中条山铜矿峪铜矿含矿岩系地球化学特征及矿床成因

中条山铜矿峪斑岩型铜矿床位于秦岭造山带北端,矿体主要赋存于变质花岗闪长斑岩、黑云母片岩和变质基性火山岩中。矿区内含铜岩系的全岩地球化学分析显示,主量元素表明矿区的含铜岩系均表现出富钾、富铝的特征;微量元素表明所有样品均显示出相对富集大离子亲石元素(K、Rb、Ba等),亏损高场强元素(P、Y、Ti、Nb、Ta等),反映岩浆源区可能遭受过俯冲带流体的交代作用,具有岛弧玄武岩的地球化学特征;稀土元素特征显示出明显的轻重稀土分馏,轻稀土富集,所有样品都表现出弱的铕负异常。研究认为,变质花岗斑岩、黑云母片岩和绢英岩的原岩初步定为钙碱性玄武岩或拉斑玄武岩,铜矿峪铜矿床形成于挤压与拉张构造环境的转换阶段,其成因类型应属于斑岩型铜矿床。     

秘鲁南部Don Javier斑岩铜钼矿床岩石地球化学与岛弧成因

秘鲁南部古新世-始新世斑岩铜钼成矿带是安第斯成矿带的重要组成部分,产出有大量世界级斑岩铜钼矿床,最近勘探的Don Javier斑岩铜钼矿床是该成矿带中的又一重大发现。本文对Don Javier矿床的含矿斑岩、围岩的岩石学和地球化学进行了研究,以探讨岩石成因和矿床形成的构造环境。主量元素和微量元素地球化学特征表明：①含矿斑岩体属过铝质钙碱性系列英安斑岩,围岩为过铝质钙碱性系列的花岗闪长岩,且二者具有相同的物质来源;②两类岩石均具有轻稀土富集,富大离子亲石元素特征,在球粒陨石标准化稀土配分曲线图上呈明显的右倾型,左陡而右缓,且二者均显示Eu负异常,表明岩浆岩的成岩过程中有结晶分异作用或其他地质作用参与;③含矿斑岩体和围岩形成于岛弧环境,为经典岛弧岩石;④Don Javier铜钼矿床可能是在纳斯卡板块向南美板块俯冲,熔融形成的钙碱性岩浆、岩浆弧走滑挤压环境的有利条件下形成。     

云南维西阿南多塘石英斑岩地球化学特征及其地质意义北大核心CSCD

云南维西县阿南多塘石英斑岩是西南“三江”成矿带中段的含(锑)矿斑岩体。为深入分析该岩体岩浆来源及构造环境,开展斑岩主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素地球化学特征研究,结果表明:云南维西阿南多塘石英斑岩属高硅富钾过铝质钙碱性系列。轻稀土相对富集,稀土元素球粒陨石标准化模式图较陡向右倾斜,δCe无异常,δEu中等负亏损。富集不相容元素Cs、Rb和产热元素Th、U、K,高场强元素Zr、Hf等也相对富集,亏损Nb、Sr和Ti。经对比分析认为,该岩体是“三江”成矿带中段江达-德钦-维西陆缘弧演化后期陆陆碰撞形成的新生代富钾石英斑岩,岩浆主要来自上地壳沉积岩,具有碰撞后火山岩的典型特征。     

河南刘山岩铜锌矿区细碧-石英角斑质含矿火山岩系的构造环境

刘山岩铜锌矿含矿岩系属于早古生代二郎坪群海相细碧-石英角斑岩系。在SiO2-(K2O+Na2O)岩石分类图上,细碧岩属于玄武岩和粗面玄武岩,石英角斑岩和石英钠长斑岩属于酸性流纹岩类,岩石组合为双峰式类型。大多数细碧岩和超基性岩的FeO*/MgO比值为0.2～2.93。在SiO2-(FeO*/MgO)图解上,它们属于拉斑玄武岩和钙碱性系列。火山岩系的微量元素模式以亏损Rb,Th,Nb,Sr,P,Ti和富集Ba,K及LREE为特征。在微量元素构造判别图上,火山岩样品集中在火山岛弧和弧后盆地的范围内。该火山岩系底部超镁铁岩的REE分布模式为轻稀土富集型,有小的Eu正异常;细碧岩-石英角斑岩也是轻稀土强富集型,Ce和Eu有轻微的正异常;硅质岩也有Eu正异常,表明与火山喷发有关;本区硅质岩δCe值为0.87,显示不是深海硅质岩的特征。火山岩系的地球化学特征表明,其形成的大地构造环境为弧后盆地型。     

中蒙边境及邻区典型斑岩型铜矿地球化学特征概述

依据前人对中蒙边境各典型斑岩型铜矿床的研究成果,对中蒙边境古亚洲洋成矿域内典型斑岩型铜矿床的含矿岩体进行了地球化学探讨,结果表明:1)区内岩石属于钙碱性-高钾钙碱性系列、低铝质岩石;2)岩石均呈现出轻稀土富集的右倾型模式,重稀土分布平坦,岩石矿化蚀变后出现明显的负Eu异常,同位素结果表明均来自地幔的部分熔融;3)区内矿床均形成于岛弧环境,矿床的形成具有多期、多源、多构造变化特征,是特定时期地壳演化阶段构造-岩浆-热液活动的产物.通过对中蒙边境典型斑岩铜矿床地球化学的探讨,以期为区内斑岩型铜矿床的找寻和评价提供参考.     

吉尔吉斯斯坦塔尔迪布拉克斑岩型金铜矿床地球化学特征及其意义

塔尔迪布拉克斑岩型金铜矿床位于吉尔吉斯西北部的Kipchak奥陶纪岛弧带,是吉尔吉斯斯坦重要的斑岩型金铜矿床之一。本文在前人研究基础上,对该矿床的地质、地球化学特征进行系统研究。研究结果显示,该矿床斑岩体具有高的SiO_2、Al_2O_3、碱质含量,低的Na_2O、CaO、P_2O_5、Th、Y含量和低Al_2O_3/TiO_2比值,属于典型的钙碱性强过铝质S型花岗岩,是高温条件下发生深熔作用的产物。该矿床轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,相对富集LREE和LILE元素,亏损HFSE元素,其源岩可能为杂砂岩,主要来源于地壳物质。此外,稀土、微量元素特征及其区域构造演化特征均显示,该矿床可能是捷尔斯克伊洋演化末期成熟岛弧环境下岩浆-热液活动的产物。     

河北丰宁撒岱沟门钼矿区成矿岩体地球化学特征及其对矿床成因的约束

本文通过对撒岱沟门钼矿床的赋矿岩石(二长花岗岩)的主量元素地球化学的研究,揭示了该区花岗岩为准铝质高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩。该区赋矿岩石(二长花岗岩)的稀土元素地球化学特征为轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损,轻重稀土分馏明显,Eu负异常较弱(δEu=0.78)。La/Sm-La图解表明二长花岗岩由岩浆分离结晶作用形成;微量元素Nb、Ta、P、Zr、Ti具有明显的负异常,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、K、Ba,黑云母全铝压力计所计算的岩体结晶压力平均为1.83kbar,平均侵位深度为6.78km,综合地球化学各方面的特征,探讨了该区斑岩型Mo矿床形成的制约因素,以及为什么该区形成斑岩型钼矿床而非斑岩型铜矿床的原因,最后认为该矿床为深源中成斑岩型钼矿床。     

北祁连造山带红石泉岩体地球化学特征及其构造意义

红石泉岩体地处北祁连造山带的龙首山成矿带西南缘,区内发育伟晶岩型铀矿床。本文对红石泉岩体进行岩相学、岩石地球化学研究,探讨其岩石成因、岩浆来源,厘定其构造环境。元素地球化学结果显示：岩体具中硅、富铝,富钠特征,为准铝质高钾碱性正长岩系列。在微量元素图解中,样品富集Rb、U、K、Nd等元素,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti及元素P等;在稀土元素球粒陨石标准化图解中,样品富集轻稀土,轻重稀土分馏明显,Eu显示正异常。样品显示高的Zr+Nb+Ce+Y的值,属A型花岗岩。结合其元素地球化学特征及区域内岩浆岩的演化,厘定岩体为祁连板块与阿拉善板块碰撞后拉张环境下,壳源岩浆与幔源岩浆混合形成。     

青海岗察花岗岩类地球化学特征、构造环境及成因

为探讨青海岗察花岗岩类的成因机制,通过岩相学、主量元素、微量元素地球化学特征研究,岩体由辉长辉绿岩、辉石闪长岩、紫苏辉石闪长岩、石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩等组成。岩石里特曼指数δ=1.37~2.36,属钙碱性系列;铝饱和指数(A/CNK)=0.765~1.018,属准铝质-弱过铝质岩石。在ACF图显示岗察岩体主要属I-S型花岗岩。稀土总量48.11×10-6~249.35×10-6,轻重稀土比值4.12~10.72,LaN/YbN比值3.30~12.85,稀土元素分配曲线显示轻稀土元素曲线向右倾斜,重稀土元素呈平缓型,说明轻稀土元素分馏明显,重稀土元素分馏不明显,显示岩浆源区的残留矿物含有角闪石。δEu=0.34~1.21,铕元素具负异常,说明源区在部分熔融过程中有斜长石的残留。微量元素蛛网图显示Rb具有明显富集,K,Th含量较高,Ba相对亏损,Ce,Hf,Zr,Sm,Y,Yb等明显低于洋脊花岗岩,具有后碰撞花岗岩特征。岗察岩体侵入时间上发生在陆陆碰撞期后的陆内叠覆造山阶段,其构造环境属后碰撞陆内造山叠覆-底侵构造环境。其成因是中三叠世,大陆碰撞地壳加厚的地质背景下,岩浆底侵-混合作用形成,为中央造山带印支期构造-岩浆事件的产物。     

桂东大瑶山宝山斑岩铜矿床花岗斑岩地球化学特征及其与成矿的关系

宝山铜矿床作为广西境内发现的首例隐伏斑岩型铜矿床,对于其研究尤为薄弱。本文通过对宝山斑岩铜矿床含矿花岗斑岩和矿石展开地球化学特征的研究,以查明岩矿石主微量元素特征、稀土元素特征等,探讨花岗斑岩与铜成矿作用之间的关系。其中,花岗斑岩主量元素显示,SiO2含量为73.94%～77.92%,K2O+Na2O含量为3.96%～8.51%,CaO含量为0.07%～1.49%,K2O/Na2O比值为0.25～35,可见岩体富硅富碱富钾贫钙;里特曼组合指数(δ)值为0.5～2.31,属于高钾钙碱性岩石。花岗斑岩的Al2O3含量为12.27%～13.65%,铝饱和指数A/CNK为1.01～2.41,为弱过铝到过铝质。6件花岗斑岩以富集大离子亲石元素Rb及部分高场强元素Ta、Nd、Sm、U、Th,亏损部分大离子亲石元素Ba、Sr及部分高场强元素Nb、Zr、Eu为特征,且Sr、Eu亏损明显,属于典型的低Ba-Sr花岗岩。宝山斑岩型铜矿石与宝山花岗斑岩体的配分图基本上保持一致,具有强烈负Eu异常,无明显Ce异常,LREE、HREE分馏均不明显,两者间也不存在明显的分馏的特点。这些特征表明宝山斑岩型铜成矿作用与宝山花岗斑岩体关系密切。     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Comparative study of As,Cd, Cu,Cr, Mg,Mn, Ni,Pb and Zn concentrations between sediment and water from estuary and port

The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments).     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.     

Parents,permission, and possibility: Young women,college, and imagined futures in Gujarat,India

This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South.     

Models,validation, and applied geochemistry: Issues in science,communication, and philosophy

Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability.     

Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid

Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.     

Entropy,materials, and posterity

Materials and energy are the interdependent feedstocks of economic systems, and thermodynamics is their moderator. It costs energy to transform the dispersed minerals of Earth's crust into ordered materials and structures. And it costs materials to collect and focus the energy to perform work — be it from solar, fossil fuel, nuclear, or other sources. The greater the dispersal of minerals sought, the more energy is required to collect them into ordered states.But available energy can be used once only. And the ordered materials of industrial economies become disordered with time. They may be partially reordered and recycled, but only at further costs in energy. Available energy everywhere degrades to bound states and order to disorder — for though entropy may be juggled it always increases. Yet industry is utterly dependent on low entropy states of matter and energy, while decreasing grades of ore require ever higher inputs of energy to convert them to metals, with ever increasing growth both of entropy and environmental hazard.Except as we may prize a thing for its intrinsic qualities — beauty, leisure, love, or gold — low-entropy is the only thing of real value. It is worth whatever the market will bear, and it becomes more valuable as entropy increases. It would be foolish of suppliers to sell it more cheaply or in larger amounts than their own enjoyment of life requires, whatever form it may take. For this reason, and because of physical constraints on the availability of all low-entropy states, the recent energy crises is only the first of a sequence of crises to be expected in energy and materials as long as current trends continue.The apportioning of low-entropy states in a modern industrial society is achieved more or less according to the theory of competitive markets. But the rational powers of this theory suffer as the world grows increasingly polarized into rich, over-industrialized nations with diminishing resource bases and poor, supplier nations with little industry. The theory also discounts posterity, the more so as population density and percapita rates of consumption continue to grow. A new social, economic, and ecologic norm that leads to population control, conservation, and an apportionment of low-entropy states across the generations is needed to assure to posterity the options that properly belong to it as an important but voiceless constituency of the collectivity we call mankind.

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Zusammenfassung Rohstoffe und Energie sind die Grundlagen unseres ökonomischen Systems, das von den Gesetzen der Thermodynamik bestimmt wird. Es kostet Energie, um die auf der Erde verteilten Rohstoffe diesem System zuzuführen. Andererseits braucht man Rohstoffe, um die Energie nutzbar zu machen.Die verfügbare Energie kann nur einmal genutzt werden und das Material verbraucht sich. Verbrauchtes Material kann teilweise zur weiteren Nutzung zurückgeführt werden, das kostet wiederum Energie. Die verfügbare Energie nimmt überall ab, und einmal geschaffene Ordnung gerät wieder in Unordnung — das heißt, die Entropie des Systems nimmt ständig zu. Die Industrie ist jedoch abhängig von einem niedrigen Entropiezustand sowohl der Materie als auch der Energie.Je ärmer die Erze sind, um so höher wird die Energie sein, um sie in Metalle umzuwandeln, wobei die Entropie und die Belastung der Umwelt ständig zunimmt.Außer den Dingen, die wir wegen höherer ideeller Werte schätzen, ist eine niedrige Entropie der einzige realistische Wertmaßstab, und der wirkliche Wertzuwachs ist nur an einer höheren Entropie zu messen. Es ist unverantwortlich, Dinge, die eine höhere Entropie bedingen, billiger zu verkaufen oder in größerer Menge zu erzeugen, als unbedingt notwendig ist. Da wir dies heute in unserem Handeln nicht berücksichtigen, ist die derzeitige Energiekrise nur der Anfang einer Folge von Krisen, die Energie und Rohstoffe betreffen, solange wir nicht umdenken.Die Verteilung von niedriger Entropie in einer modernen Industriegesellschaft wird mehr oder weniger nach dem Prinzip der konkurrierenden Märkte erreicht. Das selbstregulierende System gerät jedoch mit zunehmender Polarisierung in reiche Industrienationen mit abnehmenden Ressourcen und armen Nationen mit geringer Industrialisierung in Unordnung. Dieses Prinzip berücksichtigt auch nicht die Nachwelt, vor allem wenn die Bevölkerungsdichte stetig zunimmt und die Konsumbedürfnisse anwachsen. Es sind neue soziale, ökonomische und ökologische Normen notwendig, die zur Populationskontrolle, zur Erhaltung der Umwelt und zu einem Zustand niedriger Entropie für zukünftige Generationen führen. Die nach uns kommenden Menschen haben ein Anrecht darauf.

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Résumé Matériaux et énergie sont les sources des systèmes économiques et sont régis par les lois de la thermodynamique. Il faut de l'énergie pour transformer les ressources minérales dispersées dans la croûte terrestre en matériaux et structures ordonnancées. Et il faut des matériaux pour receuillir et concentrer l'énergie, qu'elle soit solaire ou atomique, ou provienne de combustibles fossiles ou d'autres sources. Plus les minéraux recherchés sont dispersés et plus est côuteuse l'énergie pour leur donner une ordonnance.Or l'énergie disponsible ne peut être utilisée qu'une seule fois. Et les matériaux ordonnancés des économies industrielles se dégradent avec le temps. Ils peuvent être remis partiellement en état et recyclés, mais pour cela il faut de nouveau de l'énergie. Partout l'énergie disponible se dégrade et l'ordre devient désordre; -malgré toutes les jongleries possibles l'entropie augmente toujours.L'industrie dépend clairement d'états de basse entropie tant en ce qui concerne les matériaux que l'énergie, tandis que plus pauvres sont les minerais, plus; élevée est l'énergie à mettre en jeu pour en extraire les métaux, avec toujours augmentation à la fois de l'entropie et de la degradation des milieux.A l'exception de ce que nous apprécions pour leur valeur intrinsèque — la beauté, le loisir, l'amour ou l'or — la basse entropie est la seule chose de réelle valeur. Son prix est réglé par le marché, et sa valeur augmente au fur et à mesure que l'entropie s'accroît. Ceux qui en disposent seraient insensés de la vendre à bas prix ou en quantité supérieure à ce qu'exige leur propre niveau de vie. Pour cette raison, et à cause des contraintes physiques liées à la disponibilité en états de basse entropie, la récente crise d'énergie n'est, en ce qui concerne les matières premières et l'énergie, que la première d'une série de crises auxquelles il faut s'attendre aussi longtemps que se poursoit la marche actuelle des étènements.Dans les sociétés industrielles modernes, les approvisionnement en basse entropie s'effectuent plus ou moins conformément à la théorie de la concurrence des marchés. Cependant la rationalité de cette théorie se ressent de l'accentuation croissante de la polarisation, à l'échelle du monde, en nations riches, surindustrialisées, à ressources de base décroissantes, et en nations pauvres, sous-industrialisées, mais fournisseurs de resources-naturelles. De plus cette théorie ne tient pas compte de notre postérité, et ce, en face d'une densité de population et d'un taux de la consommation par tête d'habitant en augmentation continue.Nous avons donc besoin de nouvelles normes sociales, économiques et écologiques qui conduisent au contrôle de la population, à la conservation et à la répartition des états de basse entropie à travers les générations pour assurer à notre postérité les options qui leur riviennent de droit comme une constituante importante, mais encore muette, de la collectivité que nous appelons l'Humanité.

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Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians     

Pebbles,Shapes, and Equilibria

The shape of sedimentary particles may carry important information on their history. Current approaches to shape classification (e.g. the Zingg or the Sneed and Folk system) rely on shape indices derived from the measurement of the three principal axes of the approximating tri-axial ellipsoid. While these systems have undoubtedly proved to be useful tools, their application inevitably requires tedious and ambiguous measurements, also classification involves the introduction of arbitrarily chosen constants. Here we propose an alternative classification system based on the (integer) number of static equilibria. The latter are points of the surface where the pebble is at rest on a horizontal, frictionless support. As opposed to the Zingg system, our method relies on counting rather than measuring. We show that equilibria typically exist on two well-separated (micro and macro) scales. Equilibria can be readily counted by simple hand experiments, i.e. the new classification scheme is practically applicable. Based on statistical results from two different locations we demonstrate that pebbles are well mixed with respect to the new classes, i.e. the new classification is reliable and stable in that sense. We also show that the Zingg statistics can be extracted from the new statistics; however, substantial additional information is also available. From the practical point of view, E-classification is substantially faster than the Zingg method.