胶州湾贻贝的繁殖期

胶州湾为我国北方沿岸较大的内湾,面积辽阔,风浪较小,近岸毗连青岛市区,水质肥沃,底质多为泥沙,适于筏式养殖。湾内除原已广泛养殖海带外,1971—1972年胶南县沿湾有关公社及青岛第二海水养殖场等单位开始移苗养殖贻贝,效果良好,养殖范围逐年有所扩大。 随着贻贝养殖数量不断增多,海中设置的海带及贻贝养殖浮筏上都发现有贻贝苗附着。开始数量虽然较少,但有连年增多的良好趋势。考虑到该湾贻贝苗源发展的前景——     

烟台沿岸贻贝自然菜苗及其有关问题的研究

在毛主席"备战、备荒、为人民"的方针指引下,我国广大渔民,意气风发,斗志昂扬,掀起了开发祖国海洋资源的热潮,沿海社队大力开展了贻贝(Mytilus edulis L.)养殖,原来生产中利用的自然苗日益感到不足,因而选定自然苗场、在一定季节投放采苗器材从事采苗,即所谓自然采苗(亦称半人工采苗)已成为生产中的当务之急。 就山东沿岸来说,烟台沿岸算是野生贻贝较"多"的海区。1972年以前,贻贝苗仅见于浪坝、码头、浮标及船底等处,附苗数量远不能满足生产的需要。为了解决自然苗源问题,在烟台地区水产局和科技办公室的领导下,1972年春我们开始调查研究。这以前,对烟台沿岸贻贝的繁殖规律、苗场位置、采苗季节和水层以及所需器材等生产上急待解决的问题均不了解。正如毛主席指出的："大略的调查和研究可以发现问题,提出问题,但是还不能解决问题。要解决问题,还须作系统的周密的调查工作和研究工作,这就是分析的过程"。遵照毛主席的教导,我们在向老渔民访问、学习的基础上,在烟台沿岸进行调查研究。现在将与采苗密切相关的几个问题如生殖期(根据肥满度判断)、浮游幼虫、附苗季节、挂采苗绳时期、幼苗移动、附苗水层、苗场位置及采苗器材等,分别叙述如下。     

海带贻贝间养对环境条件影响的研究

海带贻贝间养,在我省自70年代中期开始生产性试验。几年来,各地均取得了不同程度的经济效果。如烟台市海水养殖试验场和蓬莱县大季家乡养殖场及荣成、威海等地的养殖单位,虽然试验规模大小和方法各异,但综合各地的资料看,间养贻贝亩产不低于单养,而海带亩产可增加300～500斤,说明间养是一项增产增收低耗的措施。关于增产的原因,烟台     

东山湾翡翠贻贝海区半人工采苗技术研究

本文研究了东山湾翡翠贻贝的繁殖期，附苗期及海区半人工采苗技术。结果表明：东山湾翡翠贻贝的繁殖期在５－１０月，其５－６月为繁殖盛期。贻贝附苗季节在６－１１月，主要附苗季节在６月上中旬至７月初。通过对东山湾７片采苗区海水理化因子的测定和采苗效果的比较试验，确定了东山湾合适的采苗区为２＾＃－６＾＃区，其中３＾＃，４＾３，５＾＃区采苗效果最好，同时筛选出了木麻黄，胶皮合股绳和泡沫编织袋等３种附苗效果较好的     

关于用冷藏条斑紫菜进行大面积采单孢子苗的试验报告

条斑紫菜全人工养殖由于是用紫菜丝状体放散的壳孢子进行人工采苗,这就必须培养大量丝状体来满足采苗的需要。为了简化紫菜的栽培过程,我们用条斑紫菜单孢子作苗源以代替壳孢子。经过室内外实验,于1979年在青岛海水养殖一埸进行了大面积采单孢子苗     

贻贝(Mytilus edulis)人工育苗的研究

贻贝养殖,在我国沿海地区已经广泛开展。贻贝人工育苗是解决贻贝养殖苗种的途径之一,尤其在自然苗缺乏的地区,或是为了选择优良品种出发,更有其重要意义。我们在过去工作的基础上,于1972—1974年期间,在胶南县海水养殖场进行了贻贝生产性人工育苗试验。以后又在青岛进行了一些培养条件的研究。通过几年的工作,对于育苗的一些重要环节,尤其对于提高室内水池培养到附着阶段的成活率,和探索下海后掉苗的原因,已取得了一定的成果,使人工育苗生产初具规模。现将主要结果报告于下。     

双管阔沙蚕生活史的研究

双管阔沙蚕Platynereis bicanaliculata(Baird)是潮间带岩岸海藻根部和潮下带附着生物群落的优势种,在北太平洋分布很广,东岸由加拿大至墨西哥、夏威夷群岛,西岸由日本至我国的辽宁旅大,河北山海关、北戴河,山东蓬莱、烟台、乳山、青岛,浙江嵊山,福建平潭、东山,台湾以及广东汕尾、澳头和广西涠洲岛等地40个点都有分布。值得提出的是河北和山东的贻贝及海带养殖场,福建、广东的珠贝养殖场,在贻贝和海带的养殖绳、架、玻璃浮球和珍珠贝上的附着生物间都发现有大量双管阔沙蚕栖息,因此开展双管阔沙蚕生活史的研究,对潮间带和附着生物生态学研究,以及海藻和贝类养殖工作都有一定意义。     

贻贝人工育苗的改进研究——Ⅰ.改进采苗器及抑制细菌

七十年代初期,我国开始发展贻贝(Mytilus edulis L.)的生产性养殖。当时苗源有限,苗种供应严重不足,人工培育贻贝苗遂成为着手解决缺苗的技术问题。经1972—1973年的研究,我们与烟台地区海水养殖试验场等提出了一套育苗工艺,育苗水体最高单产量达到137万/m~3。又经数年研究,最高单产量即达360万/m~3,平均单产量稳定在150—200万/m~3。再后几年的实验结果,使我们意识到:用原方法育苗要进一步大幅度提高单产量会有困难,特别是近几年来海水水质条件的恶化,有时会给育苗带来一些干     

东山湾贝类养殖容量的估算

以初级生产力为基础，应用营养动态模式和沿岸海域能流分析模型，估算东山湾贝类年生产量分别为269331t和295767t，平均282549t。扣除潮间带、潮下带和吊养区浮筏、随着基及延绳上附着的非养殖滤食性附着动物自然现存量35760t，贝类可养殖量为246789t。应用统计分析和逻辑斯谛种群增长模型估计贝类可养面积为11839hm^2，其中缢蛏635hm^2，石蛎1160hm^2,吊蛎1525hm^2，翡翠贻贝633hm^2，菲律宾蛤仔1154hm^2，扇贝698hm^2，江瑶248hm^2，泥蚶601hm^2，巴非蛤4151hm^2，凸壳肌蛤1034hm^2。1998年实际养殖面积和养殖产量分别为10581hm^2和220564t。尚有1258hm^2,26225t的扩大开发潜力。文中还讨论了合理布局和优化养殖结构问题。     

胶州湾水体和表层沉积物营养环境现状及影响因素

为了解胶州湾水体和表层沉积物营养环境状况及其主要影响因素,于2019年8月在胶州湾30个站位点采集了海水和表层沉积物样品,并于2021年5月在胶州湾沿岸采集了18个站位点的水样,对水体溶解无机态营养盐浓度和组成以及表层沉积物中总有机碳、总氮、总磷及生物硅含量和碳、氮稳定同位素（δ13C、δ15N）进行了分析。结果表明,胶州湾内水体和沿岸水体中溶解无机氮、溶解无机磷和溶解硅酸盐浓度空间分布相近,高值均位于湾东北部,主要受到河流输入和沿岸污水排放的影响,低值主要出现在湾中部和湾口处。结合近30年来的历史数据分析发现,胶州湾夏季营养盐浓度在1990?2008年期间呈持续上升的趋势,政府实施的污染物总量控制措施以及河流径流量下降使得2006年以来营养盐浓度呈现下降的趋势,该变化在空间上主要体现为大沽河氮、磷输入量的减少及其对应的湾西部营养盐高值的消失。胶州湾氮、磷营养盐输入的不平衡使得“磷限制”在2000年后逐渐加剧。胶州湾表层沉积物中总有机碳、总氮、总磷含量高值均集中于东北部和东部沿岸,结合生物硅和水体营养盐含量分析显示,这主要是河流与排污输入及其带来的高初级生产力造成的,沉积物生源要素与水体营养盐在空间分布上存在较好的耦合关系。沉积物粒度较粗对有机质保存的不利影响以及湾口较强的水动力作用共同导致了湾西部、中部以及湾口的生源要素含量较低。δ13C以及二端元混合模型显示,胶州湾表层沉积物有机质来源总体以海源为主,平均占比为64%,东部沿岸受陆源输入影响较明显。δ15N的空间分布显示,胶州湾表层沉积物中氮元素受到了海水养殖与污水排放的共同影响。水体和沉积物营养环境现状共同表明,对东北部河流和沿岸污水排放的控制是后期胶州湾污染治理的关键。     

中国鱼类名录Ⅻ--鳚亚目、(鱼衔)亚目、喉盘鱼亚目、鰕虎鱼亚目、微体鱼亚目、刺尾鱼亚目、带鱼亚目、鲭亚目、鲳亚目、金枪鱼亚目、攀鲈亚目、刺鳅亚目

鳚亚目 4 科 33 属 95 种，鰕虎鱼亚目 5 科 98 属 259 种，刺尾鱼亚目 5 科 11 属 65 种，鲈形目 19亚目 104 科 535 属 1799 种。     

The distribution of Mn,Fe, Cu,Ni, Co,Ga, Cr,V, Ba,Sr, Sn,Zn, and Pb,in some soil-sized particulates from the lower troposphere over the world ocean

Soil-sized particulates have been collected on board ship by a mesh technique from the lower troposphere of the North, Equatorial and South Atlantic Ocean, northern and southern Indian Ocean, South and East China Sea and various coastal localities.Spectrographic analysis reveals that, on average, the particulates have concentrations of Mn, Ni, Co, Ga, Cr, V, Ba, and Sr which are of the same order of magnitude as those in average crustal material. In contrast, the average concentrations of Pb, Sn, and Zn are one order of magnitude higher than those in average crustal material.Within this “world-wide” average there are significant geographical variations in the distributions of Pb, Sn, and Zn which may be related to anthropogenic sources.On the basis of trace-element distributions lower tropospheric soil-sized marine particulates have been divided into four genetic components; local, zonal, inter-zonal, and global. The proportions of these components vary geographically, and each component may have both a natural and an anthropogenic fraction.     

Distribution, abundance, and growth of larval tautog, Tautoga onitis, in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA

Tautog, Tautoga onitis, is an abundant species of fish in estuaries of the northeastern United States. Planktonic tautog larvae are abundant in summer in these estuaries, but there is little information on rates of growth of tautog larvae feeding on natural assemblages of food in the plankton. We examined abundance and growth of larval tautog and environmental factors during weekly sampling at three sites along a nearshore‐to‐offshore transect in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA during summer 1994. This is the first study of a robust sample size (336 larvae) to estimate growth rates of field‐caught planktonic tautog larvae feeding on natural diets, using the otolith daily‐growth‐increment method. The study was over the entire summer period when tautog larvae were in the plankton. The sampling sites contrasted in several environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration. There was a temporal progression in the abundance of tautog larvae over the summer, in relation to location and temperature. Tautog larvae were first present nearshore, with a pronounced peak in abundance occurring at the nearshore sites during the last 2 weeks in June. Larvae were absent at this time further offshore. From late June through August, larval abundance progressively decreased nearshore, but increased offshore although never approaching the abundance levels observed at the nearshore sites. The distribution and abundance of tautog larvae appeared to be related to a nearshore‐to‐offshore seasonal warming trend and a nearshore decrease in DO. Otoliths from 336 larvae ranging from 2.3 to 7.7 mm standard length had otolith increment counts ranging from 0 to 19 increments. Growth of larval tautog was estimated at 0.23 mm·day^?1, and length of larvae prior to first increment formation was estimated at 2.8 mm indicating that first increment formation occurs 3–4 days after hatching at 2.2 mm. Despite spatial and temporal differences in environmental factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates at any of three given sites over time, or between sites. Because larval presence only occurred at a narrow range of temperature (17–23.5 °C) and DO (6.5–9.3 mg·l^?1), in situ differences in growth did not appear to be because of differences in larval distribution and abundance patterns relative to these parameters.     

Cadmium,cobalt, copper,iron, lead,nickel and zinc in Indian Ocean water

Results of trace-metal analyses of water samples obtained during a cruise with the Soviet R.V. “Akademik Kurchatov” in the Indian Ocean are presented. The determinations were performed on board with atomic absorption spectrophotometry after a two-stage dithiocarbamate—Freon extraction procedure. Trace-metal concentrations found are in the same range as those found recently for similar open-ocean areas by other workers. The values for lead and zinc are probably high due to contamination. Vertical profiles indicate biogenic processes as controlling factors for the increase of cadmium, copper and nickel concentrations with depth. Iron shows an irregular depth distribution as a result of large random variations in concentration.     

The behavior of Zn,Cd, Cu,Ni, Co,Fe, and Mn in anoxic baltic waters

In June 1981, dissolved Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, and Mn were determined from two detailed profiles in anoxic Baltic waters (with extra data for Fe and Mn from August 1979). Dramatic changes across the O₂H₂S interface occur in the abundances of Cu, Co, Fe, and Mn (by factors of ?100). The concentrations of Zn, Cd, and Ni at the redox front decrease by factors between 3 to 5.Equilibrium calculations are presented for varying concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and compared with the field data. The study strongly supports the assumption that the solubility of Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni is greatly enhanced and controlled by the formation of bisulfide and(or) polysulfide complexes. Differences between predicted and measured concentrations of these elements are mainly evident at lower ΣH₂S concentrations.Cobalt proved to be very mobile in anoxic regions, and the results indicate that the concentrations are limited by CoS precipitation. The iron (Fe²⁺) and manganese (Mn²⁺) distribution in sulfide-containing waters is controlled by total flux from sediment-water interfaces rather than by equilibrium concentrations of their solid phases (FeS and MnCO₃). The concentrations of these metals are therefore expected to increase with prolonged stagnation periods in the basin.     

Arsenic,barium, germanium,tin, dimethylsulfide and nutrient biogeochemistry in Charlotte Harbor,Florida, a phosphorus-enriched estuary

Concentrations of dissolved nutrients (NO₃, PO₄, Si), germanium species, arsenic species, tin, barium, dimethylsulfide and related parameters were measured along the salinity gradient in Charlotte Harbor. Phosphate enrichment from the phosphate industry on the Peace River promotes a productive diatom bloom near the river mouth where NO₃ and Si are completely consumed. Inorganic germanium is completely depleted in this bloom by uptake into biogenic opal. The $\text{Ge}\text{Si}$ ratio taken up by diatoms is about 0·7 × 10^?6, the same as that provided by the river flux, confirming that siliceous organisms incorporate germanium as an accidental trace replacement for silica. Monomethylgermanium and dimethylgermanium concentrations are undetectable in the Peace River, and increase linearly with increasing salinity to the seawater end of the bay, suggesting that these organogermanium species behave conservatively in estuaries, and are neither produced nor consumed during estuarine biogenic opal formation or dissolution. Inorganic arsenic displays slight removal in the bloom. Monomethylarsenic is produced both in the bloom and in mid-estuary, while dimethylarsenic is conservative in the bloom but produced in mid-estuary. The total production of methylarsenicals within the bay approximately balances the removal of inorganic arsenic, suggesting that most biological arsenic uptake in the estuary is biomethylated and released to the water column. Dimethylsulfide increases with increasing salinity in the estuary and shows evidence of removal, probably both by degassing and by microbial consumption. An input of DMS is observed in the central estuary. The behavior of total dissolvable tin shows no biological activity in the bloom or in mid-estuary, but does display a low-salinity input signal that parallels dissolved organic material, perhaps suggesting an association between tin and DOM. Barium displays dramatic input behavior at mid-salinities, probably due to slow release from clays deposited in the harbor after catastrophic phosphate slime spills into the Peace River.