兰坪金顶铅锌矿区土壤重金属Zn、Cd分布特征研究

通过连续提取法测定兰坪金顶铅锌区土壤中Zn、Cd的形态含量,笔者等分析了污染物的分布、化学形态的变化。结果表明,金顶矿区土壤中Zn、Cd总量大范围超标,Zn的水溶态含量为n·100μg/g,离子交换态为n·10μg/g,残渣态、活性铁锰态、碳酸盐态和有机结合态含量为n·102μg/g,Cd的水溶态含量为n·10-2μg/g,其他各态基本在同一数量级为n·100μg/g,部分地区Zn离子交换态含量超过国家土壤环境质量标准（Ⅲ级）中总量标准1倍以上,而Cd离子交换态含量平均是Ⅲ级总量标准的5倍,Cd污染要更加严重。污染及形态分布受矿体展布、地形、矿业活动、地表径流等的影响。Zn、Cd的环境有效态（水溶态、离子交换态与碳酸盐态之和）含量比较高,对兰坪矿区及沘江流域具有潜在的危害。     

云南沘江流域农田土壤重金属Pb、Zn、Cd、As的地球化学特征

以流经中国铅锌矿储量最大的兰坪金顶铅锌矿区的澜沧江支流——沘江周围农田土壤为研究对象,通过实地调查采样、室内实验测定和统计分析等方法,测定分析了土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd、As的含量及其化学形态分布,以探讨矿产开发对农田土壤重金属含量的影响。结果表明:(1)沘江流域农田土壤中的重金属蓄积量大,以国家《土壤环境质量标准》(Ⅱ级)衡量,Pb、Zn、Cd、As含量超标率分别为66.667%、91.667%、100%、16.667%,污染程度为Cd﹥Zn﹥Pb﹥As;(2)土壤中Pb和Cd的化学形态均以水溶态为主,活性大,迁移能力强,水溶态元素能够直接进入生态链,通过植物吸收进入食物链将给人类健康造成一定的威胁。而Zn和As化学形态分别以铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态为主,这两种形态在一般环境条件下较稳定,迁移能力弱;Pb和Cd的环境有效态(水溶态、离子交换态、碳酸盐结合态、腐殖酸结合态之和)含量较高,如果发生酸雨或酸性矿山废水的排出,它们的环境有效态会大量增加,对流域具有潜在的危害;(3)土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd、As含量分布和化学形态分布,整体上均为随着与矿区的距离增大而降低的趋势,分布曲线分为单峰状、双峰状两类。另外,Cd、Pb、Zn的化学形态分布与总量分布趋势基本一致,As的腐殖酸结合态、残渣态与总量分布一致。     

辽河流域土壤镉有效性的地球化学研究

利用辽宁省辽河流域生态地球化学调查中取得的土壤镉深表层含量及形态分析等测试数据,对土壤镉的存在形态及其影响因素进行了系统对比研究,结果表明：辽河流域土壤镉主要以离子交换态、水溶态、铁锰氧化态、碳酸盐结合态、强有机结合态、腐殖酸结合态及残渣态等七种形态存在,其中离子交换态及水溶态是可被生物吸收利用的有效态,其含量主要受土壤镉全量、pH值、有机质、土壤粘度等因素制约。     

内蒙古拜仁达坝铅锌矿矿集区土壤中成矿元素分布及其赋存形态研究

对拜仁达坝铅锌矿矿集区3个多金属矿区的3个土壤粒级样品中Zn、Pb、Cu、Ag 4种主要成矿元素的7种赋存形式(水溶态、离子交换态、碳酸盐结合态、有机质结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、硫化物结合态和残渣态)进行了测定。研究结果表明:1银都矿区土壤中Zn、Pb和Ag浓度最高,而道伦达坝矿区土壤中Cu的浓度最高;2拜仁达坝矿集区土壤中Zn、Pb和Cu主要以残渣态形式赋存,而Ag主要以铁锰氧化物结合态和硫化物结合态形式赋存;3拜仁达坝矿集区Zn、Pb和Cu元素在3个土壤粒级中的各个赋存形式所占的比例略有差别,但总体上大致相同,而Ag元素的赋存状态在3个土壤粒级的差异较大;4 3个矿区土壤中水溶态、离子交换态、碳酸盐结合态和有机质结合态的Zn和Pb差别不大;铁锰氧化物结合态、硫化物结合态和残渣态的Zn和Pb,以及Cu和Ag的7个赋存状态在3个矿区的差别较大。     

城乡交错区土壤中镉的赋存形态及其生物有效性研究

采用连续形态分析方法研究了重庆市城乡交错区土壤中Cd的形态分布及其与莴笋吸收Cd量的关系.结果表明,研究区土壤和莴笋中Cd污染严重,土壤各形态Cd总体分布特征为:残渣态Cd＞有机质结合态Cd＞离子交换态Cd＞碳酸盐结合态Cd＞铁锰氧化物结合态Cd＞水溶态Cd,其中活性较强的交换态Cd(包括水溶态Cd和离子交换态Cd)比重较大.Cd在土壤中的分布与土壤中的物理性粘粒及粉粒含量密切相关.而在土壤各形态Cd中,离子交换态Cd具有较高的生物有效性.研究区土壤和蔬菜中Cd污染已经较严重,建议加强城乡交错区的环境综合管理.     

河北平原农田土壤重金属元素Pb、Hg地球化学行为的影响因素

土壤重金属元素地球化学行为是目前国内外研究的热点。研究显示重金属元素地球化学行为与土壤理化性质有密切关系。本文选择河北平原农田为研究区,采集了325个根系土样品,测定了Pb、Hg有效态含量,并探讨了影响其地球化学行为的主要因素。研究表明:(1)Pb、Hg水溶态和离子交换态与土壤p H值呈显著负相关关系,土壤酸化使Pb、Hg有效性增加,直接导致农作物中Pb、Hg含量增加,保持土壤p H值在弱酸性至弱碱性范围,防止土壤酸化,可以降低重金属危害。(2)土壤中有机质含量与Pb、Hg全量呈显著的正相关性,但与水溶态和离子交换态呈负相关。所以土壤中有机质的增加可以降低Pb、Hg元素水溶态和离子交换态含量。(3)随着土壤黏粒的增加,Pb、Hg水溶态和离子交换态含量降低,说明黏粒可以吸附一定量的重金属离子,与重金属元素Pb、Hg地球化学行为存在一定关系。土壤p H值、有机质、黏粒是控制重金属元素Pb、Hg地球化学行为的重要因素。     

天津城郊污染区土壤Cd的赋存形态及其对蔬菜的影响

介绍了天津城郊污染区土壤Cd元素的赋存形态,探讨了Cd的赋存形态对蔬菜的影响。研究区土壤中Cd的污染程度高,以蔬菜种植为主,水溶态、离子交换态和碳酸盐态这几种容易(或在一定条件下容易)被作物吸收的Cd含量占65.2%;而有机态结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态等难被作物吸收的Cd含量低,仅占23.3%。污染区大白菜、芹菜和油麦菜3种蔬菜中的Cd与土壤中Cd的全量、Cd的多种形态都呈较明显的正相关。油菜、芹菜和油麦菜样品存在超标现象。     

内蒙古巴彦淖尔市临河区富硒耕地硒形态特征及其影响因素

对内蒙古巴彦淖尔市临河区的富硒耕地范围内51个表层土壤样品进行硒形态研究,探讨硒含量特征、形态特征及其影响因素。结果表明,研究区表层土壤总硒含量在(0.19～0.48)×10^-6,平均值为0.33×10^-6,属于适量—高硒土壤环境。7种硒形态中,残渣态、腐植酸结合态与强有机结合态为主要赋存形态,水溶态、离子交换态、铁锰氧化物结合态与碳酸盐结合态合计占比仅为13.67%。水溶态硒分级以中等—高硒为主,合计占比达到92.16%,不存在水溶态硒缺乏状态。土壤各形态硒含量与总硒含量相关性较高。土壤有机质含量、pH值、Eh值和CEC等因素对硒形态分布特征均有不同程度的影响。     

陕西潼关金矿区土壤Pb和Cd生物有效性的影响因素及其意义

土壤中重金属形态与其赋存条件之间的关系是评估土壤重金属风险的关键问题。以受金矿开发影响的土壤中Pb、Cd为研究对象,采用动力学方程分析了土壤有机质、粘粒、pH、Eh等对Pb、Cd生物有效性的影响。结果表明,研究区影响Pb、Cd生物有效性的主要因素有土壤有机质、pH及Eh;有机质与土壤中的Pb、Cd总量呈现正相关性;但当有机质含量增加时,Pb、Cd的水溶态和离子交换态含量反而降低;土壤粘粒对Pb、Cd生物有效性的影响不甚明显;虽然较低的土壤pH值会加剧重金属离子的活性,增强其生物有效性,但过高的pH值又会提高Cd碳酸盐态、铁锰氧化态的含量;Pb、Cd生物有效性随着土壤氧化—还原电位的降低而减弱。研究发现,对于Pb、Cd污染的土壤,通过增施有机肥可提高农产品的安全性;保持土壤处于弱酸—弱碱有利于降低农产品风险;在农作物成熟期实施淹水灌溉,降低土壤氧化—还原电位,可抑制Pb、Cd在籽粒中的累积。     

滇西沘江流域水体中重金属元素的地球化学特征

通过测定流经兰坪金顸铅锌矿区的沘江水体中Pb、Zn、Cd、As的含量和底泥中重金属元素的化学形态的含量,分析了重金属元素的分布和化学形态的变化。结果表明,沘江水遭到了Cd污染,底泥已经成为重金属元素的蓄积库,以国家土壤环境质量标准（Ⅲ级）衡量,Pb、Zn、Cd和舡分别超标3．4倍、15．8倍、106倍和2．6倍。沘江水中重金属元素含量的峰值在矿山附近的下游,而底泥中重金属元素的峰值在矿山下游30-50km的地方,矿业活动、水流变缓、pH等水体环境条件的变化都能影响水和底泥中重金属元素的含量。底泥中的Pb以碳酸盐结合态为主,Zn和Cd以铁锰氧化物结合态为主,而As以残渣态为主。Pb、Cd、Zn三种元素的环境有效态含量比较高,对沘江流域生态环境具有潜在的巨大的危害。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.     

Alkaline rocks of Samchampi-Samteran, District Karbi-Anglong, Assam, India

The Samchampi-Samteran alkaline igneous complex (SAC) is a near circular, plug-like body approximately 12 km² area and is emplaced into the Precambrian gneissic terrain of the Karbi Anglong district of Assam. The host rocks, which are exposed in immediate vicinity of the intrusion, comprise granite gneiss, migmatite, granodiorite, amphibolite, pegmatite and quartz veins. The SAC is composed of a wide variety of lithologies identified as syenitic fenite, magnetite ± perovskite ± apatite rock, alkali pyroxenite, ijolite-melteigite, carbonatite, nepheline syenite with leucocratic and mesocratic variants, phonolite, volcanic tuff, phosphatic rock and chert breccia. The magnetite ± perovskite ± apatite rock was generated as a cumulus phase owing to the partitioning of Ti, Fe at a shallow level magma chamber (not evolved DI = O1). The highly alkaline hydrous fluid activity indicated by the presence of strongly alkalic minerals in carbonatites and associated alkaline rocks suggests that the composition of original melt was more alkalic than those now found and represent a silica undersaturated ultramafic rock of carbonated olivine-poor nephelinite which splits with falling temperature into two immiscible fractions—one ultimately crystallises as alkali pyroxenite/ijolite and the other as carbonatite. The spatial distribution of varied lithotypes of SAC and their genetic relationships suggests that the silicate and carbonate melts, produced through liquid immiscibility, during ascent generated into an array of lithotypes and also reaction with the country rocks by alkali emanations produced fenitic aureoles (nephelinisation process). Isotopic studies (δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C) on carbonatites of Samchampi have indicated that the δ¹³C of the source magma is related to contamination from recycled carbon.