塔中地区志留系储层成岩作用及孔隙演化

塔中地区志留系主要为无障壁海岸及潮坪沉积体系,其储层以岩屑砂岩、岩屑石英砂岩为主。通过观察岩心和对薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光、物性、碳酸盐含量等大量资料的研究,认为塔中地区志留系储层砂岩经历了压实作用、胶结作用、交代作用和溶解作用等多种成岩作用,目前已达到晚成岩A2期。孔隙演化与该区的成岩作用关系密切,特别是次生孔隙的发育。孔隙演化经历了原生孔隙的破坏、次生孔隙的形成和次生孔隙的破坏3个阶段,其中机械压实作用和胶结作用是原生孔隙损失的主要原因,溶蚀作用产生的次生孔隙是重要的储集空间。     

惠民凹陷古近系深层砂岩储层特征及其影响因素

古近系深层砂岩储层是目前惠民凹陷主要的勘探目的层,研究其储层特征及控制因素对凹陷内勘探井位的部署有着重要的指导意义.经过研究,区内沙三段和沙四段砂岩储层物性较好,属于中孔-中渗透性储层,其余层位储层物性较差,多属于低孔-中低渗透性储层.储层性质主要受到沉积条件、压实作用、胶结作用及溶蚀作用的控制,其中压实作用对储层物性影响最大,然后依次是溶蚀作用、沉积条件和胶结作用.     

缅甸睡宝盆地A井区古近系碎屑岩储层成岩作用与孔隙演化

首次分析睡宝盆地A井区古近系成岩演化序列并提出其储层处于中成岩A1-A2期,此成岩阶段有利于次生孔隙的保护。研究区古近系储层成岩演化序列具有特殊性：第一期胶结作用为硅质胶结,早于机械压实作用或者同时进行,强烈的机械压实作用使得孔隙度减小15%,此后第二期碳酸盐胶结作用占主导,镜下统计两期胶结作用的减孔量为4%~6%;渐新世受到挤压构造运动和表生成岩作用的双重影响,紧临渐新统不整合面以下的储层由于碳酸盐胶结物溶解而形成次生孔隙。2009年中海油新钻井地处冲起构造,后期的这种构造变形对始新统及其以下的核部地层产生侧向挤压形成构造压实效应,原始孔隙遭到更多的破坏,而对渐新统起到构造托举的作用,可以减缓上覆沉积物的静岩压实效应。成岩演化序列的特殊性和多期构造运动使得古近系储层物性出现差异,总结储集性好的储层并分析其成因机制,对睡宝盆地下一步勘探具有重要指导意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地陕北地区延长组长7段致密油储层特征及其主控因素

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组石油资源丰富,储层致密,为了查明湖盆致密砂岩储层发育机理,综合利用岩心观察、铸体薄片鉴定、X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜观察、高压压汞测试等方法,对鄂尔多斯盆地陕北地区长7段致密油储层特征及其发育主控因素进行了分析。研究结果显示,研究区长7段长石含量高,主要发育长石砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩。致密砂岩储层孔隙类型以长石粒内溶蚀孔隙和粒间溶蚀孔隙为主,同时晶间微孔和微裂缝较为发育。研究区长7段时期主要为三角洲前缘与滨浅湖沉积环境,水动力较弱,发育砂岩中泥质含量较高。中等强度压实作用及早期的方解石胶结作用使原生孔隙消失殆尽,胶结作用进一步使孔隙减小。由于长石及黏土含量较高,其受溶蚀作用形成溶蚀孔隙,改善储层质量,同时也是研究区长7段致密砂岩储层发育的主要控制因素。     

中拐地区二叠系致密砂岩成岩作用及其控制因素

准噶尔盆地中拐地区二叠系佳木河组为扇三角洲环境下形成的富火山岩岩屑的致密砂岩储层。综合运用岩心观察、薄片鉴定、物性测试等对佳木河组储层成岩作用特征及其控制因素进行了研究,结果表明:佳木河组储层机械压实作用和胶结作用强,导致储层致密化;浊沸石、片沸石和方沸石是主要胶结作用产物;受佳木河组顶部不整合及烃源岩演化影响,发育弱酸性大气水溶蚀和晚期有机酸溶蚀2期溶蚀作用,浊沸石和方沸石溶孔是其主要表现形式,溶蚀面孔率平均为0.74%。而储层岩性、沸石胶结和逆掩断层活动控制佳木河组储层压实作用;火山岩岩屑是沸石胶结的物质基础,沉积相带和岩性控制不同区域沸石胶结物类型的差异性;弱酸性大气水淋滤是导致佳木河组储层溶蚀的主要原因。     

北黄海中生代残留盆地砂岩成岩作用及其对孔隙的影响

北黄海盆地中生界为残留盆地,油气勘探难度大、程度低,勘探工作主要集中于盆地东部.根据砂岩铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、阴极发光、流体包裹体测温等多种分析测试手段,对中生界储层砂体的岩石学特征、成岩作用及对孔隙的影响进行了研究.结果表明,该区中生界砂岩岩性以长石砂岩、长石岩屑砂岩为主,成岩作用主要有压实作用、胶结作用、...     

西永2井中新世白云岩储层特征及成岩作用

西永2井中新世发育厚度较大的藻礁白云岩,以此为研究对象,通过岩心薄片、扫描电镜、X衍射分析及岩心CT扫描等研究手段,结合常规储层物性分析方法等,研究了西沙群岛中新世藻礁白云岩储层特征及成岩作用,结果表明:西永2井中新世藻礁白云岩储层发育良好,储集岩主要以粉晶—细晶白云岩为主,晶间溶孔、藻架孔、铸模孔、晶间孔和生物体腔孔为主要的储集空间,孔隙度变化较大,主要集中在8.39%~37.71%;渗透率为(0.17~3 291.9)×10~(-3)μm~2,具有高孔、高渗显著特征。储层在成岩阶段经历了压实作用、胶结作用、白云岩化作用、重结晶作用及多期溶蚀作用。压实作用及胶结作用使得原生孔隙大幅减少,对储层形成具有破坏作用,白云岩化作用、重结晶作用和溶蚀作用改变孔隙结构,进而提高储层的有效孔隙度。研究表明西永2井中新世白云岩处冰期海退阶段,受大气淡水林滤作用影响,而多期溶蚀作用产生了大量的次生孔隙成为现今主要的储集空间。     

砂金矿的化学-机械成因新观点

本文在分析前人提出的砂金矿成因的不同观点及存在的问题的基础上,根据新取得的资料,首次提出砂金矿的化学—机械成因新认识。即砂金矿的形成全过程中,既存在着化学作用,又存在着机械作用,前者主要存在于含金岩体的风化过程中,其作用使金产生次生加大及胶结作用;后者是含金岩体风化剥蚀后砂金搬运、沉积及富集成矿的主要形式。文中还据新的成因观点,提出了砂金矿的找矿方向。     

缅甸Shwebo盆地储层研究及勘探方向

Shwebo盆地勘探多年来,储层是影响勘探成效的关键因素。研究结果表明,Shwebo盆地白垩系—古近系储层主要岩石类型为长石砂岩、石英砂岩及凝灰质砂岩;孔隙类型主要为残余粒间原生孔隙和微裂隙溶蚀孔隙。孔隙结构复杂、非均质性强以及低孔、低渗是储层的主要特征。沉积环境和成岩作用是影响储层质量的主要因素,其中,影响盆地西部岛弧带储层质量的关键因素是火山活动及成岩作用;影响Shwebo盆地内储层质量的关键因素是胶结作用及压实作用,并指出了盆地有利储层勘探区。     

平湖地区ZST构造X井平湖组储层特征研究

以平湖地区ZST构造X井区有限的钻井资料为基础,利用岩石铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X-衍射等测试技术手段,对该井区平湖组的岩石学特征、粒度、储层物性等方面开展了系统研究。研究揭示：该储层的岩石类型主要为长石岩屑砂岩,属中孔中渗砂岩储层。平湖组储层物性受沉积环境和成岩作用的双重影响。沉积环境控制储层物性,潮间带和潮下带发育的潮道砂、砂坪是较好的储层;成岩作用对储层物性优劣起主导作用,胶结作用导致储层物性变差,溶蚀作用（长石溶蚀作用）改善了本井平湖组的储层物性。     

Combining rate-controlled porosimetry and NMR to probe full-range pore throat structures and their evolution features in tight sands: A case study in the Songliao Basin,China

To better understand reservoir quality and to produce accurate petrophysical interpretations, it is necessary to understand complex and heterogeneous pore throat structures in tight sands and to develop a technique to reveal the full range of pore and throat distributions. In this study, in order to characterize the features and evolutions of pore throat structures, nine samples from the Lower Cretaceous tight gas sandstone in the Songliao Basin of China are measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), rate-controlled porosimetry (RCP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Throats with bifractal structures are found in these tight sands and can be divided into a backbone formation (BF) region and a percolation region using RCP data. Because (i) throats in the percolation region record treelike pore structures and are predominant in small pore spaces and (ii) a good correlation exists between NMR-derived T₂ relaxation times and the RCP-derived radius of throats, the throat distribution obtained via RCP can be used to calibrate the NMR PSD and then to partition the PSD into distributions of pore bodies and throats. These data indicate that (i) throats are more common than pore bodies in pore spaces of tight sands with lower permeability, (ii) pore bodies are connected to throats from both the BF and percolation regions, in which the fluid mobility in pore bodies is mainly controlled by the pore to throat ratio (PTR), which is related to the intersection throat of these two regions, and (iii) compaction, dissolution, clay cementation and sediment properties (e.g., rock compositions) have different impacts on the evolutions of pore bodies and throats, in which larger PTR values in tight sands are mainly produced by compaction and pore-bridging clay cementation, and lower contents of pore bodies are commonly related to abundant plastic compositions and pore-bridging clay cementation.     

Assessment of Compressibility Behavior of Naturally Cemented Soft Clays

It Naturally cemented soft clays have components of strength and stiffness, which cannot be accounted for by classical soil mechanics (Leroueil and Vaughan 1990). This stems from the influence of structure caused by cementation due to environmental factors. It is necessary to evaluate the cementation bond strength at preyield and postyield stress levels of loading, to understand comprehensively the observed response from micromechanic considerations. This helps to better understand and evolve approaches to model the constitutive behavior in a consistent manner, according to the physical phenomenon of formation of cementation as an additional component to what is otherwise normally regarded as frictional behavior arising only from particulate nature of clays. Comparing the behavior of deep deposits of Pusan soft clays under stress with corresponding response of the same clay in its remolded state, it has been possible to take into account particulate and nonparticulate responses. The evolution of cementation bonding is modeled for different Pusan clays with the yield stress in oedometer compression as a normalizing parameter for obtaining the generalized relationship of cementation bonding with increase in stress. The already established model for determining the remolded behavior is appropriately modified to assess the behavior influenced by cementation. The model proposed consists of parameters, which are determined in routine investigations.     

Assessment of Compressibility Behavior of Naturally Cemented Soft Clays

It Naturally cemented soft clays have components of strength and stiffness, which cannot be accounted for by classical soil mechanics (Leroueil and Vaughan 1990). This stems from the influence of structure caused by cementation due to environmental factors. It is necessary to evaluate the cementation bond strength at preyield and postyield stress levels of loading, to understand comprehensively the observed response from micromechanic considerations. This helps to better understand and evolve approaches to model the constitutive behavior in a consistent manner, according to the physical phenomenon of formation of cementation as an additional component to what is otherwise normally regarded as frictional behavior arising only from particulate nature of clays. Comparing the behavior of deep deposits of Pusan soft clays under stress with corresponding response of the same clay in its remolded state, it has been possible to take into account particulate and nonparticulate responses. The evolution of cementation bonding is modeled for different Pusan clays with the yield stress in oedometer compression as a normalizing parameter for obtaining the generalized relationship of cementation bonding with increase in stress. The already established model for determining the remolded behavior is appropriately modified to assess the behavior influenced by cementation. The model proposed consists of parameters, which are determined in routine investigations.     

Bacteria-Induced Cementation Process in Loose Sand Medium

Several conventional methods for treatment of soil are available for engineers. The most widely used method includes solution/grout, but they alter the ground pH level and could be toxic. In order to avoid the potential environmental harms and make use of naturally occurring microorganisms, biological methods to improve the engineering properties of soils have been intensely studied. This article presents the results of a research project in which Sporosarcina pasteurii (formerly known as Bacillus pasteurii) was used to induce biological cementation in loose sand medium. The bacteria was injected into sand, which led to the development of cementation (calcium carbonate crystal) between sand grains. The calcification was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).     

Overpressure preventing quartz cementation? – Comment to Stricker et al. (2016)

There is increasing evidence that quartz cementation can be viewed as a process controlled by temperature and insensitive to effective stress. This view of quartz cementation in sandstones is often referred to as the illite-mica induced dissolution model (IMID), which assumes quartz dissolution to occur along stylolites and clay laminae rather than at quartz-quartz grain contacts. In the present comment it is argued that the exceptional reservoir quality in the Skagerrak Formation of the Heron Cluster, North Sea, is due to grain coatings and rapid Cenozoic burial limiting the exposure to quartz cementation. This line of reasoning implies overpressure has had neglectable porosity preserving effect in the Heron Cluster.     

Diagenesis and reservoir properties of Middle Jurassic sandstones,Traill Ø, East Greenland: The influence of magmatism and faulting

The c. 500 m thick Middle Jurassic sandstones of the fluvial Bristol Elv and marine Pelion Formations of the East Greenland Basin are evaluated here in order to improve the understanding of the processes that influenced the diagenetic evolution. The study may help to predict the reservoir properties of sandstones affected by magmatism and faulting, both in general and specifically in undrilled areas on- and offshore East Greenland and, in the Vøring Basin on the Mid-Norwegian shelf. The study shows a variety of authigenic mineral phases dominated by quartz cement, carbonate cement, illite and iron-oxide. One of the clear differences between the two formations is the presence of early carbonate-cemented horizons in the marine sandstones; these horizons are inferred to reflect a primary concentration of biogenic clasts and fossil shells. Intense quartz cementation occurs primarily in the fluvial sandstones but the marine sandstones are also highly quartz-cemented. Two episodes of burial and uplift are recorded in the diagenetic sequence and widespread grain-crushing in coarse-grained intervals is believed to result from overpressure and subsequent compaction due to sudden pressure release along major faults. Maximum burial depths may only have been around 2000–2500 m. Cathodoluminescence analyses show that grain crushing was followed by intense quartz cementation. The quartz cement is to a great deal believed to have formed due to increased surface area from crushing of detrital quartz grains, creating fresh nucleation sites for the quartz. Cathodoluminescence investigations also show that only minor pressure dissolution has taken place between detrital quartz grains and that the ubiquitous quartz cementation displays several growth zones, and was thus in part the result of the introduction of silica-rich extra-formational fluids related to the flow of hot fluids along reactivated faults and increased heat flow and temperature due to magmatism. This interpretation is supported by fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures between 117 and 158 °C in quartz cements. In one of the two study areas, the development of macroscopic stylolites has significantly enhanced quartz cementation, probably in connection with thermal convection flow. As a result of the magmatic and fault-related quartz cementation and illitization, the reservoir quality of the sandstone formations deteriorated and changed drastically.     

Impact of sedimentology and diagenesis on the petrophysical properties of a tight oolitic carbonate reservoir. The case of the Oolithe Blanche Formation (Bathonian,Paris Basin,France)

The Oolithe Blanche Formation was studied in three quarries, located at the south-eastern edge of the Paris Basin (France). Heterogeneities in reservoir properties were assessed through a sedimentological, diagenetic and petrophysical study. The relationships between depositional settings, diagenesis and petrophysical properties were analysed using detailed petrographic studies, image analysis, Nano CT-scans and petrophysical measurements.The carbonate reservoir pore network is mainly controlled by intraparticle microporosity which ensures the connectivity with interparticle meso- and macroporosity.Early cementation vs. early compaction processes (mainly grain interpenetration) may have considerable influence on fluid-flow properties and parameters such as permeability, acoustic velocities and tortuosity. Better reservoir properties are found when compaction processes begin before cementation.From statistical analyses, e.g. Principal Component Analysis and Linear Discriminant Analysis, a sedimentological/diagenetic and petrophysical model is proposed that is in a good agreement with the geological model developed from field work.     

南海珊瑚砂砾屑灰岩磷质胶结物的数字影像分析及其环境意义

应用计算机数字影像学原理,建立了对磷质胶结微细纹层研究的数值化方法,研究了西沙东岛珊瑚砂砾屑灰岩磷质胶结物的胶结结构和微纹层特征,定量地刻画了微条纹的宽度和颜色变化信息。东岛珊瑚砂砾屑灰岩磷质胶结物的形成以沉淀胶结为主,不同时期形成的胶结物微条纹系列,由于受到气候、生态因素的影响,具有不同的宽度、明暗度组合;对3个层次磷质胶结物的分析表明,在2900~5700 aBP西沙群岛东岛存在至少3次鸟类和植物的繁盛期;不同时期微纹层的气候、生态记录对比发现,相对稳定的气候条件有利于岛屿海鸟数量的扩大;提供了一种新的方法来探索岛屿鸟粪磷质胶结物的结构和生态环境意义。     

Interstitial water chemistry of Jamaican reef sediment: sulfate reduction and submarine cementation

Chemical and isotopic analyses of pore waters from Jamaican reef sediment suggest the importance of microbial sulfate reduction as a major control upon the origin, distribution, and composition of submarine cements in this fringing reef setting. Fore-reef sediment pore waters exhibit active sulfate reduction and enrichment in ¹⁸O which is consistent with associated active magnesian calcite cementation, alkalinity consumption, and cement enrichment in ¹⁸O. Conversely, lack of widespread submarine cementation in the back-reef corresponds to the diminished resupply of sulfate coupled with input of CO₂-charged meteoric water from a nearby unconfined aquifer into the more stagnant pore waters which lower pore-water magnesian calcite saturation states and preclude active submarine cementation.