茂名地区海雾的微物理结构特征

2007年3月16日至4月29日期间,在广东茂名海洋气象科学实验基地对海雾进行了连续观测,共取得51个雾滴谱样本,在此基础上分析了茂名地区海雾的微物理结构特征。观测分析表明:茂名地区海雾的雾滴谱分布符合Junge分布,平均数密度为57.1个/cm3,平均含水量为0.018 3 g/m3,算术平均直径为4.7μm,算术峰值直径为2.9μm。文中还比较了雾和轻雾情况下雾滴谱分布的不同特征,分析了能见度与含水量之间的关系。     

茂名地区海雾含水量的演变特征及其与大气水平能见度的关系

2008年3月16—19日,在广东茂名博贺海洋气象科学试验基地,利用美国DMT公司生产的FM-100型雾滴谱仪,连续观测了海雾的雾滴谱、数浓度等微物理量。在此基础上分析了海雾液态含水量的演变特征,并结合同期的气象观测与分析数据,进行了海雾中低能见度成因的天气学分析。研究表明,海雾发展过程中含水量有着上下起伏变化的特点;直径10μm以上雾滴的增多是含水量增大的主要原因;随着含水量的增大,雾滴谱分布有向大雾滴方向增宽的趋势,其峰值高度也不断增大。在相同的含水量区间,不同的大气能见度样本表现出明显不同的谱分布特征;在相同高数浓度区间的情况下,导致大气能见度降低的主要原因是含水量的增大。而海雾过程中低能见度的出现,是众多天气因素共同影响的结果:地面天气图上的均压场范围更大,大气低空及地面风速小,大气低层处于弱不稳定状态,以及高湿度层主要在近地层等等。     

2016年一次北冰洋夏季海雾的微物理特征分析

本文使用中国第7次北极科学考察期间"雪龙"号科学考察船的观测数据和再分析数据,分析了北冰洋海雾的气象要素特征和微物理结构特征。"雪龙"号观测到海雾时,科学考察船位于地面气旋前部,偏南风不断将南侧的水汽输送到北侧的冷水面上,海雾属于平流冷却雾。平均数浓度为8.03 cm~(-3),平均半径为8.75μm;与中国近海海雾相比,北冰洋海雾数浓度偏小而平均半径偏大。雾滴谱为双峰分布,不符合Gamma分布;双峰对应的半径分别为3.25μm和13.5μm;含水量相对半径为单峰分布,峰值对应的半径为15.5μm。     

海洋气象条件变化对青岛平流雾过程的影响分析

利用风廓线资料、探空资料和地面气象观测资料对青岛夏季的一次平流雾过程进行了分析,探讨了雾的演变与气象条件的关系。研究表明:雾的强度和厚度与风的垂直结构密切相关,风向为稳定的东南风,90%以上的相对湿度层有一定厚度时,3 m/s以内的风速层内容易成雾,雾顶高度在240~530 m之间。雾顶可以在逆温层底,也可能低于逆温层底。逆温层抬升有利于雾层向上发展,突破混合层高度。稳定的向岸风有利于海风的形成,造成比湿持续增加和大气中粗粒子增多,能见度下降和雾的出现。     

上合组织青岛峰会期间海雾维持和消散阶段的环境场特征

利用常规观测、地面加密自动站及NCEP再分析资料,针对上合组织青岛峰会的气象服务过程,对海雾维持和消散两个阶段的气象要素特征进行了分析。结果表明:1)当能见度低于1 000 m时,相对湿度为99%,能见度介于1 000～2 000 m之间时,相对湿度为95%～99%。2)近地面层30°N以北黄海海域持续吹东南风,并在青岛形成水汽辐合中心,有利于青岛形成海雾;当东南风转为东北风,水汽辐合中心减弱或消失时,海雾趋于消散。3)在海雾维持阶段,逆温层最低高度稳定在980 hPa以下,总逆温差逐渐增强,逆温梯度跃升与海雾强度增强同步;最大逆温层厚度和逆温层总厚度下降12 h后海雾逐渐减弱,逆温层最低高度上升时能见度也随之上升。4)白天逆温层之上为下沉运动,之下为上升运动,夜间700 hPa之下均为上升运动,且上升运动中心位于逆温层之下,这种垂直结构有利于逆温层和海雾的维持;当逆温强度减弱,垂直运动穿越逆温层贯穿700 hPa以下对流层时,海雾趋于消散。     

北部湾地区海雾特点的初步分析

利用2016年1月至2017年12月北部湾浮标站观测资料,分析了北部湾海雾的特点。结果表明,2016年北部湾出现海雾37 d,2017年为19 d; 3月海雾日数最多,4月次之,2016年12月和2017年6—10月未出现海雾;一天中出现雾的峰值时间为03:00—05:00,雾消散的峰值时间为08:00—10:00;雾的维持时间绝大部分在3 h以内。浮标站与北海站、涠洲岛站的大气能见度、相对湿度对比分析表明,在海雾日,涠洲岛站的平均大气能见度、平均相对湿度更接近浮标站,涠洲岛站平均大气能见度比浮标站大0.7～3.3 km,平均相对湿度比浮标站小1.6%～2.4%。不同的海雾过程由于影响系统不同,海上和陆地上雾的持续时间、大气能见度有所不同,当西南暖低压、高压后部影响造成大雾时,涠洲岛站的大气能见度与浮标站更接近,北海站的大气能见度与浮标站相差较大;而均压场造成海雾时,3个观测站的大气能见度变化趋势较为一致,凌晨到上午有雾,中午到下午雾消散。     

济南冬季雾微物理结构特征

2016年12月19日—2017年1月9日,受静稳天气影响,济南接连出现了10次大雾天气过程,期间最低能见度不足50 m。利用10次冬季雾过程收集的雾滴谱资料、自动气象观测站加密资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及常规气象资料,分析了济南冬季雾期间的环流背景、雾类型以及微物理结构特征等。结果表明:济南冬季雾中以小滴为主,直径8μm以下的小滴占总数的88%以上,小滴数与数浓度具有较好的线性关系;谱型有"单峰窄谱"和"多峰宽谱"之分,"单峰窄谱"雾谱宽不超过13μm,小雾滴所占比例很高,液态含水量与数浓度具有较好的线性关系,各微物理量较小,"多峰宽谱"雾平均谱宽在34μm以上,液态含水量与直径12μm以上的大滴数具有较好的线性关系,各微物理量较大;平流辐射雾的数浓度和液态含水量最大,辐射雾次之,蒸发雾最小;冬季雾具有明显的地域性特征,与南京和上海相比,济南冬季雾数浓度明显偏小;辐射雾和平流辐射雾中液态含水量偏小1～2个数量级,且谱宽明显偏窄。     

青岛地区海雾分布及大气边界层条件分析

青岛地区海雾多发,观测表明海雾对沿海地区影响范围不尽相同,特别是海雾影响内陆的机理尚缺乏研究。本文利用观测资料及数值模式统计了青岛地区4月-7月海雾分布特征,并对不同影响范围海雾典型个例进行对比分析,结果表明:海雾发生日数自沿海向内陆递减。胶州湾沿岸雾日数比黄海沿岸明显减少,胶州湾东北部的雾日数要少于胶州湾西北部。海雾多发生于高空形势稳定,低层偏南流场的天气条件下。大气边界层内逆温层的的范围大致影响着海雾的分布。只影响沿海的海雾,地面为偏南风,风速在3~8 m/s之间,内陆风力减弱不明显。500 m以下大气边界层内风速切变大。湍流作用使海雾向内陆推进过程中倾斜抬升为低云,地面雾区减弱。能够影响内陆地区的海雾,多出现在地面风力较弱的情况之下,大部分在1~3 m/s之间。500 m以下大气边界层内风速切变小,大气边界层内湍流强度不强,使沿海到内陆的逆温层能够始终维持,沿海海雾在弱南风影响下延伸影响内陆地区。     

海雾对沿海地区的影响程度初探——2008年春季两次黄海海雾过程分析

利用多种观测资料、再分析资料和WRF模式,对2008年4月29-30日和5月2-3日两次黄海春季海雾进行对比分析,研究黄海海雾影响沿海地区的因素。分析表明：（1）两次海雾过程均属于平流冷却雾过程。在低层水平方向上,合理的高、低压配置,使气流持续地从暖湿海面输送到冷海面上,有利于形成深厚的海雾,进而在海风的作用下影响沿海地区。在垂直方向上,边界层内上干下湿的结构有利于海雾的发展与维持。（2）边界层内稳定持续的逆温层结构,使水汽在逆温层内累积,有利于海雾的发展与维持。雾顶的长波辐射冷却作用以及雾层内适度的湍流有利于海雾的发展与维持;而低层风速增大会引起机械湍流的迅速增长,进而导致海雾消散。（3）海雾影响明显时,对应黄海海域上空的暖平流较强,水汽通量较大,暖湿平流来源于较暖的海面。反之,对应黄海海域上空的暖平流较弱,水汽通量较小,暖湿平流来源于较冷的海面。     

春季黄海海雾中的激光衰减特性研究

海雾严重影响舰艇航行,而且在雾中舰载激光武器和激光雷达的工作效能受到制约。因此,研究激光在雾中的衰减特性对军事行动具有重要的科学意义。基于WRF中尺度气象研究模式,对2015年3月28日-4月1日的海雾过程进行模拟分析,发现使得海雾维持的是黄海南部输送来的暖湿气流,随后一个很强的冷高压使得风向转北,干冷平流切断了水汽输送,破坏了逆温层结构,海雾消散。考虑到春季黄海海雾产生和消散的天气形势,在海雾刚产生时,下风区的激光衰减系数小;海雾维持过程中,海雾雾区的外围衰减系数小;海雾快要消散时上风区衰减系数小。研究发现,海雾可以使得10.6μm红外激光的探测距离大大减小,在浓雾情况下,探测距离仅为正常情况下的2%。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,