变形矿物的显微构造及其研究方法

显微构造,顾名思义,即显微级的构造形迹。研究变形矿物的显微构造,就是在显微镜(或电子显微镜)下研究造岩矿物在应力作用下变形而遗留下来的痕迹。本世纪初叶,地质学者就对变形岩石的结构构造进行了探索和研究,以后,由桑德尔及其学生们的共同努力,     

苏南地区几条北西向断裂显微构造与组构的初步研究

地壳发生的一切变形都是地应力作用的结果。在构造应力作用下,组成地壳的岩石、矿物必然发生变形,这些变形也必然在岩石、矿物内遗留下各种构造形迹——显微构造;同时,矿物的形体方位和晶格方位也会产生相应的定向排列(优选方位)——组构。近年来,显微构造与组构的研究不仅用于地质构造的运动学和动力学研究,而且日益受到构造地质、地震地质和岩石力学的研究者们的重视。     

苏南地区几条北西向断裂的显微构造及组构的研究

地壳各部分发生的一切形变都是地应力作用的结果。在构造应力作用下,组成地壳的岩石矿物也必然发生形变,从而形成各种显微构造形迹并产生相应的规律变化,这种变化表现在矿物形体方位和晶格方位上的定向排列——优选方位。石英是对应力作用最敏感的矿物之一。本文通过对苏南地区的虞山、沙山和西京山等三条北西向断裂所产生的构造岩的研究,阐述了石英的一系列显微构造形迹:波状消光、变形     

安徽寿县新元古界球-枕状构造的双重成因与古地震脉动旋回研究

在安徽寿县新元古界四十里长山组下部粉砂-细砂岩沉积地层中,发育一组具有双重成因的球-枕状软沉积物变形构造.对露头剖面进行实地观测研究显示,变形构造形成于浅海陆棚边缘斜坡带的地震灾变事件层中.由于滑塌砾石落入表层粉砂质软沉积层,在地震震颤应力作用下形成具砾石核心的球-枕状体,又在地震脉动旋回性连续震颤作用下,继续沉陷至下部液化砂层中,形成了具有双重成因的球-枕状软沉积变形构造.它经受了地震、海啸、滑塌、滑褶、震颤晃动沉陷、液化泄水、软塑性紧缩变形等多项复杂的同沉积变形作用过程.显示出该地震事件具有前震阶段、主震阶段、余震阶段等多次震颤脉动旋回性地质作用的地质事件,地震能量强度最大应超过里氏7级,为研究海洋震积岩的软沉积变形及脉动旋回性过程提供了重要的实物资料.     

桂东南那卜韧性剪切带的基本特征及形成机制

野外地质、几何学、运动学及构造应力场研究表明，桂东南卜韧性剪切带具两期活动性质：主期变形机制具右行走滑性质，而前期变形机制以压扁作用为主。通过野外调研和室内综合分析，详细论述了该韧性剪切带的构造样式、岩石组合、显微组构以及韧性变形过程中的岩石转变等，并初步探讨了韧性剪切带的应变、形成环境和变形机制。     

缅甸翡翠显微构造的研究

翡翠的显微构造是矿物在应力作用下发生脆性或塑性变形产生的各种变形形迹。常见的显微构造有显微裂隙、波状消光、带状消光、扭折带、变形纹、机械双晶、镶嵌构造、核幔构造及出溶条纹等。它们有着不同的特征。反映了不同的形成条件,涉及到不同的变形机制。     

安徽青阳地区早古生代地层的韧性变形及形成机制

安徽省青阳地区早古生代地层普遍发生了较强烈的韧性变形，主要变形形迹有：滑脱断层、顺层劈理、小型韧性剪切带、流变褶皱、石香肠等，显微构造分析也显示岩石的韧性变形、强烈的构造置换作用．岩石的构造变形达中－下部构造层次上部，其形成机制为重力滑覆成因．     

构造应力场转换与界面成矿

构造应力场转换与界面成矿是成矿作用动力学的关键和核心,它决定着矿床的形成与分布。构造应力场转换表现为不同层次的构造叠加作用和韧－脆性变形的转换,以及同一构造层次不同时期、不同构造部位应力的转换。成矿界面是物理化学条件突变的空间和场所,是成矿流体停积而发生矿质沉淀、富集、成矿之所在,主要表现为岩性、温度、压力、ｐＨ、Ｅｈ等方面的突变性,其力学性质及岩石的物理性质、化学成分是控制矿体形态、产状、规模,矿石组构,甚至矿石成分的重要因素。它们与构造应力作用大多有相关性,而与构造－流体的脉动性及空间分布关系尤为密切。作者在矿石构造多呈张裂状态,而矿脉、矿体及蚀变带多表现为压剪变形性质的地区详细填图成果基础上,探讨了构造－流体脉动规律与界面成矿机制,提出剪压变形构造岩相向剪张变形构造岩相转换而发生金属硫化物成矿作用的新认识。     

解读变形岩

岩石变形既可以产生单个的宏观型构造,例如:破裂、断层、褶皱以及板块构造,也可以在岩石中产生中小尺度的构造形迹。变形岩石的组构取决于遭受变形的沉积岩或火山岩的特征或取决于矿物颗粒的或被改造的岩石碎屑的优选方位。      

从五台山下前寒武系变形特征论某些构造形迹的运动学意义

分布在五台山区的早前寒武纪五台群和滹沱群,遭受了多期变形和变质,小型构造发育。层理配置反映变形性质和程度;片理(劈理)为早世代挤压-剪切褶皱的轴面片理,又成为晚世代弯滑褶皱的滑动面;线理(压扁拉长的砾石、杏仁体和矿物集合体)垂直于早世代褶皱枢纽,为a线理;这一运动学特征在显微组构中亦有反映。本区发现了“折射变位”、“非共面反射变位”和“共面反射变位”等褶皱枢纽变位轨迹。上述构造形迹可为运动学分析提供依据,可对造山带的重要性质获得广泛的理解。     

Variable near-surface deformation along the Commerce segment of the Commerce geophysical lineament, southeast Missouri to southern Illinois, USA

Recent studies have demonstrated a plausible link between surface and near-surface tectonic features and the vertical projection of the Commerce geophysical lineament (CGL). The CGL is a 5- to 10-km-wide zone of basement magnetic and gravity anomalies traceable for more than 600 km, extending from Arkansas through southeast Missouri and southern Illinois and into Indiana. Twelve kilometers of high-resolution seismic reflection data, collected at four sites along a 175-km segment of the CGL projection, are interpreted to show varying amounts of deformation involving Tertiary and some Quaternary sediments. Some of the locally anomalous geomorphic features in the northern Mississippi embayment region (i.e., paleoliquefaction features, anomalous directional changes in stream channels, and areas of linear bluff escarpments) overlying the CGL can be correlated with specific faults and/or narrow zones of deformed (faulted and folded) strata that are imaged on high-resolution seismic reflection data. There is an observable change in near-surface deformation style and complexity progressing from the southwest to the northeast along the trace of the CGL. The seismic reflection data collaborate mapping evidence which suggests that this region has undergone a complex history of deformation, some of which is documented to be as young as Quaternary, during multiple episodes of reactivation under varying stress fields. This work, along with that of other studies presented in this volume, points to the existence of at least one major crustal feature outside the currently defined zone of seismic activity (New Madrid Seismic Zone) that should be considered as a significant potential source zone for seismogenic activity within the midcontinent region of the United States.     

河北康保县迁安组的沉积环境、孢粉组合及时代

通过1：5万屯垦-道尹地测区区域地质调查,首次发现河北省康保县发育迁安组,其岩性组合为砂质砾、含砾粗砂、含砾细砂及粘质砂土。自下而上划分Pinus—Betula—Artemisia及Artemisia—Pinus—Chenopodiacea2个孢粉组合。晚更新世早期古环境为针阔叶混交林,古气候为温湿。晚更新世晚期古环境为温带疏林草原环境,古气候为干冷,属间冰期气候。晚更新世晚期-全新世早期本区出现各种寒冷气候条件下的融冻变形现象,反映了冰缘期气候。该套地层岩性具整体一致性,分布具区域性,且野外易于识别。无论在地层、孢粉、测年、气候、环境等方面均可与河北省迁安县爪村迁安组标准剖面进行对比。晚更新世迁安组在本区的发现,大幅度提高了区内第四纪地质的研究水平,为研究新构造运动、环境变迁和气候变化奠定了新的基础。     

Gravel bodies in the Kumtagh Desert and their geomorphological implications

Although developed in predominantly arid environments, desert geomorphology sometimes bears information about past environmental change. China’s Kumtagh Desert has only recently been studied by researchers. These investigations revealed the existence of several unique features compared with other Chinese deserts, including gravel bodies distributed in the northern part of the desert. This paper summarizes the results of previous research in the region, as well as information obtained from remote sensing and field investigations, then discusses the geological background, underlying Quaternary geomorphology, and the types, development stages, and geomorphological implications of the desert’s gravel bodies. Four main types of gravel bodies and four developmental stages were identified. It is suggested that the great elevation difference between the Altyn Tagh Mountains and the Kumtagh Desert caused by uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau constitutes the overall background for the development of gravel bodies, but subsequent climatic events were the direct causes of their evolution. The gravel bodies resulted from alluvial deposits on loose fine sediments mainly of aeolian origin that were subsequently subjected to wind erosion. Erosion cycles then progressively scattered these gravels to form gravel sheets. The gravel bodies have three main geomorphological implications: they record anomalous ancient climate events after the dune field formed and have little influence on the development of nearby seif dunes in the northeast, demonstrate that the Altyn Tagh Mountains are the main sediment source for the Kumtagh Desert, and suggest that the evolution of the environment and geomorphology of the Kumtagh Desert have been influenced by neotectonic movements.     

珠江三角洲环境地质控制性因素及问题分析

珠江三角洲经济区地处广东省中南部,濒临南海,海陆相互作用较强烈,新构造运动活跃,侵蚀和剥蚀作用明显,第四系广布,地貌类型多样,是地质环境的过渡带和敏感带,独具特色的区域地质环境必然产生相应的环境地质问题。本文基于现代调查并综合以往研究成果,从地形地貌、新构造运动、海平面变化、第四纪沉积的角度分析了控制珠三角城市群地质环境的重要因素,提出了对可持续城市化进程具有广泛影响的灾害性环境地质问题:地震灾害,软土区地面形变,岩溶塌陷,海岸异常变迁叠加海平面上升等问题。从地质环境的角度分析了这些问题的成因并提出了针对性的对策建议。     

河北怀来地区ZK02孔第四系地层结构特征

研究第四系地层结构特征和沉积环境,不仅对掌握区域第四纪发展史和气候变化具有重要意义,还可为合理利用地质资源和防治地质灾害提供重要依据。以怀来地区ZK02孔揭露的地层特征为依据,分析第四系地质结构,探讨怀来地区第四系特殊的沉积环境演变。结果表明：海拔600 m以上的山间河流发育了较厚的第四系中、上更新统沉积物,且研究区第四系自下而上以河床-边滩相沉积环境为特征,表明新构造运动和气候变化控制了第四纪时期的沉积环境演变,特殊的地质环境塑造了特殊的第四系地层结构特征。     

北京宋庄地裂缝灾害特征及影响因素分析

近年来由于北京市平原区地裂缝灾害凸显,不仅加速地表水土流失,而且对灾害区基础设施建设造成严重影响。为分析地裂缝形成原因,缓解及减轻地裂缝灾害造成的经济、财产损失,本文以新发现的宋庄地裂缝作为靶区,通过地质调查、InSAR监测、槽探、钻探等方法,揭示了宋庄地裂缝空间发育特征,从地质构造、地层岩性、地面沉降等方面,深入分析成因。结果显示:（1）宋庄地裂缝影响长度达8.7 km,NEE向延伸,受灾体主要展现出拉张形变;（2）区域拉张应力场为宋庄地裂缝形成提供内动力条件,构造影响下的第四系沉积厚度差异及地层岩性不均一,为宋庄地裂缝形成提供重要地质背景;（3）南苑-通县断裂为宋庄地裂缝形成提供了应力积累和传递媒介;（4）地下水超采引发的土体水平、垂向变形是地裂缝形成的诱发条件。受基底伸展变形、隐伏断裂及地下水开采影响,土体发生水平及垂向变形,使得在非饱和带断层区附近形成拉应力集中区,当达到土体抗拉强度时,形成盲裂缝,在雨水侵蚀或潜水位回升作用下,扩展至地表形成裂缝及串珠状土洞。     

基于岩石颗粒排列方式的低渗透储层应力敏感性分析

以颗粒堆积模型为基础,考虑了低渗透岩心颗粒不同排列方式和不同变形方式,建立了毛管束模型,并通过颗粒Hertz接触变形原理对毛管变形量进行计算,研究毛管和多孔介质应力敏感性定量表征关系,通过有效毛管分数和毛管变形规律探讨了低渗透储层应力敏感性的作用机制。研究表明,低渗透储层的应力敏感性主要表现为渗透率的应力敏感性,相比于渗透率应力敏感性,孔隙度应力敏感性较弱;低渗透储层应力敏感性与岩石颗粒排列方式、颗粒变形方式、岩石微观孔隙结构、固液界面作用力和启动压力梯度效应等密切相关;考虑有效毛管分数和毛管变形量的多孔介质应力敏感性量化模型可从应力敏感性微观作用机制角度解释低渗透储层应力敏感性。     

Soft-sediment deformation structures from the Diexi paleo-dammed lakes in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River,east Tibet

The north–south-trending upper reaches of the Minjiang River run along the Longmen Shan–Min Shan fault zone, a zone of abrupt topographic change along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Multiple levels of well-preserved soft-sediment deformation structures (seismites) occur in sediments deposited in paleo-dammed lakes in the upper part of the Minjiang River Valley. These deformation structures include liquefied convolute deformation, water-escape structures, flame structures, pseudonodules, ball-and-pillow structures, sedimentary dykes, mud lenses, and large-scale folds. Several kilometers from the barrier bar of the Diexi paleo-dammed lakes, seven deformed structural layers were identified at different heights in late Quaternary stratigraphic sequences near Shawan Village, Maoxian County. Analyses of the deformation structures, landforms, and the structural environment indicate that these deformation structures were caused by earthquakes, slumps, and landslides.OSL (optical stimulated luminescence) and ¹⁴C dating of soft-sediment layers from the Shawan site indicate that intense earthquakes occurred during the period 25–20 ka B.P. Therefore, accurate geological dating of deformed features in dammed lake deposits in high mountains and canyons enables the record of moderate- to large-magnitude earthquakes to be extended to the late Pleistocene–Holocene upon the eastern Tibetan Plateau.     

煤田构造研究——思路与方法

中国含煤岩系赋存状况的显著特点,是后期构造变形及其变形的时空差异性,造成这种特殊煤田地质条件的控制因素主要包括地球动力学环境、构造演化进程、深部构造与基底属性、构造应力场作用、煤系和上覆下伏岩性组合等五个方面。针对我国煤田构造的发育特点,提出了煤田构造研究的思路,总结了适用于煤田构造研究的技术手段及其主要用途。