抚顺南部早前寒武纪变质杂岩的地质事件序列

抚顺南部早前寒武纪变质杂岩是华北克拉通北缘辽北-吉南早前寒武纪变质地块的一个重要组成部分,主要由浑南群石棚子组角闪岩相变质火山岩、火山碎屑岩及相伴生的沉积岩等表壳岩系和侵位于其中的石英闪长质片麻岩、英云闪长质-奥长花岗质-花岗闪长质(TTG)片麻岩和花岗闪长岩-二长花岗岩-钾长花岗岩岩石组合组成。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素分析结果显示,侵位于表壳岩中的石英闪长质片麻岩样品12LN39-3的岩浆结晶年龄为2571±7Ma,指示存在老于该年龄的表壳岩系。英云闪长质片麻岩样品12LN04-1和奥长花岗质片麻岩样品13LB49-3的岩浆结晶年龄分别为2544±4Ma和2550±10Ma,记录了一期重要的英云闪长质-奥长花岗质片麻岩侵位事件。斜长角闪岩(样品12LN25-2)的岩浆结晶的最小年龄为2530±5Ma,指示另一火山喷发阶段。晚期钾长花岗岩样品12LN01-1和奥长花岗质片麻岩样品12LN27-1分别侵位于2522±4Ma和2518±23Ma,说明它们的岩浆作用发生于同一时期。而采自于晚期未变形侵入体的石英闪长岩样品12LN30-2的岩浆结晶年龄为2496±18Ma,与上述表壳岩和深成侵入体的主要变质作用(2510~2470Ma)同期发生。这些年代学结果表明,抚顺南部地区新太古代大规模的铁镁质火山喷发作用在大于2571±7Ma已经发生,紧接着2571±7Ma发生石英闪长质岩浆侵位,在2550±10Ma~2544±4Ma之间发生英云闪长质-奥长花岗质岩浆侵位。接下来铁镁质火山再度喷发(~2530±5Ma),随后为钾长花岗岩和奥长花岗质岩浆的侵位(2522±4Ma~2518±23Ma)。晚期为角闪岩相变质作用时期(2510~2470Ma),伴随一定规模的石英闪长岩侵位。     

黄陵花岗岩基英云闪长岩的黑云母和角闪石40Ar-39Ar年龄及其冷却曲线

对黄陵花岗岩基英云闪长岩的黑云母、角闪石单矿物进行阶段加热法~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar定年,获得黑云母和角闪石坪年龄分别为837.3±4.2～838.7±4.0Ma和844.0±4.2Ma,属于晋宁运动晚期事件。结合黄陵花岗岩基已有的年龄资料作出英云闪长岩的冷却曲线,显示英云闪长岩经历了850Ma～800Ma的一个岩浆活动时期,并在840Ma～830Ma之间存在一个快速冷却的过程,指示当时处于一种伸展的构造背景下,这一事件可能与位于华南的约825Ma的地幔柱上隆导致的Rodinia超级大陆的裂解事件相互响应,之后岩体经历了一个长期的演化过程,到≈800Ma该期岩浆活动基本结束。     

阿尔金山阿克塔什塔格早前寒武纪岩浆活动的年代学证据

在阿尔金山阿克塔什塔格曾测得3605±43 Ma的单颗粒锆石U-Pb年龄数据,获得了古老地壳存在的同位素年代学信息.近年来根据野外的实际资料,建立了早前寒武纪岩浆活动的相对序列,这些热事件序列可分为早期花岗岩和二长花岗岩侵入体、英云闪长岩侵入体(赋存有斜长角闪岩的包体)、奥长花岗岩、基性岩墙群和石英二长岩脉等.目前除斜长角闪岩包体和基性岩墙群尚未获得同位素年龄外,其他各期侵入体均已获得单颗粒锆石U-Pb测年数据.在野外建立热事件相对序列的基础上,通过单颗粒锆石U-Pb法测年和Sm-Nd同位素示踪研究,初步建立了该区早前寒武纪岩浆活动的年代格架:石英二长岩(脉):1825±23 Ma,TDM=2920 Ma;奥长花岗(片麻)岩:2374±10 Ma,TDM=3460 Ma;英云闪长(片麻)岩:2604±102 Ma,TDM=3063 Ma;二长花岗(片麻)岩:3096±17 Ma,TDM=2978 Ma;花岗(片麻)岩:3605±43 Ma,TDM=3528 Ma.根据上述年代学和钕同位素地球化学资料,证明阿克塔什塔格是我国西部最古老的地壳出露区,在太古宙3.5～3.6Ga和3.0～3.1Ga时期各有一次造壳活动,而太古宙末约2.6Ga则表现为地壳的活化再造.阿尔金山阿克塔什塔格不仅是我国西部最老地壳出露区,也是早前寒武纪岩浆事件序列保存最完整的地区.该区早前寒武纪岩浆活动序列和年代格架的建立为探讨我国西部地区的地壳演化以及与华北、扬子早前寒武纪变质基底的对比奠定了科学基础.     

鲁西2.5~2.7Ga构造岩浆热事件:泰山黄前水库TTG侵入岩的野外地质和锆石SHRIMP定年

鲁西是华北克拉通太古宙基底典型分布区之一,存在新太古代早期到晚期长期连续的地质演化的记录。在泰山地区黄前水库北侧,我们对相互关系十分清楚的不同类型和时代TTG岩浆岩进行了详细野外地质观察和锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年。早期片麻状英云闪长岩为望府山杂岩的一部分,具有深熔特征,岩浆锆石和变质锆石年龄分别为2695±7 Ma和2630±10 Ma。早期片麻状英云闪长岩被奥长花岗岩脉切割,后者的两组锆石年龄分别为2626±8 Ma和2689±12 Ma,分别代表了其形成时代和捕获锆石年龄。之后,它们又被晚期弱片麻状英云闪长岩(线峪岩体)侵入,其岩浆锆石年龄为2547±7 Ma,存在2.6~2.7 Ga捕获锆石。这些不同时代岩浆岩的形成过程是鲁西地区新太古代地质演化的一个缩影。     

甘肃敦煌水峡口地区前寒武纪岩石的锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素组成及其地质意义

敦煌杂岩位于塔里木克拉通的东部,探寻和研究其中的早前寒武纪地质体对于探讨敦煌地块早前寒武纪地壳的形成和演化及其构造归属等问题具有重要的意义.甘肃敦煌水峡口地区的敦煌杂岩主要由英云闪长质片麻岩、花岗闪长质片麻岩以及表壳岩石组成.利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年方法测得水峡口英云闪长片麻岩和花岗片麻岩原岩的形成年龄分别为2561±16Ma和2510±22Ma,确证了在敦煌杂岩中存在太古宙岩石.此外,还获得斜长角闪岩的变质年龄为1806±14Ma,推测其原岩岩浆可能来自古老岩石圈地幔的部分熔融.根据已有的资料提出在古元古代晚期(1.80 ～ 1.85Ga)敦煌杂岩经历了一期较广泛的变质作用.锆石Hf同位素显示～2.5Ga的岩石年龄在敦煌地块代表新太古代晚期重要地壳生长时期,而～1.8Ga的构造-热事件则是以古老地壳物质循环再造为主.这些资料显示敦煌地块和华北克拉通在早前寒武纪经历了类似的地壳形成和演化过程,且共同记录了全球性的Columbia碰撞造山事件信息.     

阿拉善变质基底中的早二叠世岩浆热事件——来自同位素年代学的证据

在阿拉善变质基底中发现了大量的早二叠世的弱变形花岗岩类。采自阿拉善东部的闪长质片麻岩(AL0705-1)、含石榴英云闪长质片麻岩(AL0709-1)、英云闪长岩(AL0718-1)、条痕状黑云斜长片麻岩(AL0822-1)和片麻状花岗岩(AL0822-3)的锆石U-Pb年龄分别为270±1.6Ma、276±1.8Ma、269±2.4Ma、276±2.4Ma和287±2.5Ma。采自阿拉善变质基底西部的花岗闪长质片麻岩(AL0805-1)、闪长质片麻岩(AL0805-4)、粗粒花岗闪长质片麻岩(AL0810-1)和中粒闪长质片麻岩(AL0810-2)的锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年龄分别为284±3Ma、289±3Ma、276±2Ma和279±2Ma。尽管早二叠世花岗岩的岩石类型和化学成分不同,但它们都形成于269～289Ma一个较短的时间范围,属于同一期岩浆热事件的产物。早二叠世花岗岩的形成年龄与基底变质岩中角闪石39Ar-40Ar的坪年龄277～288Ma近于一致,表明这期岩浆热事件对基底变质岩石产生了改造,使角闪石等变质矿物的Ar-Ar同位素体系发生了重置。在阿拉善变质基底中大量早二叠世花岗岩类侵入体的发现表明,阿拉善变质基底在古生代晚期受到中亚造山带碰撞造山作用的强烈影响和改造。     

晋南中条山古元古代花岗岩的锆石U—Pb年龄

用单颗粒锆石U-Pb稀释法测定了中条山古元古代花岗岩的时代,获得寨子英云闪长质片麻岩、横岭关花岗闪长质片麻岩和烟庄钾长-二长花岗质片麻岩的成岩年龄分别为2321 Ma±2Ma、2256Ma±35Ma和2297Ma±21 Ma.结合区域地质背景和地球化学资料,认为中条山地区可能存在时限为2350～2250Ma的构造-热事件.     

鲁西地区早前寒武纪地质研究新进展

近年来在鲁西地区早前寒武纪结晶基底进行锆石SHRIMP测年结果显示,泰山岩群形成年龄大约在2770～2750Ma。新太古代发生3期岩浆侵入活动,每期岩浆侵入活动开始都有地幔岩浆侵入。早期构造岩浆活动主要形成2740～2700Ma的英云闪长质片麻岩、条带状英云闪长质片麻岩;中期构造岩浆活动主要形成2650～2600Ma的TTG质花岗岩;晚期构造岩浆活动最强烈,从地幔岩浆侵入到地壳深熔形成大规模的钾质花岗岩,导致大规模陆壳的形成。古元古代早期和中元古代,有少量岩浆沿太古代刚性陆壳裂解形成的张性裂隙侵入。对鲁西地区前寒武纪侵入岩按岩性＋时代进行了重新划分,变质深成侵入体（片麻岩）按时代＋gn,依据其不同成分和不同结构构造的第一个英文大写字母进行表示,探讨了鲁西地区早前寒武纪陆壳演化历史。     

陕南汉中地区新元古代岩浆岩U-Pb年代学

用单颗粒锆石U-Pb稀释法测定了扬子地块北缘汉南地区新元古代岩浆岩的年龄,获得孙家河组火山岩成岩年龄为840～ 820Ma,汉南侵入杂岩中五堵门复式花岗岩体中英云闪长岩的结晶年龄为764Ma±2Ma,黄家营复式岩体中钾长花岗岩的结晶年龄为778Ma±5Ma,表明扬子地块北缘汉南地区岩浆岩分别形成于新元古代晋宁期和澄江期.结合这些岩浆岩的地质和地球化学特点,认为其成因可能与华南新元古代裂解事件有关.     

西南天山木扎尔特群长英质岩地球化学特征及U-Pb年龄的地学意义

西南天山南缘的木扎尔特群长英质岩原岩为英云闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、奥长花岗岩、石英二长岩.岩石地球化学特征表明:物源来自于下地壳,形成环境为大陆边缘.应用锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb定年法,在二云母二长片麻岩中获得3个年龄值.(1909±100)Ma代表片麻岩形成年龄,这是屹今为止,该地质体内发现的最古老同位素年龄;(617±30)Ma代表木扎尔特群形成后遭受第一期构造、变质和岩浆活动热事件的主体年龄,这一热事件持续约317Ma,在新疆称为塔里木运动;(281±31)Ma代表第二期构造、变质和岩浆活动热事件,与早二叠世末地壳深部调整,导致地幔热流上升,形成弥散型大陆热伸展构造有关.研究结果不仅确定了木扎尔特群可作为塔里木中央地块古元古代基底的代表,也为进一步研究塔里木盆地北缘地质演化问题提供了基础资料.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.