Rio Muni盆地第四纪陆坡地震地貌学

基于Rio Muni盆地深水区1 400 km2的高分辨率三维地震资料,对第四纪陆坡开展地形、地貌单元的构型、成因及演化研究。主要取得3点结论:①依据海底坡度,研究区海底地形具有东西分带,南北分区的特点。②研究区发育水道（顺直水道和弯曲水道）、滑坡（陆坡滑坡和水道壁滑坡）及海底麻坑（孤立麻坑和条带状麻坑）3类典型地貌单元。上陆坡主要发育顺直水道,弯曲水道带发育在中-下陆坡。弯曲水道主要分布在南北2区,而顺直水道在南中北3区均有发育。水道的弯曲程度与海底坡度、重力流供给密切相关。③条带状海底麻坑主要分布在南北2区,孤立麻坑3区均发育。单一麻坑任意方向的剖面均具有“U”形或“V”形特征,其下方的气烟囱具有振幅增强,同相轴下拉特征。条带状麻坑分布在古水道上方或两侧的海底, 其走向剖面具有脊-槽相间地形特征。古水道和浅层气的逸散是形成条带状海底麻坑的主要因素。     

海斗深渊沉积物组成特征及其物质来源研究进展

海斗深渊是海洋中最深的区域,由水深范围在6000～11000 m范围内的深部海沟组成,以极端的物理化学条件为特征,其沉积物以深海黏土为主。基于目前关于马里亚纳海沟及其沉积物的研究进展,总结了海斗深渊的地貌、物理化学和水动力等方面的特征;归纳了海斗深渊沉积物的粒度特征、矿物组成和古生物特征;探讨了海斗深渊沉积物的物质来源及主要分析方法。海斗深渊沉积物的物质来源具有多源性,综合多种方法示踪是准确揭示其物质物源的关键。     

青藏高原东缘中段地质灾害空间分布特征分析

利用调查获得的滑坡数据资料,结合野外实地考察,对川西高原岷江、大渡河和安宁河流域滑坡发生的海拔高程、地形坡度和坡高等参数进行了统计分析,并将这些统计结果与深切河谷地貌特征进行对比分析。结果表明,岷江上游、安宁河流域的滑坡高程主要集中在1500~2000m,大渡河流域滑坡主要发生在海拔高程1000~1500m和1500~2000m。滑坡发生的地形坡度主要分布在15°~35°,岷江流域有45.21%滑坡发生在地形坡度35°~55°处;大渡河和安宁河流域滑坡主要集中在地形坡度15°~45°之间。分析指出,川西高原绝大部分滑坡主要发生在河流“V”型谷地中,并受深切河谷地形地貌形态特征的控制。晚第四纪时期青藏高原快速隆升主导了河谷的深切作用,成为青藏高原东缘群发性地质灾害发生和分布的主要内动力控制因素。     

南海北部陆坡崎岖海底区地震成像:OBS旅行时反演

深水陆坡油气资源丰富,是油气勘探的重要领域。由于陆坡水深变化较大、海底地形崎岖、地质构造复杂,地震成像存在诸多难点,其中,速度模型的建立是最大的难题之一。利用OBS(ocean bottom seismometer)数据上丰富的折射初至信息,采用旅行时反演方法建立崎岖海底区速度模型。OBS数据由广州海洋地质调查局在南海北部陆坡珠江口盆地东部海域采集,数据质量良好,存在大量的初至折射波。地震成像结果表明,在深水崎岖海底区,利用OBS的初至旅行时能够获得地震成像所需要的背景速度场。受限于高频近似的假设,初至旅行时反演结果分辨率较低。全波形反演可以提供精度更高的速度结构,初至旅行时反演结构可用作全波形反演的初始模型。     

AMT地形影响与带地形反演研究

通过设计1组二维不同宽度、不同坡度的峰谷综合地形模型,分别从极化模式、不同频率、测点位置、山顶宽度、地形落差、地形坡度、相位曲线7个方面来研究总结山区不同起伏地形对AMT资料的影响程度和畸变特征,发现TM模式较TE模式更容易受到地形影响;起伏地形对AMT响应的高频部分影响较小,而在低频部分地形影响较大,某一测点不同频点的视电阻率和相位是对应趋肤深度水平范围内所有地形的综合影响,并非仅仅是该测点附近单一山峰或山谷的影响;山顶测点较山谷测点更容易受到影响,且山顶越窄、地形落差越大、地形越陡,影响越大。此外,文章还通过对比理论模型的不带地形和带地形2D＿TE模式反演结果,发现带地形的二维反演可以有效地消除地形影响,并对实测AMT资料开展带地形的二维反演,结果显示带地形的二维反演可以有效消除虚假高低阻异常,改善了“挂面条”现象,与3口钻孔的见锰层位对应较好。     

Landsat ETM影像的近海水深反演方法及其在北部湾的应用

近岸极浅水区的水深复杂多变，因受调查条件所限，往往成为测量的盲区。本文利用Landsat ETM多光谱影像，结合实测数据，探讨其对近岸水深反演的可行性。结果表明，对北部湾海域，ETM2是适合水深反演的最佳波段，水深Z与光谱辐射值L2及深水辐射值LS2之间存在以下关系：Z=-17．19In（L2-LS2）＋56．40。从反演效果来看，总体上能反映水深的变化趋势，同时一些小的地形变化，如潮沟等也能得到较好的体现。因此对近岸较清澈的海域，遥感影像的水深反演可以在一定程度上弥补实测的不足。     

雅浦海沟北部深渊和超深渊沉积物的物质组成、来源和形成过程研究

为探究雅浦海沟北部深渊、超深渊沉积物的组成、来源和形成特征,以1 cm分层对采自该海域不同深度的五根柱状沉积物样品的0~8 cm沉积层进行了扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察和X射线能谱(EDS)分析,并且分析了这些样品的含水率,锰结核含量, Al、Ca、Fe、Mn、Ti、Mg等6种常量金属和Ba、Co、Cr、Ni、Pb、Sr、V、Cu、Zn等9种微量金属元素含量,以及总有机碳(TOC)含量等参数。结果表明,研究区域沉积物主要为深海软泥沉积,是不同年代沉积物的复杂混合,包含以盘星石为代表的颗石藻、海绵骨针、放射虫和硅藻等多种微体古生物化石以及辉石、重晶石、钛铁矿、长石等多种矿物。沉积组分主要来自生物源、火山源、陆源和海底热液,其中陆源沉积出现于海沟东侧深渊区。海沟西侧崖壁的沉积物比东侧崖壁的沉积物更容易发育锰结核。研究区域沉积物含水率较高并且颗粒较大,其含水率随深度增加呈减少趋势。研究区域超深渊站位沉积物的TOC和微体古生物化石含量均高于深渊站位,存在明显的漏斗效应。整体上海沟西侧崖壁沉积物含水率和TOC含量低于东侧崖壁的沉积物。自更新世以来,雅浦海沟北部的碳酸钙补偿深度(CCD)线从4 568 m以深变为4 435 m至4 568 m之间。研究区域的沉积环境为氧化环境,其0~8 cm沉积层的古老沉积物与现代沉积物发生了混合和再沉积作用,形成年代跨度极大。研究区域沉积物的形成受到海沟坡度、水动力环境、重力滑塌、浊流沉积、火山活动、漏斗效应等多种因素的显著影响。     

基于GIS的福建省地形分析

数字高程模型（DEM）是DTM的一种特例,是对地球表面地形地貌的一种离散的数字表达。DEM是地理信息系统进行地形分析的基础数据。采用1：10万数字等高线数据建构30m空间分辨率格网DEM,并基于DEM进行分级,提取坡度、地形起伏度及坡度聚类,坡谱等地形分析;比较准确地表达了福建的总体地形特征,为地理分析及环境评价等提供了基础的数据。     

利用GPS观测资料反演华北地区现今构造应力场

根据已获得的最新GPS观测资料,利用有限元方法反演华北地区现今构造应力场。反演结果表明,华北地区现今构造应力场除受55°～235°方向的压应力外,同时还受到140°～320°方向的拉应力,其中 NE－SW向的压应力最大,约为SE－ NW向的2倍。认为这一应力场是2种动力学过程的叠加,一是印度板块和太平洋板块的挤压,其中来自印度洋板块的作用力最大,约为太平洋板块作用力的1.5倍;另一个是因地幔隆起而产生的NW－SE向水平拉张力。     

中国海洋国土的确定及矿产资源

我国是有辽阔海洋国土的海洋大国,海陆总国土面积约1 260×104km2。中国海处于大陆边缘,其海底地貌可分为大陆架、大陆坡、岛弧、海沟和深海海盆五大类。本文按地体构造分析我国海域及邻区的构造,其主体处于欧亚板块的华北亚板块、扬子亚板块、华南亚板块、南海亚板块和东南亚亚板块,其中亚板块可分为若干地体。台湾海岸山脉及其以东区域位于菲律宾海板块。三叠纪以来,这些板块、亚板块和地体处于不断拼合、增生或离散之中。按照联合国海洋法公约,渤海是内海。黄海的西部海域,东海和南海的大部分海域都是我国国家管辖的专属经济区,都是中国海洋国土,根本不是什么公海。我国海洋矿产资源极其丰富,海洋油气资源的勘探与开发居最重要的地位。除了已开采海滨砂矿、铜、煤等固体矿产之外,应特别要重视海洋多金属结核、天然气水合物等资源的勘探和开发。     

Improved bathymetric datasets for the shallow water regions in the Indian Ocean

Ocean modellers use bathymetric datasets like ETOPO5 and ETOPO2 to represent the ocean bottom topography. The former dataset is based on digitization of depth contours greater than 200 m, and the latter is based on satellite altimetry. Hence, they are not always reliable in shallow regions. An improved shelf bathymetry for the Indian Ocean region (20°E to 112°E and 38°S to 32°N) is derived by digitizing the depth contours and sounding depths less than 200 m from the hydrographic charts published by the National Hydrographic Office, India. The digitized data are then gridded and used to modify the existing ETOPO5 and ETOPO2 datasets for depths less than 200 m. In combining the digitized data with the original ETOPO dataset, we apply an appropriate blending technique near the 200 m contour to ensure smooth merging of the datasets. Using the modified ETOPO5, we demonstrate that the original ETOPO5 is indeed inaccurate in depths of less than 200 m and has features that are not actually present on the ocean bottom. Though the present version of ETOPO2 (ETOPO2v2) is a better bathymetry compared to its earlier versions, there are still differences between the ETOPO2v2 and the modified ETOPO2. We assess the improvements of these bathymetric grids with the performance of existing models of tidal circulation and tsunami propagation.     

Topographic and geomorphological features and tectogenesis of the southern section of the Kyushu-Palau Ridge (KPR) and its adjacent areas

The Philippine Sea is the largest marginal sea in the Western Pacific Ocean and is divided into two parts by the Kyushu-Palau Ridge (KPR). The western part is the West Philippine Basin, and the eastern part consists of the Shikoku and Parece Vela basins. Based on surveyed data of massive high-resolution multibeam bathymetric data and sub-bottom profiles data collected from the southern section of the KPR from 2018 to 2021, this paper analyzes the topographic and geomorphological features, shallow sedimentary features, and tectonic genesis of the southern section of the KPR, obtaining the following conclusions. The southern section of the KPR has complex and rugged topography, with positive and negative topography alternatingly distributed and a maximum height difference of 4086 m. The slope of seamounts in this section generally exceeds 10° and is up to a maximum of 59°. All these contribute noticeably discontinuous topography. There are primarily nine geomorphological types in the southern section of the KPR, including seamounts, ridges, and intermontane valleys, etc. Among them, seven independent seamount groups are divided by five large troughs, forming an overall geomorphological pattern of seven abyssal seamount groups and five troughs. This reflects the geomorphological features of a deep oceanic ridge. Intramontane basins and intermontane valleys in the southern section of the KPR are covered by evenly thick sediments. In contrast, sediments in ridges and seamounts in this section are thin or even missing, with slumps developing locally. Therefore, the sediments are discontinuous and unevenly developed. The KPR formed under the control of tectonism such as volcanic activities and plate movements. In addition, exogenic forces such as underflow scouring and sedimentation also play a certain role in shaping seafloor landforms in the KPR.©2021 China Geology Editorial Office.     

Evaluation of LPM permafrost distribution in NE Asia reconstructed and downscaled from GCM simulations

A high‐resolution map of potential frozen ground distribution in NE Asia (90–150°E, 25–60°N) at the period of the Last Permafrost Maximum (LPM, c. 21 000 years ago) was dually reconstructed by means of a statistical classification using air freezing and thawing indices and a topographical downscaling using a digital relief model (ETOPO1). Background LPM climate data were derived from global climate model simulations of the Paleoclimate Model Intercomparison Project, Phase II (PMIP2). The reconstructed LPM map shows the southward shift of the southern limit of climate‐driven permafrost by 400–1500 km, with the greatest advance in the western sector (90–110°E), encompassing an area from central Siberia to most of the Altai area. The advance of environmentally conditional permafrost and seasonally frozen ground was greatest in the eastern sector (110–150°E), with an average shift of about 450 km. The descent of the lower limit of LPM alpine permafrost was in the range of 400–800 m. A comparison of the reconstructed map with published literature shows that this method, simplistically constructed yet effectively recognizing seasonality, continentality and topography, captures local features better than more elaborate methods. The sensitivity examination of a constant atmospheric lapse rate shows that altitudes of 2000–5000 m a.s.l. were most sensitive, though with only a limited effect on overall LPM distribution.     

Topographical features of rainfall-triggered landslides in Mon State,Myanmar, August 2019: spatial distribution heterogeneity and uncommon large relative heights

Continuous 5-day (August 4–9, 2019) torrential rainfall in the monsoon season triggered more than 90 landslides on northwest-southeast extended mountain range of Mon State, Myanmar. In this study, remote sensing images, DEM, and limited fieldworks were used to create the landslide inventory. The topography features of these landslides are analyzed via ArcGIS. The largest one occurred on 9 August 2019 and caused 75 deaths and 27 buildings were damaged. This landslide occurred on gentle topography (slope angle, 23°) with long run-out, in which the angle of reach was relatively low (10°). The volume was 111,878 m³ was mainly composed of weathered granite and red soil and the sliding depth was approximately 7.5 m. Topographic characteristics including the relative slope height, angle of reach, and slope angle of source area of 35 landslides with areas?>?4000 m² were analyzed. The spatial distribution characteristics and topographic features of the 35 landslides below are distinguished: (1) the concentration of most of landslides on southwest-facing slopes showing the heterogeneous spatial distribution of landslide; (2) an uncommon landslide distribution in which more than half of landslide originates from upper slope; (3) the range of the angle of the source area (17°–38°) compatible with the internal friction angle of soils in tropical regions (17°–33°); and (4) the tangent of the angle of reach is generally smaller than 0.5 (angle of reach?<?27°) shows a relative high mobility and the relation between landslide mobility and the slope angle of the landslide source area is similar to the one of earthquake-triggered landslides, even though the triggering mechanism, landslide type, and landslide volume are dramatically different.

     

Morphometric analysis of Usri River basin,Chhotanagpur Plateau,India, using remote sensing and GIS

A geomorphic unit Usri drainage basin (latitude: 24° 04′00″ N to 24° 34′00″ N and longitude 86°05′00″E to 86°25′00″E) lies in north-eastern parts of Chhotanagpur Plateau, India, has been selected for morphometric analysis. Digital elevation model (DEM) has been generated by Cartosat stereo pair data at 10-m resolution. The morphometric parameters considered for the analysis includes the linear, areal, and relief aspects of the basin. Morphometric analysis of the river network and the basin revealed that the Usri Basin has sixth-order river network with a dendritic drainage pattern. The dendritic drainage pattern indicates that the basin has homogeneous lithology, gentle regional slope, and lack of structural control. The bifurcation ratio between different successive orders varies but the mean ratio is low that suggests the higher permeability and lesser structural control. The low drainage density, poor stream frequency, and moderately coarse drainage texture values of the basin indicate that the terrain has gentle slope, is made up of loose material, and hence has good permeability of sub-surface material and significant recharge of ground water. The shape parameters indicate that the basin is elongated in shape with low relief, high infiltration capacity, and less water flow for shorter duration in basin. The 50 % of the basin has altitude below 300 m and gently sloping towards the southeast direction. All the morphometric parameters and existing erosional landforms indicated mature to early old stage topography.     

Isostatic geoid anomalies over trenches and island arcs

Altimeter geoid profiles crossing trenches and island arcs typically exhibit a long-wavelength increase in geoidal height approaching the trench which, in many cases, reaches a maximum over the back-arc area. Bathymetry profiles across trenches show a similar regional increase in the mean depth of the ocean floor behind the trench. Filters corresponding to Airy and Pratt models of isostatic compensation were applied to bathymetry profiles crossing seven different trench systems in order to estimate how much of the observed geoid variation in these regions could be attributed to isostatically-compensated ocean-floor topography. The results indicate that short-wavelength, high-amplitude variations in the geoid, which in some cases account for over 50% of the total observed amplitude variation, can be reasonably reproduced assuming a Pratt model of isostatic compensation. An additional component of the geoid arises from the uncompensated outer rise seaward of the trench. It is therefore concluded that a large part of the geoid signal over trenches and island arcs may be related to variations in sea-floor topography. This topographic component should be removed from altimeter geoid profiles before using the data to infer details of the deeper structure of subduction zones.     

Geomorphic response to growing fault-related folds: example from the foothills of central Taiwan

In this paper we concentrate particularly on the geomorphological indicators left by active tectonics. In the central foothills of Taiwan, we used topography, drainage pattern and structural data to perform quantitative morphometric analysis and to determine relative age of fault-related anticlines. The Tiehchen, Tatu and Pakua ridge belt is a fault-related anticline system located in the hanging wall of the Changhua fault along the western thrust front of the foothills. Geomorphic systems are analysed with intent to detect the various responses of landforms and drainage pattern to late Quaternary deformation. Topography and drainage basin register uplift and are valuable tools to discriminate lateral propagation of an active frontal fold. Geomorphic field evidence and quantitative morphometric parameters are used to define the evolution of the rising anticline ridges and to infer tectonism style along an active front. Geometry of alluvial fans, formed along the frontal side of the anticlines, and weathered terrace deposits provide relevant information on neotectonics. Knowledge concerning these younger anticline ridges, makes this area a good example of an actively forming mountain front. We discuss in detail the origin of N045°, N095 and N120° trending oblique fault scarps which delimite numerous fault blocks. The fault scarps morphology is characterized by imbricate talus facets. Steeper topography accompanied by breaks in the slope along some transverse profiles, seems to correspond to the traces of successive uplifts.     

LATE PLEISTOCENE—HOLOCENE RAPID UPLIFT AND EROSION IN TIBET: CONSTRAINTS FROM COSMOGENIC EXPOSURE AGE DATA

LATE PLEISTOCENE—HOLOCENE RAPID UPLIFT AND EROSION IN TIBET: CONSTRAINTS FROM COSMOGENIC EXPOSURE AGE DATA1　CopelandP ,HarrisonTM ,KiddWSF ,etal.RapidearlyMioceneaccelerationofupliftintheGangdeseBelt,Xizang(southernTibet) ,anditsbearingonaccommodationmechanismsoftheIndian Asiacollision[J].EarthPlanetSciLett,1987,86 :2 40～ 2 5 2 . 2　FieldingEJ .Tibetupliftanderosion[J].Tectonophysics,1994,2 6 0 :5 5～ 84. 3　HarrisonTM ,CopelandP ,Ki…     

Tectonic implied results from geoid and topography signals

The topographic surface is a measure of static equilibrium from the actual density distribution within the outmost Earth's lithosphere. The natural height reference of this surface, known as geoid, reflects the mixed mass-density effects, caused by the same sources, without the contribution of topographic mass. Geoid undulation and topography are output signals, which carry in common a large part of the contribution from the causal “sources”. This contribution appears in both types of signal. Comparisons between the signals depict the geographical location and an estimation of the depth occurrence of areas with geophysical and tectonic formations depending on their correlation rate. We present results from the Greek region, known for its complex diversity in topography, tectonics and dynamics. The tests are in point and “surface” concept, from local and global signals of geoid and topography. Local geoid is represented at 91 GPS points and EGM 96 coefficients compute its global representation. The topography is point values within the area, and the ETOPO5 5′X5′ data within the geographical frame.