和变形的非连续介质数值计算方法。研究的核心工作是致力于对现有DDA接触问题处理方法的改进。DDA主要采用罚函数法和Lagrange乘子法处理接触问题,合理设定罚参数很困难,此外,因开闭迭代而引起的刚度矩阵的不连续变化也会导致收敛方面的困难。为避免引入罚参数及传统意义上的开闭迭代,用混合线性互补模型(LCDDA)对DDA方法进行了重新描述。在此基础上,综合基于非光滑分析的Newton法的局部平方收敛和最速下降法的全局线性收敛的优势,提出求解LCDDA模型的有效算法。根据上述思想及理论研究成果编制了完整的计算程序,算例计算结果证明了方法的精度及可行性。     

基于逼近阶跃函数和拉格朗日插值的改进DDA方法

针对非连续变形分析中开合迭代难以收敛的难题,基于块体接触约束状态和块体位移之间的关系,提出了基于逼近阶跃函数和拉格朗日插值的改进DDA方法。采用双曲正切函数来逼近阶跃函数,利用阶跃函数将块体接触约束状态用块体位移来表达,以此来替代开合迭代,避免了开合迭代难以收敛的难题。利用拉格朗日插值原理,推导得到只含有块体位移为未知量的块体系统势能函数,并利用变尺度法来求解总体势能函数的极值以得到块体位移。分别结合滑块模型和地下洞室模型,分析了改进DDA方法的计算精度和计算速度,验证了文中提出的改进DDA方法的正确性和稳定性。研究表明:基于逼近阶跃函数和拉格朗日插值的改进DDA方法具有较高的精度,且相比较传统DDA方法而言,具有更为稳定的和更为强健的计算收敛性。因此,基于逼近阶跃函数和拉格朗日插值的改进DDA方法是一种稳定有效的数值计算方法,为解决非连续变形中开合迭代难以收敛的问题提供了新思路。     

非连续变形分析（DDA）线性方程组的高效求解算法

非连续变形分析(DDA)方法对大规模工程问题的数值模拟耗时太长,其中线性方程组求解耗时可占总计算时间的70%以上,因此,高效的线性方程组解法是重要研究课题。首先,阐述了适用于DDA方法的基于块的行压缩法和基于试验-误差迭代格式的非0位置记录;然后,针对DDA的子矩阵技术,将块雅可比迭代法 (BJ)、预处理的块共轭梯度法 (PCG,包括Jacobi-PCG、SSOR-PCG) 引入DDA方法,重点研究了线性方程组求解过程中的关键运算;最后,通过两个洞室开挖算例,分析了各线性方程组求解算法在DDA中的计算效率。研究表明：与迭代法相比,直解法无法满足大规模工程计算需要;BJ迭代法与块超松弛迭代法(BSOR)的效率差别不大,但明显不如PCG迭代法。因此,建议采用PCG迭代法求解DDA线性方程组,特别是SSOR-PCG值得推广;如果开展并行计算研究,Jacobi-PCG是较好的选择,当刚度矩阵惯性优势明显时,BJ迭代法同样有效。     

混合多位移模式的非连续变形分析法研究

传统的非连续变形分析法（DDA）法采用简单的线性位移模式计算效率高,描述大块体的高阶多项式位移模式在一定程度保留了该特点,并提高了计算精度。近年来流行的耦合有限元、自然单元的DDA法实质上是引入相应的插值形函数构成块体位移函数,计算相对低效,但具有计算更精细、更容易施加边界条件等优点。为结合传统DDA法与DDA耦合法各自的优点,建立了一种同时利用传统DDA法线性位移模式与耦合型DDA法非线性位移模式的混合法。该方法非线性模式主要针对大块体,采用了自然单元插值,缘于其具有一定无网格特征,且效率比有限元高。建立了混合模式下的整体矩阵并推导出接触等因素刚度子矩阵和荷载子向量的具体表达式。该方法建模更加方便合理,计算精度、效率介于线性模式的传统DDA法和非线性位移模式的耦合法之间。通过基本算例验证了混合法的有效性,并给出了节理围岩-隧道衬砌整体分析模型的计算结果,体现了新方法的优越性。     

非连续变形分析中块体大转动问题研究

原有非连续变形分析（DDA）采用一阶近似后的位移增量表达式更新块体构形,推导相关子矩阵,且对不同时步计算出的应变增量直接叠加,当模拟的块体发生大转动时往往会产生较大误差。为考虑块体转动与变形的耦合作用,引入先变形、后转动的块体位移增量表达式。重新推导了惯性力子矩阵,将块体转动时的离心力与科氏力加到荷载矩阵中。计算时对应变分量及其相关变量进行坐标变换与修正,并采用新引入的位移增量表达式计算块体顶点位移,进行后接触修正与更新块体构形。数值算例表明,改进后的程序能够消除转动带来的误差,自动考虑了块体转动时离心力和科氏力引起的变形,应变计算精度更高。改进方法克服了块体体积自由膨胀、应变场畸变等问题,给出了合理的块体应变。     

基于OpenMP的非连续变形分析并行计算方法

非连续变形分析（DDA）方法严格满足平衡要求和能量守恒,具有完全的运动学及数值可靠性,但对大规模岩土工程问题的数值模拟耗时太长,尤其是线性方程组求解,并行计算可以很好地解决该问题。首先基于DDA方法的基本理论,阐述了适用于DDA方法中的基于块的行压缩法和基于“试验-误差”迭代格式的非零位置记录;其次,引入块雅可比迭代法并行求解DDA方法的线性方程组,并改进了相应的非零存储方法;最后,基于OpenMP实现了DDA线性方程组求解并行计算,并将其应用于地下洞室群的破坏过程分析,以加速比为并行效率的指标评价,结果表明,该并行计算策略可以极大提高DDA的计算效率,而且适合各种规模的问题。     

数值流形方法框架下散体系统与连续介质共同作用模拟

数值流形方法是包含流形元、有限元及DDA在内的数值方法体系,建立流形元与DDA块体的接触方程,则可实现流形方法框架下的连续介质和散体系统共同作用模拟。针对填石路堤工程,编制了大型数值计算程序,采用块体随机生成、块体粒径控制及块体自然堆积的方法建立散体系统的DDA模型,对路堤的分层铺设、碾压及工后沉降变形等进行模拟分析。通过算例表明,在数值流形方法框架下,采用流形元与DDA共同作用的方法,可以很好地对同时存在连续变形和散体大变形的体系进行计算分析,其对该类问题的模拟更接近分析对象的实际情况,有助于从根本上揭示分析对象变形的细观机制和规律,并能考察更多因素对工程问题的影响。     

基于EBE方法的三维有限元并行计算

在水利工程中,施工过程的模拟、动力的时域分析、开裂计算等,都对大规模并行计算提出了迫切的需求。然而,基于高斯消去的有限元直接解法,通常会占用大量的内存,并花费大量的CPU时间。而水利工程中的问题多为大带宽问题,这些问题更为突出。基于EBE-PCG方法的有限元方法,可以避免形成整体刚度矩阵,进而,显著减少内存的需求。而且,这种方法可以有效地并行实现,为大规模数值计算提供了可能。采用基于EBE策略的Jacobi预处理共轭梯度法,编制了有限元计算程序,并成功应用于溪洛渡、锦屏等工程的大规模数值分析。结果表明,对水利工程中的大带宽问题,该方法是一种很有效的并行计算方法。     

Investigation of highly efficient algorithms for solving linear equations in the discontinuous deformation analysis method

Large‐scale engineering computing using the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) method is time‐consuming, which hinders the application of the DDA method. The simulation result of a typical numerical example indicates that the linear equation solver is a key factor that affects the efficiency of the DDA method. In this paper, highly efficient algorithms for solving linear equations are investigated, and two modifications of the DDA programme are presented. The first modification is a linear equation solver with high efficiency. The block Jacobi (BJ) iterative method and the block conjugate gradient with Jacobi pre‐processing (Jacobi‐PCG) iterative method are introduced, and the key operations are detailed, including the matrix‐vector product and the diagonal matrix inversion. Another modification consists of a parallel linear equation solver, which is separately constructed based on the multi‐thread and CPU‐GPU heterogeneous platforms with OpenMP and CUDA, respectively. The simulation results from several numerical examples using the modified DDA programme demonstrate that the Jacobi‐PCG is a better iterative method for large‐scale engineering computing and that adoptive parallel strategies can greatly enhance computational efficiency. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Discontinuous deformation analysis based on the multiplicative decomposition of the displacement

Updating the block configuration on the basis of additive decomposition and its linearized expression of the displacement increment leads to the low calculation accuracy of the original discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) and false volume expansion. In this study, the displacement expressions of a small deformation, a large rotation, and the corresponding velocity and acceleration terms on the basis of the initial configuration are presented using multiplicative decomposition. With the use of the principle of virtual work, the stiffness matrix, mass matrix, and force vector of blocks are obtained. Compared with the original DDA, each of the block deformation parameters has obvious physical meaning as a parameter of mechanics, which can be obtained by adding the incremental deformation components of each time step directly without co-ordinate transformation. Moreover, the proposed modification automatically considers the block deformation produced by centrifugal and Coriolis forces. The analysis of some typical numerical examples have verified the accuracy of the strain and stress calculated by the proposed method, and the current configuration is updated by the total displacements, which completely overcomes the false volume expansion and provides reasonable linear strains.     

New point-to-face contact algorithm for 3-D contact problems using the augmented Lagrangian method in 3-D DDA

This paper presents a new point-to-face contact algorithm for contacts between two polyhedrons with planar boundaries. A new discrete numerical method called three-dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis (3-D DDA) is used and formulations of normal contact submatrices based on the proposed algorithm are derived. The presented algorithm is a simple and efficient method and it can be easily coded into a computer program. This approach does not need to use an iterative algorithm in each time step to obtain the contact plane, unlike the ‘Common-Plane’ method applied in the existing 3-D DDA. In the present 3-D DDA method, block contact constraints are enforced using the penalty method. This approach is quite simple, but may lead to inaccuracies that may be large for small values of the penalty number. The penalty method also creates block contact overlap, which violates the physical constraints of the problem. These limitations are overcome by using the augmented Lagrangian method that is used for normal contacts in this research. This point-to-face contact model has been programmed and some illustrative examples are provided to demonstrate the new contact rule between two blocks. A comparison between results obtained by using the augmented Lagrangian method and the penalty method is presented as well.     

Nodal-based three-dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis (3-D DDA)

This paper presents a new numerical model that can add a finite element mesh into each block of the three-dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis (3-D DDA), originally developed by Gen-hua Shi. The main objectives of this research are to enhance DDA block’s deformability. Formulations of stiffness and force matrices in 3-D DDA with conventional Trilinear (8-node) and Serendipity (20-node) hexahedral isoparametric finite elements meshed block system due to elastic stress, initial stress, point load, body force, displacement constraints, inertia force, normal and shear contact forces are derived in detail for program coding. The program code for the Trilinear and Serendipity hexahedron elements have been developed, and it has been applied to some examples to show the advantages achieved when finite element is associated with 3-D DDA to handle problems under large displacements and deformations. Results calculated for the same models by use of the original 3-D DDA are far from the theoretical solutions while the results of new numerical model are quite good in agreement with theoretical solutions; however, for the Trilinear elements, more number of elements are needed.     

Boundary Element based Discontinuous Deformation Analysis

A Boundary Element based Discontinuous Deformation Analysis (BE‐DDA) method is developed by implementing the improved dual reciprocity boundary element method into the open close iterations based DDA. This newly developed BE‐DDA is capable of simulating both the deformation and movement of blocks in a blocky system. Based on geometry updating, it adopts an incremental dynamic formulation taking into consideration initial stresses and dealing with external concentrated and contact forces conveniently. The boundaries of each block in the discrete blocky system are discretized with boundary elements while the domain of each block is divided into internal cells only for the integration of the domain integral of the initial stress term. The contact forces among blocks are treated as concentrated forces and the open–close iterations are applied to ensure the computational accuracy of block interactions. In the current method, an implicit time integration scheme is adopted for numerical stability. Three examples are used to show the effectiveness of the algorithm in simulating block movement, sliding, deformation and interaction of blocks. At last, block toppling and tunnel stability examples are conducted to demonstrate that the BE‐DDA is applicable for simulation of blocky systems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.