泉州湾、围头湾翡翠贻贝海区半人工采苗技术研究

本文对泉州湾和围头湾翡翠贻贝的生殖腺性状、繁殖期、幼虫数量分布、附苗期及海区半人工采苗技术进行了研究。两湾翡翠贻贝繁殖期为5-9月,5月中旬至6月中旬为繁殖盛期,主要的附苗季节在6月中旬和7月上旬。选用胶胎绳和棕绳为采苗器,附苗效果较好;并讨论了投挂采苗器的适宜时间。     

围头弯悲翠贻贝海区禾苗生态

悲翠贻贝是亚热带暖水性经济贝类，近几年来人工养殖发展迅速，为了充分利用海区自然苗种资源，１９９２－１９９３年我们在围头湾进行了海区半人工采苗试验。结果是悲翠贻贝１９９３年附苗期在５月２５日至８月初，高峰斯出现在６月２０日至７月５日，采苗最佳水层在水面下１．５－３ｍ间。     

围头湾翡翠贻贝海区禾苗生态

翡翠贻贝是亚热带暖水性经济贝类，近几年来人工养殖发展迅速，为了充分利用海区自然苗种资源，1992～1993年我们在围头湾进行了海区半人工采苗试验。结果是翡翠贻贝1993年附苗期在5月25日至8月初，高峰期出现在6月20日至7月5日，采苗最佳水层在水面下1．5～3m间。表明在围头湾进行翡翠贻贝生产性采苗是可行的，但该海区不宜大面积发展翡翠贻贝的养成。     

烟台沿岸贻贝自然菜苗及其有关问题的研究

在毛主席"备战、备荒、为人民"的方针指引下,我国广大渔民,意气风发,斗志昂扬,掀起了开发祖国海洋资源的热潮,沿海社队大力开展了贻贝(Mytilus edulis L.)养殖,原来生产中利用的自然苗日益感到不足,因而选定自然苗场、在一定季节投放采苗器材从事采苗,即所谓自然采苗(亦称半人工采苗)已成为生产中的当务之急。 就山东沿岸来说,烟台沿岸算是野生贻贝较"多"的海区。1972年以前,贻贝苗仅见于浪坝、码头、浮标及船底等处,附苗数量远不能满足生产的需要。为了解决自然苗源问题,在烟台地区水产局和科技办公室的领导下,1972年春我们开始调查研究。这以前,对烟台沿岸贻贝的繁殖规律、苗场位置、采苗季节和水层以及所需器材等生产上急待解决的问题均不了解。正如毛主席指出的："大略的调查和研究可以发现问题,提出问题,但是还不能解决问题。要解决问题,还须作系统的周密的调查工作和研究工作,这就是分析的过程"。遵照毛主席的教导,我们在向老渔民访问、学习的基础上,在烟台沿岸进行调查研究。现在将与采苗密切相关的几个问题如生殖期(根据肥满度判断)、浮游幼虫、附苗季节、挂采苗绳时期、幼苗移动、附苗水层、苗场位置及采苗器材等,分别叙述如下。     

褶牡蛎的采苗技术

１材料与方法１．１通过海区采集牡蛎幼体，分析其形态数量变动及发育情况，测量幼体日生长度，结合采苗水温、比重等海况推算附苗时间，发布采苗预报。１．２观察牡蛎性腺发育情况，定期解剖牡蛎，检查性腺饱满度。１．３福建沿海褶牡蛎附苗期在春季４～５月，秋季８～１０月两个季节。从４月下旬开始每日平潮时于采苗区表层和水深２ｍ处用吸筒吸取２５０ｋｇ海水，经２５号尼龙筛绢过滤，浓缩为２００ｍｌ，滴入二、三滴福尔马林固定，沉淀后去掉上层清液，镜检牡蛎幼体发育情况，测量长度并计数。１．４在采苗区港边、滩面分别放置一磨砂…     

胶州湾贻贝苗源的发展

贻贝(Mytilus edulis L.)是一种冷水性双壳类软体动物，它在我国沿岸分布的南限是胶州湾，但仅见于港内码头及船底上，且数量不多。 1958年青岛市水产局、原青岛市海水养殖场和中国科学院海洋研究所等单位曾一起自大连和烟台移贻贝苗至青岛试养，次年养殖架上也曾有少量幼苗附着，但未能大量繁殖起来。1971年后胶南县海水养殖试验场及青岛市第二海水养殖场等先后进行数十亩乃至数百亩移苗养殖，附苗量虽有所增长，但直至1974年仍缺乏生产意义。这种情况引起我们的思考:胶州湾贻贝苗源能否大量发展？它的限制因素是什么？ 1972年至1973年，我们与烟台地区海水养殖试验场等单位曾对烟台沿岸贻贝苗源进行调查研究，确认当时烟台苗种产量不高的主要原因是附着基不足，其次是亲贝不足，据此试验成功了“废旧草绠采苗法”。之后，随着采苗器材的增加及养殖面积的不断扩大，烟台芝罘湾已发展成为一个较好的苗场，通常可供万亩以上生产用苗。这个经验对我们开发胶州湾的苗源很有启发。 1975年胶南县在胶州湾大力推广“废旧草绠采苗法”，收割海带后保留废旧海带架两万台采贻贝苗， 1976年进一步扩大贻贝养殖面积，继续留绠采苗。我们在青岛市水产局及胶南县水产局等单位的协助下，于1975年9月及1976年8-9月，对胶州湾内及湾口(青岛前海)留绠采苗的情况进行了调查，这些调查资料即为本文的主要依据。     

同池中垂动苗帘与静置苗帘贻贝采苗效果的比较

在同一贻贝育苗池中进行了垂动苗帘与静置苗帘采苗效果的比较实验;采苗后又将两种苗帘移至同一海区养育,比较其保苗效果。实验结果表明,苗帘活动能够明显提高采苗数量以及附苗的均匀程度,但对海上的保苗效果无甚倾向性影响。     

广西沿海翡翠贻贝移殖试验

1964年至1974年在广西沿海进行野生翡翠贻贝移殖试验,其结果是种贝在试养海区能够正常生长和繁殖,半人工采苗和人工育苗均获成功,幼苗下海养殖生长情况正常。28年(1967-1995年)来,每年在部分海区的固形物上面都发现有相当数量附着生长的翡翠贻贝稚贝和成贝,已在海区形成自然种群,说明广西沿海的环境条件适合翡翠贻贝的生长繁殖。广西沿海东起合浦英罗港、西至防城珍珠港、南达北海涠洲岛的河口湾外的广阔潮下带海区是适宜进行翡翠贻贝人工增、养殖的。     

赫氏黄盖鲽受精卵孵化与仔幼鱼培育初步研究

于１９８６年，用人工受精的卵孵化或经驯养自然产卵、孵化室内饲育的方法，进行了人工培苗试验，结果表明：在繁殖期的４－５月份，捕自海内的亲鱼，经催产或驯养，均可在室内产卵孵化。在室内用硅菏、等鞭金藻、扁藻、贻贝幼体、皱褶臂尾轮虫、齿虫幼体和贝肉组成的饵料系列作饵料；受精卵和幼体在水温９．５－２５℃、盐度２９．２－３１．６‰，ｐＨ７．８８－８．１７，ＤＯ８．７－６０．７ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＮＨ４－Ｎ４４－１１８μ     

树脂纸板在牡蛎附苗与养成上的应用

１９８８～１９８９年，作者在山东省海阳县进行树脂涂料器材的采苗和养成筛选试验，取得了一定的效果。１９９０年，将海区试验移到了浙江省乐清湾进行，经过棚架式采苗和浮筏式养殖，附苗密度、生长速度，都能达到生产要求。１９９０年９月４日，对采苗情况进行验收，得到了专家及同行的好评。１９９１年扩大试验到１０００片，与橡皮条交叉分挂在同一棚架上采苗，然后移到同一浮筏上养成。养成期间，几次抽样检测，分别测量其密度和大小。１９９２年４月９日，委托专家和同行再次验收，以检测的结果，推算出一台筏架树脂纸板和一台筏架橡…     

Spatio-temporal patterns of coral recruitment at Vamizi Island,Quirimbas Archipelago,Mozambique

Spatial and temporal patterns of recruitment of reef corals were assessed for the first time in Mozambique by deploying settlement plates at various spatio-temporal scales between October 2012 and October 2013. The abundance of juvenile corals (5?50?mm in diameter) was assessed along transects. Settlement of acroporids was highly seasonal, with 97% of spat settling between July and October 2013. Pocilloporids settled throughout the year, peaking slightly between October 2012 and January 2013. The annual mean larval settlement of up to 1 135 spat m^?2 was comparable to that on other East African reefs, but was dominated by acroporids, which constituted over 80% of all spat, whereas pocilloporids settle in higher densities in Kenya and South Africa. The peak settlement season also differed from other African locations. A greater proportion of variance in settlement rates occurred at the spatial scale of kilometres (between sites) and centimetres (between settlement plates) than at the scale of metres (between subsites), implying that most patchiness occurs at those scales. The peak in acroporid settlement coincided with the period of multispecific spawning, with settlement occurring as early as nine days after a spawning event. As no similar spawning events have been reported for other reefs in the area, our results suggest that these spawning events strongly influence overall annual settlement rates and promote high levels of self-seeding at Vamizi. There was no relationship between settlement of larvae to settlement plates and juvenile density on adjacent reefs, suggesting either variable levels of early post-settlement mortality or high interannual variability in settlement.     

Scleractinian settlement patterns to natural cleared reef substrata and artificial settlement panels on an Indonesian coral reef

Recruitment is a key factor driving the population dynamics of scleractinian corals, but despite its importance, we still have a poor understanding of recruitment processes in the Coral triangle region, which contains the most biodiverse marine ecosystems in the world. This study aimed to compare settlement rates to artificial settlement panels with cleared areas of natural reef in order to assess whether panels are a suitable indicator of natural coral settlement rates. We recorded coral settlement rates to panels made of two different materials (concrete and terracotta), attached to the reef at two different orientations (vertical and horizontal), and compared these settlement rates to those on cleared areas of natural reef positioned on vertical reef walls, over a 12 month period. We examined settlement rates at four sites in the Wakatobi National Marine Park, south-east Sulawesi, Indonesia; two reefs were light-limited, highly sedimented sites with low coral cover (<10%) and two had moderate coral cover (approx. 40%) and lower sedimentation rates. Panels were directly attached to the reef at 6–7 m depth. The number of coral spat per tile ranged from 0 to 34 and no significant differences were reported between the settlement rates to cleared natural reef areas and settlement panels. Significantly higher numbers of spat settled on the cryptic (back) side of the panels, while no significant difference was found between settlement rates to the different panel materials, or between the different orientations or any combination of these two factors. There is, however, a significant difference in the settlement rates between sites, for both settlement panels and permanent cleared areas, with higher settlement rates at the sites with higher live coral cover. We conclude that both concrete and terracotta panels yield similar settlement rates, and orientation makes no difference to settlement rates when panels are directly attached to the reef. Our results demonstrate that artificial substrata provide comparable settlement rate data to natural substrata and therefore are suitable for monitoring coral settlement rates in the future.     

沉积物捕获器在海岸与陆架沉积动力研究中的应用:以罗源湾和台湾海峡为例

运用时间序列的沉积物捕获器对海岸与陆架海域沉降颗粒物进行采集,估算沉降通量,并运用多学科综合研究手段分析沉降颗粒物的来源、组成、时空变化及控制因素,可以为海岸与陆架沉积动力过程的研究提供新的研究手段。福建罗源湾的实验表明,夏季罗源湾潮下带小潮至中潮期间的沉降通量为133.20~256.18g/(m2·t);由中潮向大潮变化期间单个潮周期的沉降通量明显增大,台风过后的大潮期间的沉降通量为373.99~590.51g/(m2·t);台风显著影响期间的沉降通量为746.34g/(m2·t);粒度分析及水动力观测结果显示,观测期间罗源湾潮下带沉降颗粒物主要来源于海底沉积物的再悬浮。台湾海峡西北部内陆架海域的实验研究表明,该海域近底部悬浮颗粒物沉降通量最大值为13.34g/(m2·d),由小潮向中潮沉降通量逐渐增大,这主要是由于近底部温盐跃层层位上移,近底部垂向混合作用增强,致使底部再悬浮沉积物向上扩散,并最终被沉积物捕获器捕获。沉积物捕获器可以接收到再悬浮沉积物,结合底部边界层过程的观测研究,可以深入认识海底沉积物的侵蚀、沉降及埋藏过程,在研究海岸与陆架区沉积动力学、泥质区沉积记录的形成过程与保存潜力中扮演着十分重要的角色。     

Inter-annual variability in larval supply to populations of three invertebrate taxa in the northern California Current

We investigated sources of inter-annual variability in larval supply to crab and sea urchin populations at Bodega Head and Point Reyes in northern California. During the spring and summer upwelling seasons of the years 1992 through 1997 we monitored the weekly settlement rates of nine species of crabs and two species of sea urchins. As observed in previous studies, daily values of alongshore windstress, temperature and salinity provided evidence for the poleward flow of relatively warm, low salinity water from south of Point Reyes, an apparent retention zone, during upwelling relaxation events. In years dominated by these events (1992, 1993, 1995 and 1996) we observed that alongshore windstress, temperature and salinity were coherent and temperature was significantly correlated with cancrid crab settlement. During these years the magnitude of cancrid crab settlement and the fraction of cancrid crabs relative to other crab species settling were high. Over four years of concurrent sampling there was consistently greater cancrid crab settlement at the Point Reyes site, within the retention zone, than at Bodega Head. Settlement of non-cancrid crabs (porcellanids, grapsids, pagurids and majids) was not as closely linked to intra-annual patterns of upwelling and relaxation, possibly due to the shorter seasonal availability of larvae allowing for the influence of fewer relaxation events. Settlement of this group among years was positively correlated with environmental indicators of strong seasonal upwelling; high salinity, Bakun upwelling index and low temperature. Sea urchin settlement events were observed in June and July of 1992, 1994 and 1997 during warming periods when salinity and temperature were increasing and alongshore windstress was low. Across the six years of the study, we found that cancrid crab larvae had a more even seasonal availability than larvae of non-cancrid species, which settled in greatest numbers during the early portion of the upwelling season. Sea urchins settled in greatest numbers during the later part of the upwelling season. Together these patterns demonstrate the taxon-specific way that inter-annual variability in larval supply is forced by the coincidence of larval availability with favorable physical transport mechanisms.     

An unexploited population of oysters,Ostrea lutaria Hutton,from foveaux strait

Settlement of Ostrea lutaria on sand‐cement‐plastered asbestos plates held in steel frames on the bottom of Foveaux Strait was studied from March 1965 to April 1967. Spat mortality over the period of plate exposure (about one month) was very low (maximum of 3 percent) and was greatest shortly after settlement. There was no evidence that mortality was due to predation. Essentially the same seasonal pattern of settlement was observed each year. Eighty to 90 percent of spat settled between mid December and mid February in both summers; settlement occurred as early as October; some was observed as late as July.

Results of field experiments suggest some very tentative conclusions on the settlement behaviour of O. lutaria: (1) The larvae are benthopelagic and remain on the bottom in strong current conditions. (2) Light stimulates swimming of larvae in still water. (3) In still water and low light intensities of the area larvae tend to swim upward toward the light. (4) In still water and dim light of the area larvae settle predominantly on under surfaces. (5) In still water in the absence of light larvae settle predominantly on upper surfaces. (6) Under the conditions of current and light in the multiplate frames used to sample spatfall here, larvae settle mainly on upper surfaces. (7) Larvae tend to crawl up inclined surfaces before settling.

The results indicate that larval behaviour may be changed by small alterations of light intensity and current. The contradictory nature of surface angle preferences found by other workers for various species of Ostrea and Crassostrea may have been due to such small variations caused by the experimental techniques. It is possible that the settlement behaviour of all species of these genera is similar.     

Characterization of sea ice and its snow cover in the Arctic Pacific sector during the summer of 2016

A comprehensive analysis of sea ice and its snow cover during the summer in the Arctic Pacific sector was conducted using the observations recorded during the 7th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition(CHIANRE-2016) and the satellite-derived parameters of the melt pond fraction(MPF) and snow grain size(SGS)from MODIS data. The results show that there were many low-concentration ice areas in the south of 78°N, while the ice concentration and thickness increased significantly with the latitude above the north of 78°N during CHIANRE-2016. The average MPF presented a trend of increasing in June and then decreasing in early September for 2016. The average snow depth on sea ice increased with latitude in the Arctic Pacific sector. We found a widely developed depth hoar layer in the snow stratigraphic profiles. The average SGS generally increased from June to early August and then decreased from August to September in 2016, and two valley values appeared during this period due to snowfall incidents.     

Spawning period of Senegal sole,Solea senegalensis,based on juvenile otolith microstructure

The Senegal sole, Solea senegalensis, is a flatfish species distributed from the Bay of Biscay to the coast of South Africa. Although it is a species of high commercial value its spawning period remains poorly known. In the Tagus estuary, Portugal, two juvenile cohorts of this species colonize two independent nursery areas within the estuarine system. Left lapilli otoliths of these 0-group juveniles were used to estimate age and back-calculate hatch dates, thus allowing the estimation of S. senegalensis spawning period in the Portuguese coast. The two cohorts of S. senegalensis completed the colonization of the two nurseries in July. The ages of juveniles were estimated to range between 46 and 111 days in nursery A, and between 33 and 61 days in nursery B. Hatch dates ranged from April to early June for juveniles colonizing nursery A, and from May to early June for juveniles colonizing nursery B. The mean hatch date in nursery A was the 7th of May, while in nursery B it was the 25th of May. It was concluded that the spawning period for this species off the Portuguese coast was from April to June.     

Biological Responses to Seasonally Varying Fluxes of Organic Matter to the Ocean Floor: A Review

Deep-sea benthic ecosystems are sustained largely by organic matter settling from the euphotic zone. These fluxes usually have a more or less well-defined seasonal component, often with two peaks, one in spring/early summer, the other later in the year. Long time-series datasets suggest that inter-annual variability in the intensity, timing and composition of flux maxima is normal. The settling material may form a deposit of “phytodetritus” on the deep-seafloor. These deposits, which are most common in temperate and high latitude regions, particularly the North Atlantic, evoke a response by the benthic biota. Much of our knowledge of these responses comes from a few time-series programmes, which suggest that the nature of the response varies in different oceanographic settings. In particular, there are contrasts between seasonal processes in oligotrophic, central oceanic areas and those along eutrophic continental margins. In the former, it is mainly “small organisms” (bacteria and protozoans) that respond to pulsed inputs. Initial responses are biochemical (e.g. secretion of bacterial exoenzymes) and any biomass increases are time lagged. Increased metabolic activity of small organisms probably leads to seasonal fluctuations in sediment community oxygen consumption, reported mainly in the North Pacific. Metazoan meiofauna are generally less responsive than protozoans (foraminifera), although seasonal increases in abundance and body size have been reported. Measurable population responses by macrofauna and megafauna are less common and confined largely to continental margins. In addition, seasonally synchronised reproduction and larval settlement occur in some larger animals, again mainly in continental margin settings. Although seasonal benthic responses to pulsed food inputs are apparently widespread on the ocean floor, they are not ubiquitous. Most deep-sea species are not seasonal breeders and there are probably large areas, particularly at abyssal depths, where biological process rates are fairly uniform over time. As with other aspects of deep-sea ecology, temporal processes cannot be encapsulated by a single paradigm. Further long time-series studies are needed to understand better the nature and extent of seasonality in deep-sea benthic ecosystems. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Winter colonisation and succession of filamentous macroalgae on artificial substrates and possible relationships to Fucus vesiculosus settlement in early summer

During the reproduction period of Fucus vesiculosus, which occurs only once a year (in May–June) along the Finnish coast of the northern Baltic Sea, a thick carpet of filamentous algae often covers hard substrates suitable for zygote settlement. By placing out artificial substrates into the field, monthly over a period of eight months prior to F. vesiculosus settlement (October 2001–June 2002), we investigated the autumn/winter/spring colonisation and succession of filamentous algae and their possible relationships with the settlement success of F. vesiculosus under naturally variable field conditions. The substrates exposed in October 2001 became covered by filamentous brown algal Pilayella littoralis mats, which persisted over the settlement period of F. vesiculosus, but now also were accompanied by large amounts of the filamentous green alga Cladophora glomerata. The substrates exposed from November 2001 onwards hosted smaller amounts of P. littoralis during the winter and different filamentous algal communities at the time of F. vesiculosus settlement, i.e. less P. littoralis and C. glomerata, but Dictyosiphon foeniculaceus, Ceramium tenuicorne and Ulva intestinalis instead. We observed recruits of F. vesiculosus on all substrates, except on the ones placed out in October 2001. Significantly more P. littoralis and C. glomerata on the October substrates may explain the failed F. vesiculosus recruitment, although we could not establish direct causal or correlational relationships between filamentous algae and F. vesiculosus settlement. We compared the results with a previous un-replicated pilot study in the same area demonstrating similar response patterns.