滇西北格咱岛弧带南缘铜厂沟斑岩铜钼矿床花岗闪长斑岩地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

云南格咱岛弧构造-岩浆成矿带是义敦岛弧的重要组成部分,属于西南三江地区铜多金属矿床富集区之一。对格咱岛弧南缘铜厂沟成矿斑岩的岩石学、地球化学特征及锆石U-Pb年龄进行了研究,系统分析了区内花岗岩的岩石成因、形成的构造环境及成岩成矿的地球动力学背景。铜厂沟成矿斑岩主要为花岗闪长斑岩,用LA-ICP-MS测得其中锆石的~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄为87.62±0.59Ma。岩石地球化学特征表明,铜厂沟花岗闪长斑岩具有高硅、富碱、富钾的特点,属于高钾钙碱性岩石系列;岩石具有较高的稀土元素总量;富集轻稀土元素,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,δEu为0.89~0.97,具较弱的负异常;微量元素特征表明,岩石富集大离子亲石元素K、U、Th、Rb、Ba、Sr,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti;大离子亲石元素的富集和Nb、Ta等高场强元素的亏损,说明岩浆主要来源于壳源物质的部分熔融。本区花岗岩形成于碰撞后与伸展构造的转换阶段,属于碰撞造山过程的产物。碰撞诱发的岩石圈地幔物质上涌导致地壳发生部分熔融作用,形成富钾的初始含矿岩浆,岩浆沿深大断裂上升侵位最终形成了格咱岛弧燕山晚期的构造-岩浆作用及成矿事件。     

青海“三江”北段斑岩钼铜矿带含矿斑岩地球化学、Sr-Nd-Pb同位素特征及地质意义

青海"三江"北段斑岩型钼铜成矿带地处青海南部地区,区内呈NW-SE向展布一系列新生代具钼铜矿化的岩体。通过对具有代表性的纳日贡玛、陆日格、打古贡卡含矿斑岩地球化学、Sr-Nd-Pb同位素特征的研究,表明"三江"北段含矿斑岩主要为过铝质的高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列;微量元素配分曲线总体呈右倾型,大离子亲石元素(LILE)富集,高场强元素(HFSE)亏损,具有较弱的Eu负异常,Sr-Nd-Pb同位素处于亏损地幔(MORB)与富集地幔的演化曲线上,被俯冲板片流体所交代的富集地幔可能为岩浆的源区。同时,"三江"北段斑岩源区同位素更向亏损地幔端员靠拢,而软流圈物质注入量的多少则导致了"三江"北段成矿带、玉龙成矿带岩石地球化学特征的差异。以纳日贡玛大型钼铜斑岩矿床为中心的青海南部"三江"北段斑岩型钼铜矿带的确立,暗示在青海南部仍然具有寻找大型斑岩型及岩浆期后热液型矿床的潜力。     

内蒙古甲乌拉银铅锌矿床成矿斑岩体锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其成矿意义

内蒙古甲乌拉是大兴安岭得尔布干铜(钼)-银铅锌成矿带内大型银铅锌矿床之一。对矿区内与成矿有关的花岗斑岩、石英斑岩开展了年代学和地球化学研究。其中花岗斑岩锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄为141.9±0.5 M a,形成于早白垩世。岩石地球化学特征表明,成矿斑岩体花岗斑岩、石英斑岩具有准铝质-弱过铝质和高钾钙碱性-钾玄质的特征;富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K及亲流体的高场强元素U、Th、Pb等,亏损Sr、Ba等大离子亲石元素,强烈亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素,其岩浆源区可能由地幔熔体和新生地壳熔体混合形成。成矿斑岩体形成于蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋闭合后,由同碰撞造山环境向非造山板内环境转换的碰撞后伸展环境内。目前认为,成矿的花岗斑岩、石英斑岩岩体更可能是矿床与提供成矿物质和热液的深部岩浆房之间的通道,深部岩浆房晚期分异的富水熔体相在浅部就位形成石英斑岩、花岗斑岩体,其不断出溶的流体在岩体的外围形成了甲乌拉矿床。     

大兴安岭大洋山钼矿成矿岩体地球化学、锆石U-Pb年龄及构造背景

大洋山斑岩型钼矿位于大兴安岭东北部呼中区,钼矿体主要产于石英二长斑岩体和上盘围岩中,产状受石英二长斑岩体控制。通过锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年,获得石英二长斑岩年龄为(119.83±0.87) Ma,可代表成矿年龄。岩石地球化学数据显示岩体偏铝、贫钛、富钾,具钾玄岩特征,为造山带岩石,岩浆熔体未与地幔相互作用;相对富集大离子亲石元素Rb和K,相对亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti和HREE,亲地幔元素亏损、轻稀土富集以及Eu中等亏损等特征显示岩浆源自陆壳。结合区域地质资料认为大洋山斑岩型钼矿形成于早白垩世晚期,成矿物质来源为地壳的重熔,与蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋的俯冲闭合相关,成矿环境为伸展构造背景。     

青海东昆仑莫河下拉银多金属矿区晚泥盆世花岗斑岩锆石U-Pb年代学及地球化学特征

莫河下拉银多金属矿床是青海省东昆仑成矿带上近些年新发现的矿床。笔者对矿区平硐口花岗斑岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U--Pb测年和岩石地球化学特征研究,以期揭示岩体的成岩时代、岩浆源区和形成的构造背景。锆石测年结果显示岩体形成于古生代晚泥盆世(371.6±2.9Ma)。元素地球化学特征表现为高硅、高碱、富铁铝、相对富钾和贫钙镁的特征;微量元素表现为明显富集Rb、Th、La、Ce、Nd、Zr、Sm和Gd等元素,强烈亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti等元素、相对亏损Nb和Ta的特征;稀土元素表现为轻稀土元素(LREE)明显富集和Eu的强烈负异常。综合研究认为,矿区平硐口花岗斑岩的成因类型为A2型花岗岩,形成物质来源主要为部分熔融的长英质地壳,形成的大地构造背景为晚泥盆世万宝沟大洋玄武岩高原和苦海古陆拼贴到柴达木地块南缘后的后碰撞伸展环境。     

东天山白山钼矿地球化学特征及地质意义

白山钼矿赋矿岩体为花岗斑岩,其主量、微量及稀土元素地球化学特征研究表明,岩体属过铝质高钾钙碱性系列,并相对富集大离子亲石元素(Rb,Th,Sr等),亏损高场强元素(Nb,Ce,Zr等),以及具有LREE富集的右倾稀土元素分布模式。根据矿物稀土元素作为示踪剂提供的信息表明,含钼矿物的石英脉稀土元素组成和分布模式与壳幔同熔型花岗岩有众多相似之处,推测该成矿物质来源与花岗岩岩浆有关,来自同一源区,形成于碰撞后演化阶段向板内转化的构造环境,并具相同的成岩方式与成岩成矿同期。     

东昆仑哈日扎含矿花岗闪长斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年及地质意义

哈日扎铜钼多金属矿床位于东昆仑成矿带东段,是大型斑岩型铜钼多金属矿床.笔者利用锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb法,获得花岗闪长斑岩的成岩年龄为(234.5±4.8) Ma(MSWD=0.24);花岗闪长斑岩为其成矿母岩.对哈日扎花岗闪长斑岩的岩石学和地球化学研究表明,花岗闪长岩富SiO2(70.94％～76.08％)、K2O(4.91％ ～6.07％),贫CaO(0.16％ ～2.01％)、Na2O(0.24％ ～0.78％),属钾玄岩系列及高钾钙碱性系列.稀土元素总量变化较大(124.69×10-6～178.68×10-6),稀土元素配分曲线为平缓的右倾型,轻稀土元素相对富集,重稀土元素相对亏损.δEu变化范围0.26～0.30,具有弱负Eu异常.岩石微量元素相对富集大离子亲石元素(LILE),贫高场强元素(HFSE),即相对富集Rb、U、La和Nd,而亏损Ba、Sr、Nb和Y.花岗闪长斑岩形成于同碰撞构造环境.     

滇西碧罗雪山花岗岩体地球化学特征及其地质意义

碧罗雪山花岗岩体位于三江成矿带中段的左贡岩浆弧带内,由花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩和少量暗色包体组成。花岗岩类SiO_2含量67.10%~74.67%,富钾(K_2O/Na_2O=1.32~2.67)和低CaO(0.83%~2.6%),铝过饱和指数A/CNK=1.07~1.26,标准矿物中出现刚玉(1.06~3.38)。以上特征表明,该岩体为强过铝质高钾钙碱性S型花岗岩。稀土元素配分曲线呈右倾型,具弱至中等负Eu异常(δEu=0.38~0.97),相对亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素,富集Cs、Rb、Th、U、K等大离子亲石元素。研究表明花岗岩为富含长石的砂屑岩部分熔融形成,形成于挤压环境向伸展环境转换的后碰撞阶段,为临沧花岗岩基的北延部分。     

山西黄榆沟岩体锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

为深化对华北克拉通破坏机制的认识,选取山西黄榆沟岩体中较新鲜的石英二长斑岩开展年代学和地球化学研究。研究结果表明,黄榆沟岩体由石英二长斑岩组成,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为(149.3±0.9)Ma,是晚侏罗世岩浆活动的产物。石英二长斑岩富碱,为钙碱性钾玄岩系列,属于准铝质花岗岩类。相对富集K、Sr、Eu等大离子亲石元素,相对亏损Nb、Ce、Zr、Ti等高场强元素;轻稀土元素相对富集,重稀土元素相对亏损,Eu具弱正异常,为I型花岗岩成因。具高Al₂O₃、Sr、Ba、高Sr/Y比值和低Yb、MgO等特征,具埃达克岩性质。岩石地球化学特征表明,黄榆沟岩体总体为下地壳物质的部分熔融成因,并有幔源物质成分的加入和遭受岩浆混合作用,推测其形成于碰撞造山后的伸展构造环境。     

吉林省大石头镇北部青茶馆-元宝山花岗斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄及地球化学特征

青茶馆-元宝山花岗斑岩具有高硅、富铝、稀土元素含量较高、相对富集轻稀土元素、亏损重稀土元素的特征,负Eu异常明显,稀土元素配分图解具有右倾"V"字形的特征,并相对富集大离子亲石元素。锆石具有典型的岩浆振荡生长环带和较高的Th/U值(0.49~1.07),反映了岩浆成因特征。测得LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为116.8±1.5Ma(n=13,MSWD=1.13)。以上特征表明,青茶馆-元宝山花岗斑岩为高钾钙碱性高分异I型花岗岩,为后造山花岗岩,其形成可能与古太平洋板块俯冲作用有关。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.