褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)复合种休眠卵孵化的调控因子及其作用机制的研究

褶臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis O.F. Müller，以下简称Bp)和圆形臂尾轮虫(B.rotundiformis Tschugunoff，简称Br)(Segers，1995)是轮虫门(Rotifera)单卵巢纲(Monogononta)的两个海水种或半咸水种，过去曾分别被认为是褶皱臂尾轮虫的L型和S型品系，现统称为褶皱臂尾轮虫复合种(B.plicatilis complex)(Yufera，2001)。由于该种分布广，在世界范围内被广泛用作多种海水鱼的种苗培育的重要开口饵料，因而成为单卵巢纲中最具经济意义和极受各国研究者关注的种类。作为单卵巢纲轮虫的共同特征Bp和Br轮虫进行无性生殖(或孤雌生殖)兼有性生殖，两种生殖世代交替发生而完成其生活周期，休眠卵即是有性生殖的最终产物——卵膜加厚的受精卵(King et al，1977a，b；Snell，1987).在实际生产中，休眠卵是轮虫储存、运输和孵化应用的最理想形式；而在生物学意义上，它不仅是轮虫用以抵抗或度过不良环境期，并向新的生存空间散布或拓展的特殊生活阶段，而且可通过一定时间的休眠和一定条件下的孵化，决定着下一生活周期的起始，从而控制着轮虫生活周期的节奏。尤其是休眠卵经孵化而启动新一轮无性生殖世代，一方面承传和实现了前一世代的遗传特性和基因重组结果，另一方面也为轮虫的生殖表现和遗传特性得以在新环境下产生新的适应性变化提供了条件。鉴于上述重要的实际和理论意义，多年来对休眠卵的休眠与孵化的研究深受各国学者的重视。Gilbert(1974)、 Pourriot等(1983)已就国际上的有关研究进行了详细综述，最近席贻龙等(1999)结合国内的有关报道对该领域的进展亦作了进一步概括。这些论述均泛指单卵巢纲诸多种类的休眠与孵化问题，且多数结果来自淡水轮虫的研究。本文的讨论将主要针对海水或半咸水的褶皱臂尾轮虫复合种，就有关调控或影响其休眠卵孵化的各种内、外因子及其作用机理的研究概况作一综述。     

UV-B辐射对2种海水轮虫的致死效应

运用生态毒理学方法研究了UV-B辐射对褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionusplicatilis)和壶状臂尾轮虫(Brachionusurceus)的致死效应,旨在为阐明UV-B辐射对海洋生态系统的影响和建立指示UV-B辐射的生态毒理学指标体系提供科学依据。结果表明:UV-B辐射对2种轮虫都有严重的伤害作用,且当辐射强度达一定强度阈值会对其产生急性致死作用。实验测得:UV-B辐射对2种轮虫的急性致死强度阈值为:(50±10)μW/cm2;24h,48h和96h的半致死剂量:褶皱臂尾轮虫为4.393,2.694和1.720kJ/m2;壶状臂尾轮虫为5.856,4.516和1.730kJ/m2。由此可知,本实验UV-B辐射剂量范围和观察时间内,褶皱臂尾轮虫在UV-B辐射处理后的24h和48h内对UV-B辐射的敏感性相对要大于壶状臂尾轮虫,而在UV-B辐射处理后的96h内2种轮虫对UV-B辐射的敏感性则相近。     

温度对壶状臂尾轮虫实验种群动态的影响

于１９９７年１０月,采用单个体培养方法,在１５℃、２０℃、２５℃和３０℃下对采自武汉东湖的壶状臂尾轮虫的实验种群动态进行了研究。结果表明,随着温度的升高,壶状臂尾轮虫各主要发育阶段如胚胎发育、生殖前期、生殖期、生殖后期等的历时,以及平均寿命均缩短,轮虫存沃经下降的速度逐渐加快,系列率高峰值出现的时间逐渐前移。其中胚 育时间（Ｄ）和温度（Ｔ）间的回归方程式为：ｌｎＤ＝１１．６６７２３－４．２６４７９     

UV-B辐射增强对壶状臂尾轮虫摄食的影响

研究了UV-B辐射条件下壶状臂尾轮虫(Brachionusurceus)对6株海洋微藻:小球藻(Chlorellasp.)、绿色巴夫藻(Pavlovauiridis)、扁藻(Tetraselmischuii)、球等鞭金藻8701(IsochrysisgalbanaPark8701)、牟氏角毛藻(Chaetocerosmuelleri)和小新月菱形藻(Nitzschiaclostertum)的室内摄食实验。结果表明,UV-B辐射增强对壶状臂尾轮虫的摄食有显著的抑制作用。与对照组相比,壶状臂尾轮虫对给定饵料单胞藻的滤水率和摄食率都随UV-B辐射剂量的增大而显著减小(P<0.05)。而且壶状臂尾轮虫对每一种饵料单胞藻的滤水率和摄食率是不相同的,这说明壶状臂尾轮虫对饵料单胞藻是有选择性的。     

关于轮虫休眠卵孵化的若干术语的探讨

咸淡水轮虫（主要指褶皱臂尾轮虫Ｂｒａｃｈｉｏｎｕｓｐｌｉｃａｔｉｌｉｓ和圆形臂尾轮虫Ｂ．ｒｏｔｕｎｄｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ）是目前海水鱼类及甲壳类动物种苗培育的重要活饵料。轮虫休眠卵作为最理想的轮虫储存形式 ,其在水产养殖中的应用价值和经济意义深受各国学者的关注 ,休眠卵的“休眠”和“孵化”等相关生物学内容亦得到广泛深入的研究。其中关于孵化问题 ,郑严等１９７９年、１９９１年
M ①、１９９４年 ②,王等１９８０年 ,Ｂａｌｏｐａｐｕｅｎｇ等１９９７年［３］,Ｇｉｌｂｅｒｔ１９７４年 ,Ｈａｇｉｗａｒａ等１９８５、…     

除草剂百草枯对褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)摄食和实验种群动态的影响

采用实验生态学方法研究了除草剂百草枯对褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)的摄食和种群动态的影响。结果表明,百草枯对褶皱臂尾轮虫的24hLC50为9.17mg/L,对褶皱臂尾轮虫的摄食具有明显的抑制作用。实验浓度下褶皱臂尾轮虫对小球藻的滤水率和摄食率随百草枯浓度的增加先下降后升高。百草枯对褶皱臂尾轮虫种群动态影响显著,使轮虫的胚胎发育时间、繁殖前期和繁殖后期延长,繁殖期和平均寿命缩短,产卵量和繁殖率降低。轮虫的净生殖率和世代时间均低于对照,不同百草枯浓度下轮虫能够维持一定的种群增长。     

不同年度收存的褶皱臂尾轮虫休眠卵的孵化及滞育胚胎“激活”效果的研究

比较了 1 985— 1 998年间由同一褶皱臂尾轮虫 (Brachionusplicatilis)种群在实验室内历年产生并收存的休眠卵的孵化效果 ,并初步探讨了胚胎“激活”处理对孵化的影响。结果表明 ,休眠卵的收存年度或时间对其在一定孵育期内的总孵化率 (THR)和日孵化率 (DHR)有极显著影响 (x2 检验 ,p<0 .0 0 1 ) ,但THR和DHR与储存时间间均无显著的相关性 ,而是呈极大波动。同时发现“激活”作用具有促使孵化高峰提前到来、增强孵化同步性的双重功效 ,从而可明显缩短孵育时间 ,提高孵化速率。但“激活”前后多数卵样的总孵化率无显著变化 (p >0 .0 5 )。详细讨论了可能导致孵化率波动的多种因素 ,例如遗传变异、培养历史、储存及孵化的环境条件等。     

褶皱臂尾轮虫室内高密度培养及在远海梭子蟹育苗中的运用

利用面包酵母在室内高密度培养褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)，并用培养的轮虫进行远海梭子蟹育苗。结果发现，接种200个／mL,经8d培养，轮虫密度可达3075个／mL。用高密度培养而又未经营养强化的褶皱臂尾轮虫作为开口饵料及培养饵料，再配合单胞藻和卤虫，用于远海梭子蟹育苗，育苗期(至大眼幼体)为14-16d，培育至幼蟹一期，成活率达17％。     

褶皱臂尾轮虫微卫星的分离和遗传多样性分析

褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)是轮虫动物门(Rotifera)中的广盐种。其个体微小、培养容易、营养丰富,是目前唯一能够在海水养殖中进行大规模培养,并用于海产动物人工育苗的物种。褶皱臂尾轮虫生活史为孤雌生殖和有性生殖世代交替进行,是生物学研究的模型生物。本研究用FIASCO法构建了褶皱臂尾轮虫微卫星富集文库,分离了135个微卫星;用PCR-PAGE分型法分析山东半岛褶皱臂尾轮虫群体,获得8个多态微卫星。等位基因数2~4个;观测杂合度和期望杂合度范围分别为0.1471~0.6364和0.3139~0.6559;遗传偏离指数为-0.3624~0.05353;多态信息含量为0.2615~0.5841。无微卫星偏离哈温平衡,但有2个微卫星处于连锁不平衡。本研究筛选的8个微卫星为褶皱臂尾轮虫遗传多样性和种群结构分析提供了标记。     

耐低温轮虫品系筛选的研究

叙述了用激光和化学诱变剂对褶皱臂尾轮虫进行诱变处理及耐低温轮虫品系的筛选,还测定了不同品系的轮虫在不同温度条件下的增殖率,在不同盐度及温度条件下形态参数的变化情况以及耐低温轮虫大规模培养的情况,并对诱变机制进行了讨论.     

Effect of UV-B radiation on the population dynamics of the rotifer Brachionus urceus

The effect of UV-B radiation enhancement at experimental doses of 0.00,0.24,0.48,0.72,0.96,and 1.20 kJ/m 2 on the population dynamics of the rotifer Brachionus urceus feeding on the alga Chlorella sp.was studied under controlled laboratory conditions using clonal culture and life-table techniques.The results show that UV-B radiation treatment significantly shortened the survival time of the rotifer (P <0.05): The longest survival time (336 h) occurred in the control (0.00 kJ/m 2 ) while the shortest (222 h) occurred when exposed to the highest UV-B radiation treatment (1.20 kJ/m 2 ).The fecundity of the rotifer B.urceus was enhanced by the lower UV-B radiation treatment (0.24 and 0.48 kJ/m 2 ) but inhibited by the higher treatments (0.96 and 1.20 kJ/m 2 ).Life expectancy also was obviously affected by UV-B radiation (P <0.05).The highest life expectancy occurred in the control (0.00 kJ/m 2 ),and it became shorter with increasing doses of UV-B radiation.The resutls in the present study indicate that the life expectancy of the rotifer B.urceus can be used as an indicator for UV-B radiation enhancement.     

轮虫休眠卵研究进展

综述了近年来国内外对轮虫休眠卵的研竞概况。重点介绍了轮虫休眠卵的形态、影响轮虫休眠卵形成的因素、轮虫休眠卵的萌发形式及影响其萌发的因素、自然水体中轮虫休眠卵的研究概况。     

Possible functions of surface structure and size in some planktonic eggs of marine fishes

Chorionic surface sculpturing on the eggs of 7 marine fish species was examined under a scanning electron microscope. The effect of sculpturing on descent rates of 3 of these eggs was experimentally compared with 10 non‐sculptured egg types of different sizes. It is suggested that although in some species sculpturing represents vestigial tendrils, in others sculpturing and increased egg size may relate to ascent rates between the spawning site and the sea surface.     

花鲈人工育苗技术的研究

利用人工培育的亲鱼所获得的受精卵 ,孵化出仔鱼 30 0万尾 ,在水温 18～ 2 0℃、微充气的培育条件下 ,使用海水小球藻、轮虫、卤虫无节幼体和不同规格的微颗粒配合饲料进行饲喂 ,经 58d培育出平均全长 2 .3cm的苗种 132万尾 ,育苗成活率高达 64.1% ,单位水体最高出苗量达 1.33万尾 / m3;另外 ,还有 1.3～ 1.9cm的苗种 68万尾     

Virus-phytoplankton adhesion: a new WSSV transmission route to zooplankton

The pathogenicity of white spot syndrome virus(WSSV)to zooplankton species,rotifer Brachionus urceus(Linnaeus),copepod Acartia clausi(Giesbrecht)and mysid shrimp Neomysis awatschensis(Brandt),was estimated by immersion challenge and virus-phytoplankton adhesion route to investigate a potential new transmission route of WSSV to zooplankton.WSSV succeeded in infecting these zooplankton species and nested-PCR revealed positive results for the virus-phytoplankton adhesion route,whereas WSSV cannot infect zooplankton by immersion challenge.These results indicated that virus-phytoplankton adhesion route is a successful new transmission route of WSSV to zooplankton and also implied that phytoplankton could be a carrier in WSSV transmission.     

虾池中桡足类及其休眠卵携带对虾白斑综合症病毒的初步调查研究

探讨对虾白斑综合症(White Spot Syndrome WSS)与虾池中桡足类之间的关系,于2003年5~10月份,在暴发过对虾白斑综合症的池塘中采集桡足类样品共128个,并从冬季底泥样品分离出桡足类休眠卵样品20个,以及此种休眠卵孵化得来的桡足类幼体样品5个。利用PCR斑点杂交法以及巢式PCR法检测样品中对虾白斑综合症病毒(White Spot Syndrome Virus WSSV)携带情况。结果表明,5~10月份桡足类样品中均能检测到阳性样品,总的阳性率为56.3%;其中,5月份样品阳性率为37.5%,6,8,9,10月份各取样1次,每次样品中的阳性率均在60%以上。在20例桡足类休眠卵样品中有1例为阳性,阳性率为5%;并且实验室中孵化此种休眠卵得来的桡足类幼体样品中检测到阳性,阳性率为40%。本研究初步表明,桡足类是WSSV的携带者或传播媒介之一,且冬季池塘底泥中携带WSSV的桡足类休眠卵可萌发出带病毒的桡足类。     

Observations on the morphology of embryonic and larval development in Styela canopus Savigny

INTRODUCTIONAscidians,commonmarinefoulingorganisms,containmanycompoundswithbiologicalactivitiesagainsttumourandbacteria .Thelarvaofascidianhasanotochordwhichdegeneratesafterthemetamorphosis .Thenotochordistheprototypeofvertebraeofhigheranimals,ascidi anshavespecialsignificancesinanimalevolutionandclassification .Thereforethestudyofas cidiansalwaysattractsbiologistsattention .Asfarasresearchesofascidiansareconcerned ,theclassification ,distribution ,physiologyandchemicalconstituentsinascid…     

Diel Vertical Migration of the Marine Cladoceran Podon Leuckarti: Variations with Reproductive Stage

Diel vertical migration (DVM) of the marine cladoceran Podon leuckarti was investigated with reference to their reproductive stages and size. Males and females, except for gamogenic females with an advanced resting egg (GA), aggregated at the near-bottom layer or at the surface during the day and dispersed into the water column at night. Both the near-bottom aggregation and the surface aggregation during daytime are suggested to be behavior that reduces the predation risk from visual predators. However, GA aggregated in the near-bottom layer during daytime and avoided the surface layer. The near-bottom aggregation might be more effective behavior for GAs to reduce risk of visual predation than the surface aggregation because of the conspicuous resting egg they carried. These results show that carrying an advanced resting egg influenced the DVM of P. leuckarti.