褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)复合种休眠卵孵化的调控因子及其作用机制的研究

褶皱臂尾轮虫 (BrachionusplicatilisO F M櫣ｌｌｅｒ,以下简称Bp)和圆形臂尾轮虫(B rotundiformisTschugunoff,简称Br) (Segers,1 995)是轮虫门 (Rotifera)单卵巢纲(Monogononta)的两个海水种或半咸水种 ,过去曾分别被认为是褶皱臂尾轮虫的L型和S型品系 ,现统称为褶皱臂尾轮虫     

壶状臂尾轮虫及其休眠卵的形态学研究

从乳山对虾养殖场池塘底泥中分离出数量较多的一种轮虫休眠卵,经孵化鉴定为壶状臂尾轮虫(Brachionus urceus),对该轮虫休眠卵及孵出的轮虫进行了形态学观察.扫描电镜观察发现,壶状臂尾轮虫休眠卵表面有明显的、不规则的褶皱突起,与已有报道略有差异,这可能是由生活水体盐度的不同引起的;该休眠卵表面附着一些污染物.透射电镜观察显示,壶状臂尾轮虫细胞内线粒体密集、分泌颗粒较多,这是与其代谢旺盛、运动活跃等机能相适应的.     

关于轮虫休眠卵孵化的若干术语的探讨

咸淡水轮虫（主要指褶皱臂尾轮虫Ｂｒａｃｈｉｏｎｕｓｐｌｉｃａｔｉｌｉｓ和圆形臂尾轮虫Ｂ．ｒｏｔｕｎｄｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ）是目前海水鱼类及甲壳类动物种苗培育的重要活饵料。轮虫休眠卵作为最理想的轮虫储存形式 ,其在水产养殖中的应用价值和经济意义深受各国学者的关注 ,休眠卵的“休眠”和“孵化”等相关生物学内容亦得到广泛深入的研究。其中关于孵化问题 ,郑严等１９７９年、１９９１年
M ①、１９９４年 ②,王等１９８０年 ,Ｂａｌｏｐａｐｕｅｎｇ等１９９７年［３］,Ｇｉｌｂｅｒｔ１９７４年 ,Ｈａｇｉｗａｒａ等１９８５、…     

药物杀除极大螺旋藻培养液中轮虫的初步研究

通过向极大螺旋藻(Spirulina maxima)培养液中添加"轮虫克星Ⅰ号",进行以杀除褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)的试验.结果表明,该药物能有效杀灭藻液中的褶皱臂尾轮虫;褶皱臂尾轮虫的死亡时间、死亡率以及杀灭轮虫后螺旋藻的恢复情况与药物的浓度有关;在试验范围内既能杀灭轮虫、对螺旋藻生长的影响又较小的最佳药物质量分数为1.25%.     

除草剂百草枯对褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)摄食和实验种群动态的影响

采用实验生态学方法研究了除草剂百草枯对褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)的摄食和种群动态的影响。结果表明,百草枯对褶皱臂尾轮虫的24hLC50为9.17mg/L,对褶皱臂尾轮虫的摄食具有明显的抑制作用。实验浓度下褶皱臂尾轮虫对小球藻的滤水率和摄食率随百草枯浓度的增加先下降后升高。百草枯对褶皱臂尾轮虫种群动态影响显著,使轮虫的胚胎发育时间、繁殖前期和繁殖后期延长,繁殖期和平均寿命缩短,产卵量和繁殖率降低。轮虫的净生殖率和世代时间均低于对照,不同百草枯浓度下轮虫能够维持一定的种群增长。     

褶皱臂尾轮虫微卫星的分离和遗传多样性分析

褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)是轮虫动物门(Rotifera)中的广盐种。其个体微小、培养容易、营养丰富,是目前唯一能够在海水养殖中进行大规模培养,并用于海产动物人工育苗的物种。褶皱臂尾轮虫生活史为孤雌生殖和有性生殖世代交替进行,是生物学研究的模型生物。本研究用FIASCO法构建了褶皱臂尾轮虫微卫星富集文库,分离了135个微卫星;用PCR-PAGE分型法分析山东半岛褶皱臂尾轮虫群体,获得8个多态微卫星。等位基因数2~4个;观测杂合度和期望杂合度范围分别为0.1471~0.6364和0.3139~0.6559;遗传偏离指数为-0.3624~0.05353;多态信息含量为0.2615~0.5841。无微卫星偏离哈温平衡,但有2个微卫星处于连锁不平衡。本研究筛选的8个微卫星为褶皱臂尾轮虫遗传多样性和种群结构分析提供了标记。     

褶皱臂尾轮虫室内高密度培养及在远海梭子蟹育苗中的运用

利用面包酵母在室内高密度培养褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)，并用培养的轮虫进行远海梭子蟹育苗。结果发现，接种200个／mL,经8d培养，轮虫密度可达3075个／mL。用高密度培养而又未经营养强化的褶皱臂尾轮虫作为开口饵料及培养饵料，再配合单胞藻和卤虫，用于远海梭子蟹育苗，育苗期(至大眼幼体)为14-16d，培育至幼蟹一期，成活率达17％。     

Tc1/Mariner转座子超家族在褶皱臂尾轮虫中的进化和表达分析

为了探究Tc1/Mariner转座子超家族对褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)基因组结构和基因表达调控的影响,本研究基于褶皱臂尾轮虫的基因组和转录组数据,对褶皱臂尾轮虫的重复序列进行了注释,并对褶皱臂尾轮虫的转座子的表达和其临近基因的表达进行了统计和富集,在基因上下游及内部区域富集到了10个转座...     

耐低温轮虫的大规模培养

褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachioms plicatilis)是一种海洋轮虫。60年代以来一直作为鱼虾幼体的开口饵料而受到重视。这种轮虫的主要优点是:(1)个体小(200μm×300m),适于作为鱼虾幼体的开口饵料;(2)游动速度慢,便于幼体捕食;(3)繁殖速度快;(4)可进行高密度培养。     

UV-B辐射对2种海水轮虫的致死效应

运用生态毒理学方法研究了UV-B辐射对褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionusplicatilis)和壶状臂尾轮虫(Brachionusurceus)的致死效应,旨在为阐明UV-B辐射对海洋生态系统的影响和建立指示UV-B辐射的生态毒理学指标体系提供科学依据。结果表明:UV-B辐射对2种轮虫都有严重的伤害作用,且当辐射强度达一定强度阈值会对其产生急性致死作用。实验测得:UV-B辐射对2种轮虫的急性致死强度阈值为:(50±10)μW/cm2;24h,48h和96h的半致死剂量:褶皱臂尾轮虫为4.393,2.694和1.720kJ/m2;壶状臂尾轮虫为5.856,4.516和1.730kJ/m2。由此可知,本实验UV-B辐射剂量范围和观察时间内,褶皱臂尾轮虫在UV-B辐射处理后的24h和48h内对UV-B辐射的敏感性相对要大于壶状臂尾轮虫,而在UV-B辐射处理后的96h内2种轮虫对UV-B辐射的敏感性则相近。     

不同年度收存的褶皱臂尾轮虫休眠卵的孵化及滞育胚胎“激活”效果的研究

比较了 1 985— 1 998年间由同一褶皱臂尾轮虫 (Brachionusplicatilis)种群在实验室内历年产生并收存的休眠卵的孵化效果 ,并初步探讨了胚胎“激活”处理对孵化的影响。结果表明 ,休眠卵的收存年度或时间对其在一定孵育期内的总孵化率 (THR)和日孵化率 (DHR)有极显著影响 (x2 检验 ,p<0 .0 0 1 ) ,但THR和DHR与储存时间间均无显著的相关性 ,而是呈极大波动。同时发现“激活”作用具有促使孵化高峰提前到来、增强孵化同步性的双重功效 ,从而可明显缩短孵育时间 ,提高孵化速率。但“激活”前后多数卵样的总孵化率无显著变化 (p >0 .0 5 )。详细讨论了可能导致孵化率波动的多种因素 ,例如遗传变异、培养历史、储存及孵化的环境条件等。     

The effect of the causative algae of large-scale HAB in the East China Sea on egg hatching of Argopecten irradians, and population growth of Brachionus plicatilis and Moina mongolica

The impacts of Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu and Alexandrium catenella Balech, causative species of the large-scale HAB in the East China Sea, were studied under laboratory conditions. According to bloom densities, the effects of monoculture and mixture of the two species were examined on the egg-hatching success of Argopecten irradians Lamarck, and the population growth of Brachionus plicatilis Müller and Moina mongolica Daday. The results showed that monoculture of A. catenella had a significant inhibition on the egg hatching success of A. irradians, and the population growth of B. plicatilis and M. mongolica. The median effective densities (ED_50) inhibiting the egg hatching success of A. irradians for 24 h and the population growth of B. plicatilis and M. mongolica for 96 h were 800, 630, and 2 400 cells/cm3, respectively. Monoculture of P. donghaiense has no such inhibitory effect on the egg hatching success of A. irradians; P. donghaiense at lower suitable densities could sustain the population growth of B. plicatilis (1×104~3×104cells/cm3) and M. mongolica (2×104~5×104cells/cm3); P. donghaiense at higher densities had significantly adverse effect on the population growth of B. plicatilis (4×104~10×104cells/cm3) and M. mongolica (10×104cells/cm3). When the two algae were mixed according to bloom densities, P. donghaiense at suitable densities to some extent could decrease the toxicity of A. catenella to B. plicatilis and M. mongolica. The results indicated that the large-scale HAB in the East China Sea could have adverse effect on zooplankton, and might further influence the marine ecosystem, especially when there was also Alexandrium bloom.     

若干生态因子对蒙古裸腹溞生殖方式转变效应的实验

实验室中，以不同种群密度、变温、饥饿、及改变盐度为诱发条件，研究蒙古裸腹溞有性生殖和休眠卵的产生规律.实验结果表明种群密度是改变生殖方式和诱导产生休眠卵的最重要条件.当种群密度在1.4个/cm     

光合细菌对褶皱臂尾轮虫的饵料价值

我们自青岛栈桥浅海海泥中分离到一株光合细菌,经鉴定为球形红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas spheroides)。对其生化特性、生长条件以及做为褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)的饵料价值,进行了研究。结果表明,以球形红假单胞菌的新鲜培养物,混以青岛大扁藻(Platymonas helgolandica var.tsingtaoensis)喂养轮虫,轮虫的增殖率明显高于单独使用光合细菌、扁藻和海洋酵母,也高于光合细菌与海洋酵母的混合。提示在轮虫的生产性培养中,以一定浓度的光合细菌与单胞藻混合投喂轮虫,可能取得较高产量。     

Experimental study of the interspecific competition between two sibling marine herbivorous rotifers in relation to food availability and initial population density

Our laboratory study concerns the competitive interaction between two marine rotifer species Brachionus plicatilis and Brachionus rotundiformis at five algal (Nannochloropsis salina) concentrations (0.4×10⁶ to 32.4×10⁶ cells/ml) and at four initial inoculation densities (numerically, 100% B. plicatilis; 75% B. plicatilis and 25% B. rotundiformis, 50% each of the two species; 25% B. plicatilis and 75% B. rotundiformis and 100% B. rotundiformis. The initial biomass varied as 0.33 and 0.22 μg/ml for B. plicatilis and B. rotundiformis respectively. Experiments were performed at (25±1)℃. Population densities were enumerated and the medium was changed daily up to 8 d in the experiment. At the lowest food level tested, B. rotundiformis formed superior competitor than B. plicatilis, regardless of starting inoculation density. Generally when the food concentrations increased, B. plicatilis showed a greater increase in biomass than B. rotundiformis. B. rotundiformis formed the largest in population growth, regardless of increasing food concentrations. When grown alone, B. plicatilis reached peak abundances of (1.311 5±0.028) and (137.5±0.014) μg/ml at low and high food densities respectively. The corresponding values of B. rotundiformis were 0.724 5±0.016 and 18.15±0.021. The adverse effects of B. rotundiformis on the peak abundances of B. plicatilis were observed at the lowest food level and higher initial density. The rate of population growth in controls varied from (0.792±0.162) to (1.482±0.132) μm/d for B. plicatilis and (0.445±0.041) to (0.856±0.012) μm/d for B. rotundiformis, depending on food level. When both species were introduced together, low food levels favoured higher abundance of B. rotundiformis than B. plicatilis, suggesting that increased population density of the smaller B. rotundiformis was more successfull than larger B. plicatilis in brackish waters. Our work reveals that available food (type and quantity) along with starting inoculation density had significant effect on the interspecific competition between marine sibling rotifer species in zooplankton community structure.     

Calanoid copepod resting egg abundance and hatching success in the sediment of the Seine estuary (France)

Benthic, viable resting eggs of calanoid copepods were found for the first time in the Seine estuary (France) during July 2008. Vertical distribution of the resting eggs in the sediment was determined up to 10 cm depth. Hatching success of the eggs extracted from different 1-cm thick sediment layers was experimentally tested immediately after extraction and after a long refractory phase (i.e. 11 months) of storage at low temperature (4–5 °C). The hatching success of resting eggs obtained immediately after sediment incubation was lower (0.72%) than the value observed after 11 months (4.50%) with an overall hatching success of 2.37%. The marine, calanoid copepod Temora longicornis was the primary species to hatch from the eggs; however, the estuarine calanoid copepod Eurytemora affinis also hatched from resting eggs. The mean abundance of eggs found in sediment (1.42 × 10⁶ eggs m⁻²) was comparable to that reported for other marine and estuarine calanoid copepods. The Seine estuary sediment had a high variability of egg abundance (between 0.14 and 8.10 × 10⁷ eggs m⁻³) suggesting that the hydrodynamics of this macrotidal estuary are likely responsible for this variability. Significant sediment resuspension occurs in the Seine estuary during flood periods and spring tides leading to resting eggs to contribute along the year to the nauplii recruitment of calanoid copepods. On average, around 400,000 nauplii m⁻³ month⁻¹ of the main calanoid copepods can emerge from the surface layer sediment in the Seine estuary, suggesting that resting eggs could play an important role in the population dynamics of key calanoid copepods in the Seine estuary.     

Population dynamics of Acartia pacifica (Copepoda: Calanoida): the importance of benthic-pelagic coupling

1Introduction Benthic -pelagic coupling refers to the two -way exchange or flux of matter between benthic andpelagic environments in aquatic systems. Most stud-ies have focused on the deposition of non-living or-ganic matter to the seabed, resuspension an…     

Studies on the population dynamics and production of inshore marine copepods

It is indeed my great honor to receive the Okada Prize (1983) for my studies on the population dynamics and production of inshore marine copepods. This article summarizes the lecture I gave under the above title. It has long been postulated that there is some mechanism whereby a species can repopulate after its disappearance from the plankton, since the appearance of many temperature marine copepods clearly occurs on a seasonal basis. During the last decade, evidence of resting egg production has been found for more than 20 species belonging to Temoridae, Centropagidae, Pontellidae, Acartiidae and Tortanidae. In the Inland Sea of Japan, a summer-fall copepodTortanus forcipatus lays diapause (obligatory resting) eggs in the fall, which overwinter in the sediment on the sea floor until the following summer when water temperature reachesca. 15°C. On the other hand, in Onagawa Bay,Acartia clausi is perennial and produces only subitaneous eggs, many of which, however, sink to the bottom and undergo quiescence (facultative resting eggs) due to adverse environmental conditions (e.g. low temperature, deoxygenation, darkness). There are a large quantity (0.5–2.0×10⁶ eggs m⁻²) ofA. clausi resting eggs in the sediments of Onagawa Bay, which may play an important role in maintaining a more constant planktonic population. The parameters of population dynamics,i.e. the rates of egg production, recruitment and mortality, have been analyzed forA. clausi in Onagawa Bay, by an integration of field and laboratory studies. Recruitment into the planktonic population older than NIII only accounts for 10–20% of egg production. This apparent loss of eggs, which coincides with the benthic resting phase, may be a characteristic feature of the population dynamics of this species. Stage-specific mortality is generally similar in most of the stages, although CI and CVI suffer more severe mortality, possibly as a result of great morphological change in the former stage and heavy predations in the latter. The seasonal change in daily production byA. clausi has also been investigated, its annual production being 2.45 gC m⁻². Daily production and biomass (P:B) ratios increase linearly with temperature. Estimated values of production for other inshore marine copepods are reviewed in relation to P:B ratios and the ratio between secondary and primary production.     

胶州湾内纺锤水蚤休眠卵的研究

描述了胶州湾内双刺纺锤水蚤(Acrlia bifilasa)和太平洋纺锤水蚤(A.pacifica)卵的形态,揭示了底泥中休眠卵数量季节变动与种群数量变动的关系,并探讨了温度、盐度、泥覆盖等环境因子对休眠卵孵化率的影响。     

Seasonal changes in the biochemical composition of females and offspring of red squat lobster,Pleuroncodes monodon (Decapoda,Munididae), from the Southeastern Pacific

Pleuroncodes monodon is an important fishery resource and key species from the Southeastern Pacific. During its prolonged reproductive period (from February to December), ovigerous females are exposed to seasonal variation in environmental factors (e.g. temperature and food availability), with higher levels of these environmental parameters during summer and lower in winter, and must adjust their biochemistry to ensure their own survival and that of their embryos. The aim of this study was to analyse seasonal changes in the biochemical composition of ovigerous females and their eggs. The data show that the content of lipids, proteins and organic matter in the hepatopancreases of females was significantly higher in winter than in summer. Similarly, the lipid content of the eggs was significantly higher in winter than in summer, yet the protein content of the eggs had the opposite pattern with greater values found in summer. Consistent with the ‘reproductive energetic model’, the initial and final energy produced by the hepatopancreas showed significant seasonal variations, whereas female investment in egg production (in absolute values) did not show significant seasonal differences. The seasonal differences observed in the biochemistry, organic matter and energy content of the female hepatopancreases may be related to the storage of energy for growth and reproduction. Furthermore, the seasonal variation in the content of lipids, proteins and energy in eggs is likely related to embryogenesis and larval hatching in function with environmental conditions. Seasonal variation in the biochemical composition of P. monodon has direct effects on the marine food web and also upon fisheries.