青岛三种海产红藻的光合和呼吸特性的初步研究

于1981年在青岛近海采集真江食、石花莱和角叉菜样品，用氧电极法测定它们在不同生长季节和发育阶段的光合和呼吸速率，并研究不同温度对其光合和呼吸速率的影响，同时计算出它们的呼吸温度系数。结果表明，3种红藻具有典型的潮间带海藻的光合特性，即高光饱和点为600—1000μE／（m2·s），较高的光补偿点为12－40μE／（m2·s）和较高的光合适温≥25℃。温度对3种红藻的光合和呼吸的影响均很明显，在5，15，25℃下测试，它们的最高光合和呼吸速率都出现在25℃。3种红藻的呼吸温度系数（Q10），在5－15℃较高，为1．4－5．5在15－25℃较低，为1．1－2．7。说明它们在低温下的呼吸受温度变动影响较大。经计算3种红藻在适宜生长温度下的净光合速率：角又菜和真江蒿在15℃分别为4．90O2mg／（g·h）和8．14O2mg／（g·h）；石花菜在25℃为11．87O2mg／（g·h），在3种红藻中最高。这说明，石花菜的光合效率并不象人们预料的那样低，其秋季幼体在25℃，1000μE／（m2·s）光强下，净光合速率达到19．19O2mg／（g·h）。看来在自然界石花菜生长缓慢主要是由于生境中低光照强度和较低水温所致。     

壳聚糖季铵盐的合成及性质研究

为开发利用壳聚糖及其衍生物,采用异相法合成了壳聚糖季铵盐——羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(HACC),并分别用红外光谱、核磁共振对其结构进行了表征;通过扫描电镜图对比分析了CS和HACC的粒度和外貌形态变化。在此基础上,测定了HACC的取代度(DQ),并对其溶液性质进行研究。结果表明：通过在壳聚糖分子结构中N上引入季铵盐侧链合成的HACC,具有较好的水溶性和较高的稳定性,室温下水中溶解度达10％,1％醋酸水溶液粘度在12d内、水溶液粘度在pH=3～9范围内几乎没有降低。     

下三横山岛潮间带大型海藻群落构成及季节变化

为发展多营养层级综合养殖系统（IMTA）,2019年对浙江嵊泗列岛下三横山岛养殖海区潮间带底栖大型海藻周年群落构成及时空特征进行调查分析。结果显示：研究区域共采集到36种大型海藻,包含24种红藻、4种绿藻以及8种褐藻,且群落结构季节性变化显著。鼠尾藻（Sargassum thunbergii）、羊栖菜（S. fusiforme）、石莼（Ulva lactuca）、带形蜈蚣藻（Grateloupia turuturu）、复生凹顶藻（Laurencia composita）所有调查站位均有出现,为该海区的优势种,且鼠尾藻四季皆为优势种。大型海藻群落的丰富度指数（D）、多样性指数（H′）、均匀度指数（J′）的年均值分别为0.81、1.85、2.33,且季节变化明显。优势种Pearson相关分析显示：带形蜈蚣藻、复生凹顶藻生物量与叶绿素a、温度和盐度呈极显著相关,舌状蜈蚣藻（G. livida）、角叉菜（Chondrus ocellatus）生物量与溶解氧呈极显著正相关,珊瑚藻（Corallina officinalis）生物量与溶解性无机磷和pH呈极显著正相关,铜藻（S. horneri）生物量与温度呈显著负相关,石莼生物量与化学需氧量、pH、盐度和叶绿素a呈显著相关,羊栖菜生物量与化学需氧量呈极显著正相关。具经济价值的优势种（鼠尾藻、羊栖菜、石莼）可作为IMTA系统大型海藻候选种。     

海洋生物在食品和医药工业中的应用与产业化发展思路

海洋生物在食品和医药工业中的应用与产业化发展思路于志洁，褚新奇（海军医学研究所，上海）海洋面积占地球表面７０％，是生命最初的发源地。海洋中蕴藏着极为丰富的能源和生物资源，据报道，世界上近８０％的生物生活在海洋中。海洋动物有２８个门类，植物有红藻、绿藻...     

盐度和pH值对鮸鱼幼鱼耗氧率和氨氮排泄率的影响

利用实验生态学的方法研究了不同盐度及pH值对鮸鱼幼鱼的呼吸、排泄的影响．结果表明，不同盐度对鮸鱼幼鱼耗氧率、氨氮排泄率有显著影响（P〈0．05），盐度11～26，鮸鱼幼鱼耗氧率逐步上升，26时达到峰值后呈下降趋势；pH值对耗氧率无显著影响（P〉0．05），pH6．5～9．0鮸鱼幼鱼耗氧率变化幅度很小，在此范围内pH值的变化对鮸鱼幼鱼氨氮排泄率有显著影响（P〈0．05）．O：N比值也随着盐度升高而升高，26时达到峰值，随后下降；pH8．0时，O：N比值最低；不同盐度和pH下鮸鱼幼鱼平均O：N分别为24．258，22．378．鮸鱼幼鱼主要以蛋白质为能源，脂肪和碳水化合物其次．     

温度、盐度和pH对冈村枝管藻中性游孢子附着及生长发育的影响

用毛细管法分离出冈村枝管藻成熟的多室孢子囊，并对中性游孢子的发育模式及温度、盐度、pH对其附着及生长发育的影响进行了研究。结果发现：（1）中性游孢子正常发育模式如下：附着后，形成盘状体；而后在盘状体中间产生同化丝，大量同化丝产生后，基部细胞变形、聚集，形成假薄壁组织，直立藻丝形成；（2）中性游孢子附着及生长发育明显受温度、盐度和pH条件的影响。中性游孢子附着的适宜温度17--28℃、盐度为20～50、pH为5～10．4；直立藻丝形成的条件为温度17～26℃、盐度20～40、pH7～10。本研究为冈村枝管藻海上栽培提供了理论依据。     

黄岛油码头底栖海藻研究

本文对黄岛油码头潮间带底栖海藻进行了年周期（1992．11—1993．9）的研究观察，分析了全年藻类的种群结构和季节变化，生物量变比，并于1993年1月和3月对该地水质进行了分析。全年共采集底栖海藻49属56种，其中绿藻类6属8种；褐藻类12属14种；红藻类31属34种。     

运用核糖体18S rRNA基因序列鉴别两种红藻

Chondus crispus（皱波角叉菜）和Mastocarpus stellatus是2种形态特征和生境极为相似的红藻，依据外部形态特征很难将它们鉴别开来。本研究测定和分析了这2种红藻的核糖体18SrRNA基因全序列，结果表明：M．stellatus的18SrRNA基因序列长度和A，T，G，C4种碱基的含量与C．crispus差异甚小，但核苷酸差异率达到了2．75％，远超过角叉菜属种内和种间的水平（0．00％～0．45％）。另外，根据该基因序列构建的系统进化树也能清楚的将C．crispus和M．stellatus区别开来，表明核糖体18SrRNA基因可从种的分类水平上对这2种红藻进行分子鉴定，具有广阔的分类学应用前景。     

温度、光照和pH之间的相互关系对光合细菌生长的影响

我们于1996年3月至8月，在光合细菌培养期间，对光合细菌培养条件的最适温度、光照和pH进行较系统的研究与观察，发现了温度、光照和pH值同时影响着光合细菌的生长。而且温度、光照、pH值之间是相互制约的，温度与光照的强弱应是对立统一的。总结出光合细菌生长的最适条件应是互应的。经试验得出光合细菌生长的最适条件：（1）温度为15—20℃，光照度为30000—5000Lx，培养基pH为7．0。（2）温度为25—30℃时，光照为3000—500LX，其培养基pH为7．0。     

极地产适冷脂肪酶菌株的酶学性质研究

从南北极环境样品中分离到7株产脂肪酶的细菌，经16SrDNA序列分析表明，这些细菌分别属于假交替单胞菌属（Pseudoalteromonas）和嗜冷杆菌属（Psychrobacter）．采用p-NPP法对这7株细菌所产的脂肪酶进行酶学性质研究，结果显示这些酶的最适作用温度在30～40cC、最适作用pH值在7—8之间，在低温下能保持较高的剩余活力，对热敏感，属于适冷脂肪酶．其中假交替单胞菌（Psychrobacter sp．7342）所产脂肪酶具有低温下酶的剩余活力高、有效作用温度和pH范围广、热稳定性较好及对多种金属离子抗性强等特点．该菌株能利用多种单一氮源和碳源产酶，最适产酶温度为25℃．在此基础上进行正交实验分析得到了该菌株的最佳发酵条件为：蛋白胨和淀粉含量各为1．33％，酵母膏含量为0．3％，温度为25℃．     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,