上海近海一次低压控制下春季海雾空间差异分析

根据海上浮标实测数据和再分析数据,发现2016年4月20-23日长江口航道附近南北海雾存在的显著空间差异主要受到水汽以及风场的影响。分析表明:(1)本次海雾过程高空受低压槽控制近地面处低压过境,切变线东移导致低空风向的迅速转变,此后受到暖锋影响,导致短时小雨过程的发生;(2)此次海雾过程受风场的影响较大,盛行南风时水汽充足,湿度较大,容易产生海雾,受西北风主导时,则容易出现海雾消散的情况;(3)长江口外北部站点和南部站点存在显著空间差异性,北部站点能见度明显好于南部站点,并且在此次海雾过程中北部站点先于南部站点出现一次能见度好转的情况,这是由于低压过境导致风向骤变,北部未获得充分的水汽供给所致。此次低压槽天气过程在长江口南北产生区域差异显著的海雾,对这种典型风向骤变过程分析有助于为航运密集的长江口海雾预报提供参考。     

北部湾海雾过程的天气系统分型研究

采用2011—2016年NCEP/NCAR再分析格点资料和北部湾沿海6个气象站的常规气象观测资料,利用天气学方法对北部湾沿海出现大雾时的大尺度天气背景、地面形势进行了分类总结,探寻北部湾发生海雾时各类型天气系统的共同特点。结果表明:北部湾海雾的天气环流类型可分为西南倒槽型、入海高压后部型、均压场型、静止锋型、冷锋前部型和高压底部型,其中西南倒槽型、入海高压后部型、均压场型、静止锋型是4种主要的环流型,造成的北部湾海雾日数相对较多,而冷锋前部型和高压底部型造成的海雾日数较少;西南倒槽型、静止锋型的海雾过程持续时间较长、能见度较低,高压底部型的海雾消散较快;地面风速小、500 hPa高空存在偏西或西南急流、大气层结稳定是海雾出现时各类天气型的共同特点。     

基于FY-3B卫星资料的中国南海海区1—3月海雾时空分布特征研究

为全面了解中国南海海区海雾的分布特征,为南海海雾气象服务提供基础背景资料,利用2011—2016年1—3月FY-3B气象卫星资料的雾监测产品,分析了中国南海海区海雾的时空分布特征。结果表明:中国南海海雾具有特定的区域特征,中国南海海雾多出现在华南沿海、北部湾沿海、琼州海峡和海南岛东北部沿海海区,南海南部海域出现海雾概率低;南海出现高频次海雾的时间多发生在2月,1月次之,3月最少。该研究结果可为中国南海海雾研究提供背景资料。     

北部湾台风风暴潮数值模拟及重点区域风险分析

基于Delft3D模型建立了适用于北部湾海域的台风风暴潮数学模型,同时根据进入北部湾海域67 a(1949—2015年)历史台风资料,采用蒙特卡罗方法随机构造55场台风进行风暴增水计算,并选取受风暴潮影响最严重的铁山港与最频繁的涠洲岛进行了风险分析。结果表明:(1)从铁山湾下侧进入北部湾海域,中心气压为952 h Pa的台风会造成石头埠站风暴增水为3.68 m,达到1 000 a一遇的级别;(2)广西沿岸的风暴增水对经过北部湾海域的台风存在滞后效应;(3)涠洲岛风暴增水普遍较低,但进入北部湾的台风均会在涠洲岛产生风暴潮,因此要做好涠洲岛的防护工程以防止海岸线继续后退。     

一个黄渤海海雾大气水平能见度算法

为了提高对黄渤海海雾天气海面大气水平能见度(以下简称"能见度")的数值预报能力,利用黄渤海23个沿岸和岛屿测站2013—2017年雾天的地面观测数据,构建了基于湿度信息的能见度算法(A-F算法),并将之应用于黄渤海海雾的能见度数值预报。结果表明,与常用的根据模式预报的云水含量诊断能见度的SW算法(Stoelinga and Warner,1999)相比,A-F算法表现更优,尤其可以诊断出被SW算法漏报的能见度为1～3 km的轻雾,说明A-F算法对黄渤海海雾天气能见度的数值预报具有一定应用价值。若将来加入浮标与船舶观测数据,可以进一步改进A-F算法能见度公式的具体形式;依据本文构建A-F算法的思路,可以发展适合其他海域的海雾天气能见度诊断公式。     

基于WRF模式的青岛近海能见度算法比较研究

采用GFS背景场资料和ADAS资料同化系统,使用WRF模式对2014—2016年青岛近海17个海雾个例进行了模拟,分析了3种能见度算法的预报效果。结果表明,FSL(Forecast Systems Laboratory)算法对于沿海站、岸基站雾的预报较SW99(Steolinga and Warner 1999)算法有优势;对于海岛站而言,SW99算法则优于FSL算法。混合算法CVIS(Combined Visibility)较单一算法预报雾准确率有所提高。3种能见度算法基本上是高估能见度的,SW99算法能见度预报均方根误差最大。另外,SW99算法对沿海站、岸基站雾开始时间预报较实况多偏晚,结束时间预报较实况多偏早,持续时间预报较实况多偏短。     

黄海平流海雾的观测分析

利用大量的地面站点观测、卫星监测和非常规观测资料,统计分析了海雾的时空分布特征、卫星云图特征及影响黄海海雾的气象和水文因子.结果表明,黄海海雾随时间和空间而变化,在空间分布上,雾频随着纬度增高而增加;海雾与海上风速的大小和方向有密切关系;海雾出现与海表温度、气-海温差、露点温度有关;海流是影响海雾形成的水文因素之一;海雾是大气处在稳定层状态下的一种凝结现象,有海雾不一定有逆温,但是逆温层的消散却为海雾的消散提供了有利的依据.     

基于机器学习的青岛市区近岸海雾集成预报方法

利用2014—2017年青岛小麦岛海洋站观测资料,采用机器学习方法建立了青岛市区近岸海雾集成预报模型,通过主成分分析方法对预报因子进行了优选。结果表明:采用能见度、风向、风速、气压、露点、气温、海温、气温露点差、气海温差、相对湿度、云量、气温24h变温12个预报因子建立的海雾集成预报模型,对2018年海雾预报的TS评分约为0.64,海雾预报正确率约为0.783,具有较好的预报能力,为海雾预报提供了新的方法。     

上合组织青岛峰会期间海雾维持和消散阶段的环境场特征

利用常规观测、地面加密自动站及NCEP再分析资料,针对上合组织青岛峰会的气象服务过程,对海雾维持和消散两个阶段的气象要素特征进行了分析。结果表明:1)当能见度低于1 000 m时,相对湿度为99%,能见度介于1 000～2 000 m之间时,相对湿度为95%～99%。2)近地面层30°N以北黄海海域持续吹东南风,并在青岛形成水汽辐合中心,有利于青岛形成海雾;当东南风转为东北风,水汽辐合中心减弱或消失时,海雾趋于消散。3)在海雾维持阶段,逆温层最低高度稳定在980 hPa以下,总逆温差逐渐增强,逆温梯度跃升与海雾强度增强同步;最大逆温层厚度和逆温层总厚度下降12 h后海雾逐渐减弱,逆温层最低高度上升时能见度也随之上升。4)白天逆温层之上为下沉运动,之下为上升运动,夜间700 hPa之下均为上升运动,且上升运动中心位于逆温层之下,这种垂直结构有利于逆温层和海雾的维持;当逆温强度减弱,垂直运动穿越逆温层贯穿700 hPa以下对流层时,海雾趋于消散。     

2010年2月一次冬季黄海海雾的成因分析

利用青岛浮标观测、自动气象站观测、Micaps站点观测、L波段雷达等观测数据,New Generation SST,OI-SST和NCEP提供的FNL和CFSR再分析数据。并利用中尺度模式WRF对这次冬季海雾进行诊断分析。得到以下结论:(1)观测表明,这次海雾首先在黄海北部生成,是由于冷暖空气在黄海海域交汇,增大相对湿度,形成混合雾。在22日12:00时(UTC)之后,暖平流北上,冷平流消失。海雾逐渐转成平流冷却雾。青岛出现的海雾是从黄海发展过来的,并且为平流冷却雾。(2)在黄海,冷暖空气混合增大相对湿度,生成混合雾。与后期的平流冷却雾相比,混合雾的高度明显偏低。(3)海温异常偏低。在2010年2月渤海大面积结冰,海温偏低可能与融冰有关系。(4)模式结果表明,混合雾与冷水域的关系密切。平流冷却雾与冷水域的位置基本一致。混合雾和平流冷却雾都受海温影响较大。混合雾雾区变化很大,因为冷空气在移动过程中变性,不利于混合雾生成。冷海面对平流冷却雾起着很关键的作用。这次冬季海雾与春夏季黄海海雾的不同点在:这次海雾的发生机制不同于典型的春夏季黄海海雾。春夏季典型的黄海海雾主要是平流冷却雾,而这次冬季海雾在生成上首先是混合雾,后来转为平流冷却雾。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

<正>~~     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,