现代冰川中的微粒研究与气候环境变化

现代冰川雪冰中的微粒是重建过去气候环境变化的一项重要替代性指标。根据前人对极地冰盖和山地冰川冰芯及雪坑样品中的微粒粒径、矿物特征和含量变化等研究成果,讨论了微粒粒径变化,微粒与火山活动、大气气溶胶的关系,以及冰芯测年、微粒来源等相关分析,认为微粒中的代表性矿物、火山玻璃、粗糙系数和粒径分布可作为确定微粒源区的指标;微粒含量的变化与大气环流、气温高低及干湿程度密切相关,微粒含量的高值对应冷干气候,反之为暖湿;大气环流加强时,微粒含量增加,反之减少。微粒研究还能获得如火山活动、人类影响等特殊事件的信息。     

冰芯中不溶微粒的研究进展

冰芯中的微粒是反映大气粉尘的直接指标,其研究内容包括浓度、通量、粒径和矿物组成等在不同时期的变化特征以及其对全球气候的影响.简要地介绍大气粉尘对全球气候的影响,总结了近年来冰芯中的微粒研究以及用于解释末次冰盛期时高粉尘的几个气候模型的主要进展,着重讨论利用微粒的同位素特征来确定其来源以及利用微粒记录进行定年的方法与结果.     

过去2000 年大气甲烷含量与气候变化的冰芯记录

温室气体与气候变化的关系是当前全球变化研究中的一个核心内容。目前关于大气温室气体含量变化只有几十年的实测资料, 而冰芯包裹气体中的CH4 不仅能反映过去大气CH4 含量随时间的变化, 而且能很好地揭示陆地CH 向大气中的释放随时间及空间的分布。近年来, 极地冰芯研究表明南极和北极过去大气层中的甲烷含 量差异很大, 北极大气层中甲烷含量远大于南极大气层。科学家们推测, 中低纬度地区是全球大气层甲烷含量变 化的驱动源。而对这一可能驱动源的甲烷含量变化, 很长时间人们一无所知。达索普冰芯记录揭示了中低纬度大 气CH4 含量与极地冰芯记录相同的变化趋势, 并明确显示工业革命以来大气CH4 含量的增长。高分辨率达索普 冰芯记录的工业革命以来大气CH4 含量变化最显著的特征是20 世纪两次世界大战期间人类活动CH4 排放的减缓 使大气CH4 含量呈负增长。中低纬度大气CH4 含量的恢复使我们有机会与极地冰芯记录进行定量对比研究。 0 ～1850A. D. 中低纬度大气CH4 的平均含量为782nmol /mol, 与格陵兰和南极大气CH4 平均含量差分别达66 nmol /mol和109nmol /mol, 并且其最大自然波动幅度超过200nmol /mol, 这是极地冰芯记录从未有过的。达索普冰芯 记录表明工业革命前中低纬度为全球大气重要的CH4 源区, 但最近1000a 来, 北半球中高纬度的排放有了显著的 加强; 过去2000a 来的自然变化时期, 气候变化的纬向差异对北半球不同纬度带CH4 排放格局有重要影响。     

青藏高原冰雪不溶微粒研究进展

不溶微粒是冰雪中重要的气候环境变化参数，通过冰雪中微粒记录研究气候环境变化是冰雪研究的一个重要方向。20世纪中后期对冰雪微粒的研究主要集中在南极和格陵兰，到20世纪末期时一些研究人员开始关注中纬度的冰雪微粒的研究，特别是青藏高原冰雪微粒的研究。到目前为止，共有4根冰芯（敦德冰芯、古里雅冰芯、达索普冰芯和慕士塔格冰芯）和数个雪坑开展了微粒研究。青藏高原冰雪微粒研究主要从微粒定年、微粒浓度、粒径分布、特殊事件的记录以及与可溶性离子的关系等方面进行了研究。主要回顾了从80年代末开始的青藏高原冰雪微粒研究的一些主要方法和主要成果并且展望了今后微粒重点研究的方向。     

敦德冰芯中微粒含量与沙尘暴及气候的关系

在敦德冰芯不同粒径（＞２．０ｕｍ,２．０～２５ｕｍ,＞５．０４ｕｍ）的微粒数据处理基础上,进行了微粒的变化特征以及微粒所揭示的气候信息分析,并将其与小冰期以来的气候变化记录进行了对比．结果表明,微粒含量变化与极地微粒研究所得的结论基本一致,即微粒含量高时,气候多为冷干;微粒含量低时,气候多为暖湿微粒变化异常于这一规律时,多为尘暴发生之时微粒含量的多少与当地的大风强度、地形、尘暴的规模、频率和强度有关     

郭德冰芯中微粒含量与沙尘暴及气候的关系

在郭德冰芯不同粒径（〉２．０μｍ,２．０～２．５μｍ,〉５．０４μｍ）的微粒数据处理基础上,进行了微粒的变化特征以及微粒所揭示的气候信息分析,并将其与小冰期以来的气候变化记录进行了对比。结果表明,微粒含量变化与极地微粒研究所得的结论基本一致,即微粒含量高地,气候多为冷干;微粒含量低时,气候多为暖湿,微粒变化异常这一规律时,多为尘暴发生之时,微粒含量的多少与当地的大风强度,地菜,尘暴的规模,频率和强     

乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川不溶微粒的季节变化特征

冰芯中的不溶微粒是反映大气粉尘的良好指标，亦是冰芯定年的重要方法。为了探究不溶微粒在雪层中的季节变化特征，对采自乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川4 130 m处的雪冰样品进行不溶微粒分析。表层雪中粗微粒浓度在一年中有2个峰值，分别出现在12~3月、6~9月；总微粒只有一个峰值区，出现在4~8月。对比同期气象资料发现，其受降水、大气环流以及局地风影响显著。结合雪层物理剖面和微粒在雪层中的浓度发现：污化层是粗颗粒（直径大于10 μm）聚集的区域。对该粒径范围的微粒浓度峰值进行跟踪，发现不溶微粒在雪层中的浓度和位置变化与融水、物理成冰过程密切相关。     

冰芯中的不溶微粒及其气候和环境意义

文章对冰芯中不溶微粒的研究回顾和展望，着重讨论了不溶微粒研究在断代，揭示气候环境变化，人类活动和反映大气本底溶胶方面所取得的进展，未来不溶微粒的研究将向中低韧度扩展，并在有机质，宇宙尘，化学成分和矿物成分方面得以加强。     

慕士塔格冰芯记录的细菌菌群的沉积特征*

文章对一支长22. 4m的慕士塔格冰芯上部12. 5m的分析结果表明, 细菌菌群分布与尘埃含量具有密切的 对应关系, 初步揭示了大气环流的生物输送作用和微生物对局地环境变化的响应特征。研究表明, 冰芯中可培养 的细菌数量与细菌菌群生物量分布趋势一致, 在一定的深度范围内均表现出剧增或剧减的变化形式, 呈现出不均 一的“层状分布”特征。冰芯中发现的优势细菌类群随深度的变化也表现出明显的“层状分布”特征。与不溶矿物 微粒数量浓度的比较研究表明, 细菌生物量的波动与微粒数量浓度具有很好的对应关系。该项研究揭示了气候环 境变化对冰芯细菌菌群数量及其多样性分布的重要影响。     

极地冰钻关键技术研究进展

极地冰钻技术是获取冰芯，研究冰盖-冰架-海洋相互作用，以及获取极地冰下基岩与冰下水环境样品，开展冰下环境探测的重要手段。目前极地冰钻技术的难点与前沿主要包括深冰芯钻探、冰架热水钻、冰下基岩钻和冰下水环境采样与观测技术。本文针对以上4个极地冰钻关键技术，对国内外相关技术的研究进展与项目开展情况进行了总结与梳理。综合来看，虽然我国开展极地钻探技术研究起步较晚，但随着我国极地战略不断推进，我国的极地冰钻关键技术与装备的研究正持续向着赶超极地钻探强国方向迈进，这必将为我国的极地科学研究提供强有力的技术支撑。     

Tephrochronology of the Siple Dome ice core,West Antarctica: correlations and sources

A total of 24 tephra-bearing volcanic layers have been recognized between 550 and 987 m depth in the Siple Dome A (SDM-A) ice core, in addition to a number already recognized tephra in the upper 550 m (Dunbar et al., 2003, Kurbatov et al., 2006). The uniform composition and distinctive morphological of the particles composing these tephra layers suggest deposition as a result of explosive volcanic eruptions and that the layers therefore represent time-stratigraphic markers in the ice core. Despite the very fine grain size of these tephra (mostly less than 20 microns), robust geochemical compositions were determined by electron microprobe analysis. The source volcanoes for these tephra layers are largely found within the Antarctic plate. Statistical geochemical correlations tie nine of the tephra layers to known eruptions from Mt. Berlin, a West Antarctic volcano that has been very active for the past 100,000 years. Previous correlations were made to an eruption of Mt. Takahe, another West Antarctic volcano, and one to Mt. Hudson, located in South America (Kurbatov et al., 2006). The lowest tephra layer in the ice core, located at 986.21 m depth, is correlated to a source eruption with an age of 118.1 ± 1.3 ka, suggesting a chronological pinning point for the lower ice. An episode of anomalously high volcanic activity in the ice in the SDM-A core between 18 and 35 ka (Gow and Meese, 2007) appears to be related to eruptive activity of Mt. Berlin volcano. At least some of the tephra layers found in the SDM-A core appear to be the result of very explosive eruptions that spread ash across large parts of West Antarctica, off the West Antarctic coast, as well as also being recognized in East Antarctica (Basile et al., 2001, Narcisi et al., 2005, Narcisi et al., 2006). Some of these layers would be expected to should be found in other deep Antarctic ice cores, particularly ones drilled in West Antarctica, providing correlative markers between different cores. The analysis of the tephra layers in the Siple Dome core, along with other Antarctic cores, provides a timing framework for the relatively proximal Antarctic and South American volcanic eruptive events, allowing these to be distinguished from the tropical eruptions that may play a greater role in climate forcing.     

大气甲烷的冰芯记录

冰芯包裹气体的提取分析提供了历史时期大气CH₄含量变化最直接的信息.“三极(南极、格陵兰及青藏高原)”冰芯的大气甲烷记录的恢复,刻画了自然变化时期大气CH₄含量的详细变化情景及不同纬度间的变化差异,并以此可进一步分析大气CH₄含量变化与气候变化的关系以及陆地CH₄排放随时间的变化特征.冰芯研究揭示,工业革命以来大气CH₄含量的急剧增长及其现阶段的大气含量是过去几十万年来任何气候变化时期从未发生过的.     

现代冰川过程与全球环境气候演变

文章从宏观和微观两个方面扼要阐述了现代冰川过程与全球变化之间的关系。南极冰盖和格陵兰冰盖冰川物质平衡值目前还没有确切结论，虽然它与全球海平面的升降密切相关。山地冰川末端进退变化和冰川物质平衡与全球升温对应较好。极地冰盖现代降水中的稳定同位素比率，主要阴、阳离子、生物有机酸、微粒、超痕量重金属元素、宇宙尘埃以及火山灰等杂质的含量，为认识地球现代环境气候状况提供了丰富的资料。极地冰盖冰芯的分析结果为重建过去气候环境提供了大信息量，高保真度和高分辨率的资料为预测未来气候环境奠定了坚实基础，具有其它任何载体无法取代的优越性。山地冰川的现代和过去气候环境记录，对研究全球和区域性气候环境状况与变迁意义重大     

Ice-core records of global climate and environment changes

Precipitation accumulating on the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets records several key parameters (temperature, accumulation, composition of atmospheric gases and aerosols) of primary interest for documenting the past global environment over recent climatic cycles and the chemistry of the preindustrial atmosphere. Several deep ice cores from Antarctica and Greenland have been studied over the last fifteen years. In both hemispheres, temperature records (based on stable isotope measurements in water) show the succession of glacial and interglacial periods. However, detailed features of the climatic stages are not identical in Antarctica and in Greenland. A tight link between global climate and greenhouse gas concentrations was discovered, CO₂ and CH₄ concentrations being lower in glacial conditions by about 80 and 0.3 ppmv, respectively, with respect to their pre-industrial levels of 280 and 0.65 ppmv. Coldest stages are also characterized by higher sea-salt and crustal aerosol concentrations. In Greenland, contrary to Antarctica, ice-age ice is alkaline. Gas-derived aerosol (in particular, sulfate) concentrations are generally higher for glacial periods, but not similar in both the hemispheres. Marine and continental biomass-related species are significant in Antarctica and Greenland ice, respectively. Finally, the growing impact of anthropogenic activities on the atmospheric composition is well recorded in both polar regions for long-lived compounds (in particular greenhouse gases), but mostly in Greenland for short-lived pollutants.     

中国南极冰川学研究10年回顾与展望

扼要回顾中国南极冰川学研究历程,当前国际南极冰川学研究背景和发展趋势,并从南极冰盖雪冰物理特征研究,冰盖气候环境记录的现代过程研究以及冰芯研究等方面总结我国南极冰川学研究取得的成果,认为８０年代后期以来,中国南极冰川研究成果显著,尤其是对南冰盖气候环境记录的现代过程研究取得了很大进展,居于国际研究的前沿地位。     

过去1 000 a大气中主要温室气体冰芯记录研究概述

对南北两极和中低纬度山地冰芯中开展的温室气体的相关研究进行了回顾.结果显示:在1000aBP到工业革命阶段,大气中CO2,CH4和N2O等温室气体的浓度及气体稳定同位素受各种自然来源影响显著,平均含量较低,浓度波动也较小;工业革命之后,随着人类工农业等活动对环境的影响的加剧,大气中3种温室气体的含量呈现出剧烈的上升趋势.2007年IPCC第四次评估报告显示,目前CO2、CH4和N2O气体浓度的全球大气平均含量分别达到379mL·m-3、1774μL·m-3和319μL·m-3.对影响工业革命前南极、格陵兰及青藏高原冰芯中温室气体的含量的因素总结发现,由于受不同的温度、杂质含量等条件的影响,温室气体含量区域差异较大.1800A.D.以前,格陵兰冰芯中CO2的含量较南极冰芯高出9mL·m-3,青藏高原达索普冰芯CH4平均含量较南极和格陵兰冰盖高出15%～20%,格陵兰冰芯中的N2O含量也明显高于南极冰芯.工业革命以后,冰芯中3种气体浓度表现出强烈的上升趋势,并均达到1000A.D.以来的最高值.     

Tracer transport in the Greenland Ice Sheet: constraints on ice cores and glacial history

The climate history and dynamics of the Greenland Ice Sheet are studied using a coupled model of the depositional provenance and transport of glacier ice, allowing simultaneous prediction of the detailed isotopic stratigraphy of ice cores at all the major Greenland sites. Adopting a novel method for reconstructing the age–depth relationship, we greatly improve the accuracy of semi-Lagrangian tracer tracking schemes and can readily incorporate an age-dependent ice rheology. The larger aim of our study is to impose new constraints on the glacial history of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Leading sources of uncertainty in the climate and dynamic history are encapsulated in a small number of parameters: the temperature and elevation isotopic sensitivities, the glacial–interglacial precipitation contrast and the effective viscosity of ice in the flow law. Comparing predicted and observed ice layering at ice core sites, we establish plausible ranges for the key model parameters, identify climate and dynamic histories that are mutually consistent and recover the past depositional elevation of ice cores to ease interpretation of their climatic records. With the coupled three-dimensional model of ice dynamics and provenance transport we propose a method to place all the ice core records on a common time scale and use discrepancies to adjust the reconstructed climate history. Analysis of simulated GRIP ice layering and borehole temperature profiles confirms that the GRIP record is sensitive to the dynamic as well as to the climatic history, but not enough to strongly limit speculation on the state of the Greenland Ice Sheet during the Eemian. In contrast, our study indicates that the Dye 3 and Camp Century ice cores are extremely sensitive to ice dynamics and greatly constrain Eemian ice sheet reconstructions. We suggest that the maximum Eemian sea-level contribution of the ice sheet was in the range of 3.5–4.5 m.     

Tracer transport in the Greenland ice sheet: three-dimensional isotopic stratigraphy

Polar ice cores can provide both a record of climate history and a sharp test of the performance of numerical ice dynamics models. The stratigraphic structure of an ice sheet is an expression of its full depositional and dynamic history and thus presents a greater challenge to computer models than merely matching the contemporary ice thickness and areal extent. We describe a coupled model of ice and tracer dynamics that is realized by adding a semi-Lagrangian tracer transport scheme to a conventional thermomechanical ice dynamics model. Model skill is demonstrated by using ice core data from the GRIP site near Summit Greenland to successfully predict the isotopic stratigraphy of ice cores at other deep drilling sites. The success of this effort indicates that, when compensated for the effects of ice flow and elevation, all the deep cores relate a coherent glacial history over the past 120,000 years. According to the simulation results, the oldest Greenland ice lies beneath the GRIP, GISP2 and NorthGRIP sites although comparably old ice may also be found in North Greenland and East Central Greenland.