滇东北茂租热液型铅锌矿床矿物组合共生分异的热力学Eh—pH相图

滇东北地区广泛分布的热液型铅锌矿床具有普遍的矿物组合分带特征,研究矿床矿物组合的共生分异特征,是了解该类型矿床的成矿流体在演化过程中,成矿元素迁移和沉淀的核心问题之一,通过共生矿物的热力学Eh—pH相图可以有效的诠释成矿流体中成矿元素在迁移、沉淀过程中的物理化学条件。本文以滇东北茂租铅锌矿床为例,对滇东北热液型铅锌矿床的金属矿物共生组合在时间、空间分带特征进行热力学相图分析,选取373K、423K、473K、523K四个温度截面对金属矿物共生组合稳定存在的Eh—pH范围进行计算,相图显示成矿流体中矿物迁移、沉淀机制主要是由于成矿流体的Eh、p H值双重制约:Eh值的变化控制着硫化物沉淀的时间分带,成矿流体从深部向浅部运移,Eh值将会逐渐增大,主要矿物从黄铁矿→方铅矿→闪锌矿依次开始析出;p H值控制硫化物的空间分带,随着p H值的增大,成矿元素从离子的形式转变为硫酸盐矿物进行迁移。研究表明,控制成矿流体中硫化物迁移、沉淀的物理化学条件除了温度、压力、金属离子浓度及流体的氧硫逸度之外,流体的酸碱度及氧化还原电位同样是控制矿物组合共生分异的重要影响因素,此研究对该类型矿床的成矿流体的演化和成矿机制提供了一定的理论依据。     

中—低温水热条件下黄铁矿与Cu(Ⅰ)—Cl相互作用机制研究

在诸如沉积型层状铜矿、浅成低温热液型矿床、与火山岩有关的块状硫化物矿床等中常出现黄铁矿、铜(铁)硫化物、铁氧化物等矿物的共生现象,研究这些矿物组合的形成机制对于认识这一系列矿床中矿石矿物的成因具有重要意义。本文以矿物—流体相互作用伴随物质溶解—再沉淀为理论基础,在水热条件下,以黄铁矿为初始矿物,Cu(Ⅰ)—Cl为溶液中Cu的形态,通过设置不同的p H、反应温度、Cu(Ⅰ)—Cl浓度研究了这些矿物组合的形成规律。实验结果表明:1黄铜矿、斑铜矿等铜铁硫化物主要出现在弱酸性环境中,蓝辉铜矿等铜硫化物可出现在弱碱性环境中;2温度较低时(约100℃)黄铁矿主要转变为赤铁矿等铁氧化物。不同实验条件下形成的矿物组合与已知矿床中发现的矿物组合具有高度的相似性,因此可以用特定矿物组合的实验条件模拟和反演矿床形成的物理化学环境。     

辽吉成矿带热液型铅锌矿床矿物组合共生分异的热力学制约——以岫岩红旗铅锌矿床为例

辽吉成矿带上广泛分布着热液型铅锌矿床,对于该类型矿床中矿物共生组合特征和成矿物质迁移沉淀机制的研究是矿床学研究的核心问题之一。通过共生矿物热力学平衡的相关计算,绘制热力学lg[Cu2+]-pH、lg[HS−]-pH和Eh-pH相图,可以有效地诠释成矿流体中成矿元素在迁移、沉淀过程中的物理化学条件。本文以辽吉成矿带上典型的热液型铅锌矿床——岫岩红旗铅锌矿床为例,在对该矿床进行镜下典型矿物共生组合研究的基础上,选取了黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿四种矿物进行热力学平衡的相关计算,选取473 K、549 K、648 K三个温度截面绘制了热力学lg[Cu2+]-pH、lg[HS−]-pH和Eh-pH相图,结果显示成矿流体中矿物迁移沉淀机制和矿物共生组合的形成主要受成矿流体的温度、离子活度、pH、Eh多因素制约。此研究对于解释辽吉成矿带上典型热液型铅锌矿床的运移沉淀机制和矿物组合特征具有重要的指导意义。     

吉林省通化县河口金矿地质特征及成因

本文详细地描述了河口金矿的地层、构造和岩浆岩。介绍了矿体特征、围岩蚀变、矿石的结构构造和矿物生成顺序。发现三个金矿组,大小9条金矿(化)体,其中硅化、黄铁矿化、方铅矿化、黄铜矿化是主要的找矿标志。成矿温度200~400℃之间,矿床属中温热液型岩浆矿床。典型的矿物组合为石英+方铅矿+黄铁矿+黄铜矿。最后确定了找矿标志。对今后在该地区寻找类似的金矿具有借鉴意义。     

苏州阳西脉岩蚀变型高岭土矿床成因探讨

阳西脉岩蚀变型高岭土矿体受阳山逆掩断层的探讨。高岭土主要矿物成分为１Ｔ高岭石、７Ａ埃活石及石英，并含少量叶腊石、地开石、绢云母、黄铁矿、方铅矿及闪锌矿等。根据矿床地质特征、矿物组合、成矿物理化学条件等讨论，高岭土矿床形成于中低温、中压、酸性、还原的介质条件。其主要成矿作用为与岩浆活动有关的热液作用。     

酸性环境下生物成因施氏矿物稳定性研究

施氏矿物是酸性矿山废水中广泛存在的次生矿物,其形成和转化受环境pH值、温度和共存离子等条件影响。文中研究了酸性环境中生物成因施氏矿物和吸附了三价砷的生物成因施氏矿物,在不同温度和钾离子浓度条件下的稳定性。结果表明,老化温度的增加促进施氏矿物相的转变:4℃条件下,在15周的老化时间里,无砷及含砷施氏矿物均未发生相转变;而在40℃条件下,经过15周的老化,则无砷和含砷施氏矿物均发生了部分相转变。此外,钾离子浓度变化可以导致施氏矿物老化产物不同:生物成因施氏矿物在0.01mM钾离子条件下老化15周后的转化产物主要为针铁矿,在100mM钾离子条件下老化产物为黄钾铁矾和针铁矿。含As(Ⅲ)施氏矿物在0.01mM钾离子条件下老化15周后没有发生相转变,在100mM钾离子条件下发生了部分相转变,产物为黄钾铁矾。生物成因施氏矿物中的As(Ⅲ)使得矿物在环境中更加稳定。     

中低温铀钼矿床中的高温矿物水铝氟石和黄玉及其地球化学意义

产在中酸性火山岩中的铀钼矿床是典型的中低温热液矿床。从国内外一系列铀钼矿床矿物共生组合类型、围岩蚀变、某些矿物的标型特征和大量包体测温数据来看,这类矿床的主要成矿作用的确发生于不超过250℃的中低温条件下。典型的矿物共生组合一般为沥青铀矿、     

四川会理天宝山铅锌矿床矿石显微特征及成矿期次研究

天宝山铅锌矿是我国川滇黔低温成矿域内大型铅锌矿床之一.矿床主要由天宝山和新山2个矿段组成,矿床主要矿石矿物为闪锌矿、方铅矿及少量黄铁矿、黄铜矿.在野外观测的基础上,对采集的岩矿石标本及对应的光片进行了系统的鉴定和研究.根据矿物组合特征和矿物相互之间的穿插关系,确定了它们形成的先后顺序,进而划分出3个成矿期和5个成矿阶段.     

湖南康家湾矿床的成矿流体特征:基于矿物学、流体包裹体及热力学计算的制约

湖南康家湾铅锌金银矿床位于南岭成矿带北部中段,是水口山矿田内发现较晚的大型隐伏矿床.该矿床的矿物组合及矿化特征复杂,前人对其成矿流体特征及成因类型存在不同认识.文章通过野外地质调查和矿物矿相学研究发现该矿床的热液成矿阶段较多,方铅矿主要形成于早期闪锌矿与晚期闪锌矿之间,而金和银的成矿阶段分别与早期闪锌矿和方铅矿趋于一致.电子探针成分分析结果显示早期闪锌矿的含铁量(x(FeS)=9.0％～19.1％)明显高于晚期闪锌矿的(x(FeS)=0.1％～4.0％),与黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿共生的闪锌矿含铁量估算得到的成矿压力值范围为100～146 MPa.早期闪锌矿中流体包裹体的均一温度范围为190～370℃,盐度w(NaCleq)范围为5％～11％,均明显高于晚期闪锌矿.基于矿物组合特征的热力学模拟计算显示早期的成矿流体具有低氧逸度和中酸性的特征,为金的沉淀提供了有利条件.总体上,康家湾矿床的成矿流体演化具有温度和压力由高变低、氧逸度由低变高、pH值由低变高但均为中酸性,金属元素含量由多变少的变化趋势.以上成矿流体特征暗示康家湾矿床具矽卡岩型矿化特征,指示深部存在找矿潜力.     

内蒙白音诺等矿床中方铅矿中银的赋存形式及其与伴生元素锑、铋的关系

作者根据Ag2S-PbS,Ag2S-PbS-Sb2S3及各体系相平衡资科以及內蒙白音诺等矿床中各种矿物共生组合中方铅矿的成分,论证了银的赋存状态及其与伴生元素锑、铋的关系。在含银及低温条件下,银在方铅矿中形成独立的银锑硫盐矿物,这有利于银的回收。在含铋低温条件下,银在方铅矿中不可避免地有相当一部分呈固溶体的状态分散在晶格中,它不利于银的回收。因此,只需研究银的赋存状态及矿石或方铅矿中伴生元素锑、铋含量及其比例,即可对铅精矿中银的存在形式及回收率作出初步的评价。     

广东天堂铜铅锌多金属矿床Rb-Sr等时线年龄及其地质意义

文章选取8件闪锌矿、3件方铅矿和1件黄铁矿样品,采用Rb-Sr等时线定年方法测定天堂铜铅锌多金属矿床的成矿时代.获得闪锌矿等时线年龄为(98.1±1.6) Ma,闪锌矿+方铅矿等时线年龄为(99±2)Ma,闪锌矿+方铅矿+黄铁矿等时线年龄为(98.2±1.3) Ma,闪锌矿+黄铁矿等时线年龄为(97.87±0.96) Ma,方铅矿+黄铁矿等时线年龄为(98.6±4.2) Ma.Rb-Sr定年结果表明,天堂铜铅锌多金属矿床的成矿时代为98 Ma左右,矿床形成于晚白垩世早期,可能与135Ma之后太平洋板块的运动方向发生转向,使得中国大陆包括华南板块在内均处于持续伸展阶段有关.硫化物矿石Rb-Sr所得的Sr同位素初始比(87Sr/86Sr)i平均值为0.7117,小于陆源硅酸盐的值(0.720),高于地幔Sr的初始值0.707,结合笔者对该矿床所做的S、Pb等同位素组成特征研究,显示成矿物质来源于壳幔混合.研究表明,利用特定矿床的主要矿石矿物,采用Rb-Sr等时线定年方法通过共生矿物组合和单矿物相互约束,可以有效地确定成矿时代,这对了解矿床的成矿背景等具有一定的指示意义.     

云南保山金厂河铁铜铅锌多金属矿床Rb-Sr等时线测年及其地质意义

金厂河铁铜铅锌多金属矿床位于保山地块北部、NS向保山-施甸复背斜与NNW向澜沧江断裂锐角交汇部位的南部。矿体呈层状、似层状产于寒武系核桃坪组金厂河背斜的层间裂隙中,受NW向、NE向断裂交汇处的控制。选取闪锌矿及其共生的方铅矿、黄铜矿、石英样品,应用Rb-Sr同位素测年方法,获得闪锌矿等时线年龄为（118.9±5.9） Ma,闪锌矿+方铅矿等时线年龄为（119.3±1.7） Ma,闪锌矿+黄铜矿等时线年龄为（120.3±5.1） Ma,闪锌矿+石英等时线年龄为（117.0±2.4） Ma,闪锌矿+方铅矿+石英等时线年龄为（118.7±1.5） Ma,闪锌矿+方铅矿+黄铜矿等时线年龄为（119.6±1.6） Ma,闪锌矿+方铅矿+黄铜矿+石英等时线年龄为（118.9±1.4） Ma。Rb-Sr定年结果表明,金厂河铁铜铅锌多金属矿床的成矿时代为117~120 Ma,为早白垩世。热液矿物组合的 （⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr）_i平均值为0.713?885,与保山地块内志本山岩体的（⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr）_i值接近,指示其成矿物质主要来源于地壳,成矿作用与保山地块内燕山晚期花岗岩岩浆活动有关,结合矿区重力负异常特点,推测矿区内存在隐伏的中-酸性岩体。通过地球动力学背景探讨,认为该矿床的形成可能是对中特提斯洋闭合过程中腾冲地块与保山地块碰撞造山作用的响应,与地块内部受碰撞影响而导致地壳深熔所产生的岩浆作用有关。     

Metal sources of the large Nezhdaninsky orogenic gold deposit, Yakutia, Russia: Results of high-precision MC-ICP-MS analysis of lead isotopic composition supplemented by data on strontium isotopes

A collection of galena from the Nezhdaninsky gold deposit (62 samples), as well as galena from the Menkeche silver-base-metal deposit and the Sentyabr occurrence and K-feldspar from intrusive rocks of the Tyry-Dyby ore cluster have been studied using the high-precision (±0.02%) MC-ICP-MS method. Particular ore zones are characterized by relatively narrow variations of isotope ratios (no wider than σ_6/4 = 0.26%). Vertical zoning of Pb isotopic composition is not detected. Variation in Pb isotope ratios mainly depends on the type of mineral assemblage. Galena of the gold-sulfide assemblage dominating at the Nezhdaninsky deposit is characterized by the following average isotope ratios: ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.472, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.586, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.605. Galena from the regenerated silver-base-metal assemblage is distinguished by less radiogenic lead isotope ratios: 18.420, 15.575, and 38.518, respectively. In lead from the Nezhdaninsky deposit, the component, whose source is identified as Permian host terrigenous rocks, is predominant. The data points of isotopic composition of lode lead make up a linear trend within the range of μ₂ = 9.5-9.6. K-feldspar of granitic rocks has less radiogenic and widely varying lead isotopic composition compared to that of galena. The isotopic data on Pb and Sr constrain the contribution of Late Cretaceous granitic rocks as a source of gold mineralization at the Nezhdaninsky deposit. The matter from the Early Cretaceous fluid-generating magma chamber participated in the ore-forming system of the Nezhdaninsky deposit. The existence of such a chamber is confirmed by the occurrence of Early Cretaceous granitoid intrusions on the flanks of the Nezhdaninsky ore field. The greatest contribution of magmatic lead (～30%) is noted in galena from the silver-base-metal mineral assemblage. This component has isotopic marks characteristic of lower crustal lead: the elevated ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ratio relative to the mean crustal value and the lower ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratio. Taken together, they determine a high Th/U ～ 4.0 in the source and μ₂ = 9.37–9.50. This conclusion is consistent with the contemporary tectonic model describing evolution of the South Verkhoyansk sector of the Verkhoyansk Foldbelt and the Okhotsk Terrane.     

云南昭通铅锌矿pH-logfo_2和pH-loga相图对铅锌共生分异的制约

云南昭通大型铅锌矿是滇东北矿集区乃至川滇黔铅锌成矿域铅锌矿床的典型代表。矿床具有明显的矿物组合分带性的特点,区别于典型的MVT型铅锌矿床。根据矿物组合特征构建、计算、绘制了该矿床的p H-logfo2、p Hloga相图,剖析了铅锌矿共生分异的形成机理。研究表明p H、氧逸度、组分浓度的协同作用造成了铅、锌的共生分异,对矿物组合分带起控制作用,且温度下降、氧逸度升高和p H升高有利于金属硫化物的沉淀,成功解释了昭通铅锌矿床独具特色的矿物分带地质特征。     

Flotation of galena. Influence of grain size,of pulp deoxygenation,and of cleaning with ammonium acetate

The flotation of < 10, 10–20, and 20–40 μm galena fractions was studied. For uncleaned galena a given collector coverage produced better floatability with increasing grain size. Nitrogen had a detrimental effect only for the < 10 μm fraction, producing at a given collector coverage a recovery smaller than that obtained with air.Galena cleaned with 400 g/l ammonium acetate had very poor floatability, although xanthate abstraction was fairly high; this confirms that strong xanthate adsorption is necessary for flotation. Formation of monothiocarbonate was small in all cases, which points to a very minor influence, if any, of this compound in the flotation process.In blank flotation tests, or for very low residual xanthate concentrations, a peak at 208 nm and a shoulder at 255 nm were observed. The former was assigned to the uncomplexed Pb²⁺ ion, and the latter was tentatively attributed to the PbOH⁺ ion.Lead in solution results from dissolution of the oxidation products of galena, as galena itself has an exceedingly low solubility. The curve for total lead in solution vs. initial xanthate concentration, had a minimum for an initial xanthate concentration of 10^?5M, the further increase in dissolved lead is attributed to formation of complexes such as PbX⁺ (X = xanthate). Dissolved lead concentrations were nearly as high for cleaned as for uncleaned galena, which indicates a high oxidation rate of the mineral.     

Physicochemical Environment during the Formation of the Mozumi Skarn-type Pb–Zn–Ag Deposit at the Kamioka Mine, Central Japan: A Thermochemical Study

Abstract: The physicochemical environment during the ore formation of the Mozumi skarn-type Pb–Zn–Ag deposit, Kamioka mine, Central Japan is discussed with silicate phase equilibria using calculated phase diagrams. The mineral assemblages, mineral chemistry, and fluid inclusion data are coupled with thermodynamic calculation to estimate the stability fO2–XCO2condition of the mineral assemblages at each ore formation stage. The skarn was approximated by the model system CaO–A12O3–FeO–SiO2–O2–CO2–H2O including grossular-andradite garnet and clinozoisite-epidote solid solutions. The solid solutions are combined into the calculation using "pseudocompound approximation", and real boundary of the mineral assemblages other than simple activity corrected diagram was provided. The diagrams also show isoplethal contour for garnet and epidote.     

铅锌在热液中的迁移形式与富集机理

我国南方某些铅锌硫化物矿床与岩浆活动无直接联系,明显受“层、相、位”的控制。据矿体形态、产状、矿物共生组合和围岩蚀变等特征,以及包体测温和包体成分资料可以认为:该类矿床系经历了沉积-成岩作用初步富集成矿源层和部分矿体,以及后期地下热卤水型成矿热液强烈改造,叠加富集成矿所形成的典型层控矿床。欲研究这类矿床的成矿机制,首先要了解地下热卤水如何萃取成矿物质并演化为成矿热液,以及成矿物质以何种形式搬运迁移,何种因素促使其再次富集成矿等重要问题。围绕上述问题有的学者进行了一些实验和论述,但尚不能阐明铅锌活化迁移的条件、形式与定位机制。针对上述问题笔者进行了有关实验研究,并根据溶液中各组分同时平衡的热力学原理,引进函数(?)和(?),对实验数据进行处理,得出几点认识供研讨。     

Hydrothermal Alteration and Mineralization of Middle Jurassic Dexing Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposit, Southeast China

The Dexing deposit is located in a NE‐trending magmatic belt along the southeastern margin of the Yangtze Craton. It is the largest porphyry copper deposit in China, consisting of three porphyry copper orebodies of Zhushahong, Tongchang and Fujiawu from northwest to southeast. It contains 1168 Mt of ores with 0.5% Cu and 0.01% Mo. The Dexing deposit is hosted by Middle Jurassic granodiorite porphyries and pelitic schist of Proterozoic age. The Tongchang granodiorite porphyry has a medium K cal‐alkaline series, with medium K₂O content (1.94–2.07 wt%), and low K₂O/(Na₂O + K₂O) (0.33–0.84) ratios. They have high large‐ion lithophile elements, high light rare‐earth elements, and low high‐field‐strength elements. The hydrothermal alteration at Tongchang is divided into four alteration mineral assemblages and related vein systems. They are early K‐feldspar alteration and A vein; transitional (chlorite + illite) alteration and B vein; late phyllic (quartz + muscovite) alteration and D vein; and latest carbonate, sulfate and oxide alteration and hematite veins. Primary fluid inclusions in quartz from phyllic alteration assemblage include liquid‐rich (type 1), vapor‐rich (type 2) and halite‐bearing ones (type 3). These provide trapping pressures of 20–400 ´ 10⁵ Pa of fluids responsible for the formation of D veins. Igneous biotite from least altered granochiorite porphyry and hydrothermal muscovite in mineralized granodiorite porphyry possess δ¹⁸O and δD values of 4.6‰ and ?87‰ for biotite and 7.1–8.9‰, ?71 to ?73‰ for muscovite. Stable isotopic composition of the hydrothermal water suggests a magmatic origin. The carbon and oxygen isotope for hydrothermal calcite are ?4.8 to ?6.2‰ and 6.8–18.8‰, respectively. The δ³⁴S of pyrite in quartz vein ranges from ?0.1 to 3‰, whereas δ³⁴S for chalcopyrite in calcite veins ranges from 4 to 5‰. These are similar to the results of previous studies, and suggest a magmatic origin for sulfur. Results from alteration assemblages and vein system observation, as well as geochemical, fluid inclusion, stable isotope studies indicate that the involvement of hydrothermal fluids exsolved from a crystallizing melt are responsible for the formation of Tongchang porphyry Cu‐Mo orebodies in Dexing porphyry deposit.     

桂西那弱银金矿床矿物组合特征及银和金的赋存状态研究

广西天峨那弱银金矿床以银矿为主,共/伴生金及铅、锌、锑等金属,矿物组合在右江盆地内为首次发现。矿体受那弱背斜及其轴向断层控制,赋矿层位为中三叠统百逢组含钙质浊积岩系。矿石矿物以硫锑铅矿、铁闪锌矿、黄铁矿、毒砂和方铅矿为主;脉石矿物主要有石英、方解石、绢云母等。主要矿石矿物由早到晚的生成顺序为:毒砂→黄铁矿→铁闪锌矿→硫锑铅矿→方铅矿。单矿物化学分析显示硫锑铅矿含Ag最高,其次为闪锌矿;黄铁矿含Au相对较高。EPMA测试结果表明Ag于方铅矿中含量最高,其次为硫锑铅矿;主要矿石矿物中毒砂含Au相对较高,其余矿物中Au含量均偏低。因矿石中的铅矿物主要为硫锑铅矿,可以认为那弱银金矿床的Ag主要赋存于硫锑铅矿中,Au主要赋存于毒砂与黄铁矿中,二者均以显微-次显微状态赋存于载体矿物中。根据矿物组合及其相互交代、切割关系等特征,将矿床划分为2个成矿期共4个成矿阶段。其中,第一成矿期为金的成矿期,矿物组合为黄铁矿和毒砂,由于后期成矿作用的叠加,仅保留一个成矿阶段;第二成矿期为银铅锌成矿期,矿物组合为方铅矿-闪锌矿-硫锑铅矿;包含第二至第四共3个完整的成矿阶段。该矿床Ag、Au共生是不同期次成矿作用叠加的结果。