上扬子海南缘晚奥陶世赫南特期沉积相特征及海平面变化

晚奥陶世赫南特期经历了由冈瓦纳冰川事件引起的全球海平面下降和温度降低,以及由此引发的生物集群绝灭事件,同时又是构造-沉积的转换期。因此,该时期成为奥陶—志留纪之交重大的地质事件转折期。本文通过野外露头对上扬子海南缘五峰组观音桥段岩性组合、古生物以及沉积构造的研究发现,晚奥陶世赫南特期上扬子海南缘经历了滨岸潮坪相、浅滩和浅水陆棚相三种沉积相类型的改造。滨岸潮坪相主要为混积潮坪,呈环状分布于滇黔桂古陆周缘及黔中水下隆起。浅滩相可识别出生屑滩和砂屑滩两个微环境,主要分布于近潮坪相带的重庆秀山、贵州松桃以及贵州凤冈等地区。浅水陆棚可分为浅水陆棚下部和浅水陆棚上部两个区域,与潮坪相带相接触并向北过渡,其中浅水陆棚区上部又可划分为浅水混积陆棚和浅水碎屑陆棚两种类型。另外,通过岩性与生物碎屑的组合和分布特征,表明赫南特期至少经历了一次完整的海平面升降变化,并为研究全球海平面的变化提供了新的材料。     

渝东南-黔北地区赫南特期冰川事件的沉积响应

奥陶纪末的赫南特期爆发全球冰川事件,渝东南-黔北地区赫南特期沉积的观音桥组,从岩相、古生物组合、古环境等方面表现出该地区对赫南特期冰川事件的响应。通过对观音桥组沉积特征的分析,发现其主要分为3类:一类为颗粒灰岩,细分为泥晶生屑砂屑灰岩和亮晶鲕粒灰岩、亮晶砂屑灰岩等,含珊瑚等化石,代表了中高能量的浅滩环境;一类主要为粉砂质灰岩、粉砂质泥灰岩组合,含腕足类及三叶虫动物群,沉积环境为潮坪。这两类是近岸沉积,主要受相对海平面下降的影响。另一类为形成于浅海陆棚环境的混合岩相,包括泥灰岩与钙质泥岩组合、粉砂质泥岩与泥质粉砂岩组合及含炭泥灰岩;生物包括三叶虫、笔石及腕足等,尤其是标志性冷水型Hirnantia动物群的短暂繁盛,表明其受海水温度变凉的影响较大。潮坪靠近黔中古陆分布,局部发育浅滩,远离古陆变为浅海陆棚环境。总体上,观音桥组沉积环境比五峰组与龙马溪组黑色笔石相页岩的缺氧滞留深水陆棚环境更浅、相对海平面及水温更低,是赫南特期冰川事件直接影响的结果。     

米仓山—大巴山地区赫兰特期岩相古地理及其页岩气地质意义

上扬子地区赫兰特期发育一套含赫兰特贝和达尔曼虫化石的独特的沉积单元，其沉积环境长期以来存在争议，还缺乏更为精细的沉积相时空变化研究。本文以米仓山—大巴山地区赫兰特期地层为研究目标，通过系统资料收集，野外详细观测和室内镜下分析等手段，采用“点-线-面”的岩相古地理分析方法，重建了研究区赫兰特期岩相古地理。剖面沉积相分析表明，观音桥段发育于不同沉积环境之中，因而具有不同的岩相特征，总体上为赫兰特期海平面下降的产物，但经历了不只一次的海平面升降变化，海退过程的沉积记录相对明显，海侵记录仅在盆地边缘或水下高地边缘有所响应。复原的岩相古地理显示，该时期呈现北西高、北东和南西低，中间多个水下高地的沉积古地理格局，这种格局有利于扬子克拉通盆地内形成优质的富有机质页岩；研究区内观音桥段沉积相主要以浅海陆棚相（浅水陆棚亚相）为主，局部发育孤立台地和碳酸盐缓坡，滨海相局限于盆地西北古陆边缘。页岩气勘探开发中，区内粉砂质泥岩、碳质泥岩发育的浅海陆棚相区为页岩气优质储集层和勘探有利区，但应尽量远离物源区和水下隆起区；白云岩、泥质灰岩发育的孤立台地和碳酸盐缓坡区，压裂过程中，应选择合适层位，尽可能压穿白云岩、泥质灰岩，连通五峰组—龙马溪组含气页岩段，提高页岩气产量。     

湖南晚奥陶世凯迪晚期-赫南特期沉积相及岩相古地理

湖南晚奥陶世凯迪晚期-赫南特期沉积的地层在湘西北区为五峰组、观音桥组;湘中区为五峰组;湘南区为天马山组和苏水冲组。根据其岩性特征、沉积构造及古生物特征,将湖南地区晚奥陶世凯迪晚期-赫南特期沉积相划分为局限浅海相、潮坪相、深水盆地相、陆棚边缘-斜坡相等类型。凯迪期晚期,由于华夏陆块向扬子陆块不断挤压碰撞,黔中隆起、川中隆起等边缘古隆起面积不断增大,此时海平面相对上升,湘西北区变为被各古隆起围限的沉积了黑色碳、硅质页岩及泥灰岩的局限浅海环境,湘中地区主要为黑色碳、硅质页岩、粉砂质页岩的深水盆地环境,而湘南地区由于两陆块挤压隆升而沉积了陆棚边缘-斜坡相的砂板韵律;赫南特期随着全球冰川事件的发生,整个南方地区发生大规模海退,湘西北永顺-张家界-慈利一线以北抬升成湘鄂隆起,该线以南的湘西北区水体继续变浅,主要沉积了厚度仅十几厘米的观音桥组泥灰岩,湘中湘南地区沉积格局基本未变。     

湖南晚奥陶世凯迪晚期—赫南特期沉积相及岩相古地理

湖南晚奥陶世凯迪晚期—赫南特期沉积的地层在湘西北区为五峰组、观音桥组;湘中区为五峰组;湘南区为天马山组和苏水冲组。根据其岩性特征、沉积构造及古生物特征,将湖南地区晚奥陶世凯迪晚期—赫南特期沉积相划分为局限浅海相、潮坪相、深水盆地相、陆棚边缘—斜坡相等类型。凯迪期晚期,由于华夏陆块向扬子陆块不断挤压碰撞,黔中隆起、川中隆起等边缘古隆起面积不断增大,此时海平面相对上升,湘西北区变为被各古隆起围限的沉积了黑色碳、硅质页岩及泥灰岩的局限浅海环境,湘中地区主要为黑色碳、硅质页岩、粉砂质页岩的深水盆地环境,而湘南地区由于两陆块挤压隆升而沉积了陆棚边缘—斜坡相的砂板韵律;赫南特期随着全球冰川事件的发生,整个南方地区发生大规模海退,湘西北永顺—张家界—慈利一线以北抬升成湘鄂隆起,该线以南的湘西北区水体继续变浅,主要沉积了厚度仅十几厘米的观音桥组泥灰岩,湘中湘南地区沉积格局基本未变。     

华南奥陶纪末生物大灭绝的肇端标志——腕足动物稀少贝组合(Manosia Assemblage)及其穿时分布

奥陶纪末生物大灭绝与冈瓦纳大陆冰盖的形成与消融密切关联的认识已被广泛接受;同时,赫南特贝腕足动物群(Hirnantia Fauna)常被视作这次大灭绝的肇端标志。本文通过对扬子区-全球环境巨变的一个缩影-相关层段的腕足类的研究,改变了后一认识。上扬子区五峰组(笔石页岩相)与观音桥层(介壳相)之间,以及下扬子区新开岭层之中的"混合相地层"(既产笔石,又产介壳相生物),代表奥陶纪最晚期沉积-生物-环境发生重大变化的过渡阶段,记录了南方大陆冰盖的形成对华南各地影响的开始;只因厚度小、研究少,该段地层及其所含化石群长期未被重视。根据半个世纪积累的材料,本文系统记述了该混合相地层的优势化石腕足类稀少贝(Manosia);根据保存腕螺构造的珍贵标本,证实它是无洞贝目的成员,暂归于无洞贝科;通过识别稀少贝组合(Manosia Assemblage)的基本特征和时空分布,探讨它的群落生态、环境及其标志意义。奥陶纪末的华南板块处于一个相对孤立的古地理位置,且稀少贝幼虫的漂浮能力不强,故未能"飘洋过海"离开华南板块一步;尽管如此,东西向从滇东北到苏南,南北向从陕南到黔北,它成为一个机遇泛滥属种,遍布于整个扬子海域,栖居于深水、低能、贫氧的底域(BA4-5)。稀少贝组合的地层历程从上奥陶统凯迪阶顶部(Diceratograptus mirus亚带)到赫南特阶下部(Normalograptus extraordinarius带中下部);其短暂的历程反映全球气候和海洋环境扰动对扬子海域不同地区造成的影响之开始。这里有一个"先浅水、后深水"的穿时过程:①在上扬子区浅水海域,它仅限于凯迪末期,几乎同时迁移到较深水域并延续到赫南特初期;②侵入到下扬子深水海域则是到赫南特早期并在中期灭绝。因此,华南奥陶纪末大灭绝的起步标志不是赫南特贝动物群本身,而是稀少贝组合的出现;大灭绝的肇端并非始于赫南特初期,而是凯迪末期。同时可能也指示大陆冰盖的形成对世界其他板块不同水深海域的影响也不是等时的。赫南特早中期扬子海域生物群分布状况演变得非常复杂。奥陶纪末生物大灭绝与全球气候和海洋环境的剧变相伴发生,是显生宙唯一一次与冰川活动有密切关联的特大事件。     

扬子台地西缘奥陶纪末赫南特期地层划分对比与古地理

华南上扬子区是奥陶纪末生物大灭绝研究的经典地区之一，但由于交通等因素，该区西缘（今昆明—西昌—成都之间）赫南特期浅水相沉积的时空分布规律仍不清楚。文章通过总结近年来的调查新成果与已发表资料，系统分析了研究区赫南特期地层划分对比和古地理，并取得一些新认识。在赫南特早期，研究区以含较凉水壳相动物群（TBF 1）的泥灰岩、灰岩发育为特色，统归入观音桥组（近岸相仅包含其下部）。赫南特中期开始发生明显的相带分异：近岸一侧广泛发育一套含暖水壳相动物群（TBF 2）的生物碎屑灰岩，归于观音桥组上部，向远岸一侧相变为黑色笔石页岩（龙马溪组底部）。至赫南特晚期，近岸的少数地区（如镇雄北部）以产出暖水壳相动物群（TBF 3）的粗碎屑沉积为特色，创名尾坝组；远岸一侧与前一时期类似，以龙马溪组底部黑色页岩沉积为代表。文章还通过综合已知数据，分别对区内赫南特早—中期和晚期古地理进行高精度重建。     

滇东北镇雄北部奥陶系-志留系界线地层的新观察

针对滇东北镇雄下蒿枝湾剖面晚奥陶世至志留纪兰多维列世过渡时期的沉积地层,本文进行了系统测制和地层古生物学研究,对其地层发育和对比进行了梳理与限定,首次发现该地晚奥陶世至志留纪早期地层自下而上可依次划分为大渡河组、“五里坡层”、龙马溪组底部和“龙马溪组中部”。其中,大渡河组为一套沉积于内陆棚的泥质泥晶灰岩与钙质泥页岩,时代可与五峰组对比。“五里坡层”是一套沉积于内陆棚的钙质粉砂岩地层,向上逐渐过渡为外陆棚相的龙马溪组底部黑色笔石页岩,两者构成了Metabolograptus persculptus带中上部沉积。大渡河组与“五里坡层”呈平行不整合接触,之间缺失观音桥层及Hirnantia-Mucronaspis动物群,指示赫南特期全球性海平面下降。“龙马溪组中部”以内陆棚的砂岩为起始,其中所产腕足动物化石指示其时代为志留纪鲁丹晚期。Edgewood-Cathay动物群缺失表明龙马溪组底部与“龙马溪组中部”之间存在不整合界面,体现了黔中古陆北缘的隆升。下蒿枝湾剖面奥陶纪—志留纪过渡时期的地层发育情况完整记录了在全球和区域事件的影响下滇东北沉积相和生物群的时空分布与发育的响应过程。     

中上扬子地区晚奥陶世岩相古地理及其油气地质意义

中上扬子地区上奥陶统主要发育庙坡组、宝塔组、临湘组(涧草沟组)、五峰组和观音桥组。笔者通过对研究区野外露头及钻井剖面的考察,总结前人研究成果,利用岩石学、古生物学、生态学及室内分析等方法将其划分为潮坪相、浅海陆棚相和深水盆地相3种沉积相类型。潮坪相以沉积灰岩、白云岩、钙质粉砂岩和粉砂岩等为特征。浅海陆棚相主要沉积龟裂纹灰岩、瘤状灰岩、页岩和粉砂质页岩。深水盆地相主要岩性为黑色碳质页岩、粉砂质页岩与硅质页岩,产以营漂浮生活的笔石为主的生物组合。岩相古地理研究表明,晚奥陶世桑比-凯迪早中期,受加里东构造运动影响,华南板内碰撞挤压作用显著,汉南隆起、川中隆起、川西-滇中-黔中-雪峰隆起不断抬升扩大,中上扬子地区表现为海平面相对上升,原本镶边型碳酸盐台地被淹没,沉积了大范围的浅海陆棚相龟裂纹灰岩和瘤状灰岩。凯迪晚期-赫南特期,隆起面积继续扩大,构造围限作用加剧,中上扬子地区发育大面积黑色碳质页岩、粉砂质页岩和硅质页岩。尤其川东南宜宾-泸州,川北旺苍-南江及黔北渝东武隆道真地区五峰组黑色碳质和硅质页岩,具很好的生烃潜力,应视为下一步烃源岩及页岩气勘探开发的重点研究区域。     

川西南晚奥陶世五峰期岩相古地理

通过对川西南汉源—马边—雷波地区典型剖面上奥陶统五峰组沉积岩性特征、充填序列、沉积构造及室内分析等研究,并结合研究区晚奥陶世构造特征,将川西南地区五峰期分为2期,划分为潮坪、浅水陆棚和深水陆棚3种沉积相。指出在晚奥陶世五峰早期,受加里东构造运动影响,扬子与华夏陆块发生构造挤压碰撞,川中、黔中等边缘隆起抬升扩大,上扬子地区由克拉通海相盆地转为被隆起围限的隆后盆地,除川中隆起、川西—滇中隆起周缘沉积潮坪相白云质页岩、泥灰岩和白云质灰岩外,川西南绝大部分面积主要发育深水陆棚相炭质页岩和硅质页岩、含炭粉砂质页岩。五峰晚期,伴随着全球性冰期事件的发生,研究区乃至整个上扬子区发生大规模海退,大面积的深水陆棚相转为浅水陆棚沉积,岩性主要为粉砂质页岩、泥灰岩、钙质炭质页岩和硅质灰岩等,较前期钙质成分明显增多。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the