塔中地区志留系储层成岩作用及孔隙演化

塔中地区志留系主要为无障壁海岸及潮坪沉积体系,其储层以岩屑砂岩、岩屑石英砂岩为主。通过观察岩心和对薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光、物性、碳酸盐含量等大量资料的研究,认为塔中地区志留系储层砂岩经历了压实作用、胶结作用、交代作用和溶解作用等多种成岩作用,目前已达到晚成岩A2期。孔隙演化与该区的成岩作用关系密切,特别是次生孔隙的发育。孔隙演化经历了原生孔隙的破坏、次生孔隙的形成和次生孔隙的破坏3个阶段,其中机械压实作用和胶结作用是原生孔隙损失的主要原因,溶蚀作用产生的次生孔隙是重要的储集空间。     

西湖凹陷西部斜坡带储层成岩作用及孔隙演化

以大量岩心观察为基础,结合室内电镜扫描和物性特征分析,对西部斜坡带储层成岩序列与孔隙演化进行了研究,认为储层岩石类型主要为长石岩屑砂岩及岩屑长石砂岩,储集空间以粒间溶孔和粒内溶孔为主,属中孔中渗一低孔低渗型储层。成岩作用及孔隙演化对储层物性有重要影响,该区主要经历了压实、胶结、溶解以及交代等多种成岩作用,其中压实作用和交代作用对储层起破坏作用,溶解作用对储层改善起建设性作用。成岩阶段可划分为早成岩A期、B期和晚成岩A1期、A2期及B期,目前储层处于晚成岩A2期,原生孔隙大部分被破坏,次生孔隙发育,并在2900～3200m和3600。4000m处形成两个次生孔隙发育带。     

东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷南部花港组砂岩储层成岩流体演化特征：来自岩石、矿物及同位素地球化学的约束

渐新世花港组是东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷发育的最主要储层，基于普通薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜和荧光显微观察，结合同位素地球化学对东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷花港组砂岩储层的成岩作用、成岩序列及成岩流体演化进行了研究。结果表明，花港组砂岩储层目前处于中成岩阶段B期，主要经历了机械压实、绿泥石粘土摸、酸性及碱性溶蚀作用，石英次生加大，碳酸盐胶结和自生高岭石胶结等成岩作用。研究区发育有三期碳酸盐胶结物，早期菱铁矿胶结物，中期铁方解石和晚期铁白云石。根据碳酸盐胶结物的碳氧同位素特征分析认为早期碳酸盐胶结物是由过饱和的碱性湖水沉淀造成的，而晚期碳酸盐胶结物的形成与有机酸密切相关。研究区存在两类溶蚀作用，酸性溶蚀作用和碱性溶蚀作用，早期的酸性溶蚀作用主要是有机酸对长石、岩屑及早期碳酸盐胶结物的溶蚀，晚期的碱性溶蚀作用主要是发生于碱性环境下流体对石英及硅质胶结物的溶蚀。研究区发育有两期油气充注，早期发生于晚中新世，早期发生于晚中新世，早于中期碳酸盐胶结，晚于长石溶蚀和石英胶结充注，充注量较大，第四纪以来研究区发生了第二次充注，第二次充注发生于铁白云石胶结之后，此时储层已非常致密。     

下二门油田储层成岩作用类型及微观孔隙结构特征

通过14口取心井普通薄片、铸体薄片的镜下观察及扫描电镜等资料的研究,认为影响下二门油田碎屑岩储层的成岩作用主要有3种:压实、胶结和溶蚀.其中,压实作用以机械压实为主,化学压实少见;胶结作用主要有碳酸盐胶结(如方解石、白云石等)、黏土矿物胶结(如高岭石、绿泥石等);溶蚀作用主要有长石颗粒和少部分岩屑溶蚀、碳酸盐胶结物溶蚀.这3种成岩作用的共同改造形成了下二门油田以粒间孔、粒内溶孔和铸模孔为主的孔隙结构特征.根据微观孔隙结构特征,结合沉积相展布特点,认为下二门油田有利储层主要分布在辫状三角洲前缘亚相带水下分流河道和前缘砂坝等砂体.这些新认识为该油田调整挖潜提供了地质指导.     

北黄海盆地东部坳陷不同物源影响下储层的成岩演化

以北黄海盆地东部坳陷中生界碎屑岩储层为研究对象，运用岩石薄片光学显微鉴定、阴极发光和扫描电镜等技术方法和手段分析成岩特征，探讨不同物源-沉积体系控制下储层的成岩演化。研究认为，东部坳陷中生界储层主要处于中成岩阶段A期，发育的主要成岩作用类型为压实作用、胶结作用、凝灰质脱玻化作用、交代作用、蚀变作用和溶蚀-溶解作用，其中，东部地区压实作用强度要高于西南和北部地区，北部地区碳酸盐胶结物的含量明显高于其他地区，东部地区以凝灰质胶结为特征并发生凝灰质脱玻化作用，西南部以黏土矿质胶结为特征并发生明显的黏土矿物转化现象，西南和北部地区的溶蚀/溶解作用的发育程度要好于东部地区。综合分析认为，研究区不同物源沉积区储层具有差异的成岩特征，表现为不同的储层序列，从而影响储层的成岩演化。     

冀中坳陷深县凹陷古近系碎屑岩储层成岩作用及成岩演化序列分析

通过运用岩心化验分析资料、薄片、扫描电镜资料及X射线衍射等资料,对深县凹陷古近系砂岩储层岩石特征、成岩作用类型、成岩阶段、成岩演化序列和孔隙演化进行了系统的分析。研究结果表明:深县凹陷古近系砂岩类型为长石岩屑砂岩或岩屑长石砂岩,岩石的结构成熟度和成分成熟度均较低;影响该区储层物性的成岩作用主要是压实作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用和交代作用;在此基础上,通过成岩阶段划分与孔隙演化研究,深县凹陷古近系砂岩储层位于成岩阶段的早成岩B期至晚成岩B期。不同成岩阶段的成岩作用强度不同,因此,不同成岩阶段的储层物性变化较大。     

盐家地区沙四上亚段储层成岩作用及孔隙演化

盐家地区位于东营凹陷北部陡坡带,沙四上亚段形成了近岸水下扇沉积体系.本次研究利用扫描电镜、铸体薄片等方法.结合X-射线衍射分析化验资料,着重对成岩作用以及孔隙演化等方面做了研究.该区储层岩石类型主要为岩屑长石砂岩,成分成熟度和结构成熟度低;对储层有显著影响的成岩作用主要有机械压实作用,胶结作用,以及长石、岩屑等不稳定碎屑的溶蚀作用;通过有机质热演化、黏土矿物的含量变化及相互转化、石英加大程度以及溶蚀作用等的分析,可以推知盐家地区沙四上亚段储层处于中成岩阶段A期;2个次生孔隙发育带的形成分别与长石溶解与碳酸盐溶解有关.     

缅甸Shwebo盆地储层研究及勘探方向

Shwebo盆地勘探多年来,储层是影响勘探成效的关键因素。研究结果表明,Shwebo盆地白垩系—古近系储层主要岩石类型为长石砂岩、石英砂岩及凝灰质砂岩;孔隙类型主要为残余粒间原生孔隙和微裂隙溶蚀孔隙。孔隙结构复杂、非均质性强以及低孔、低渗是储层的主要特征。沉积环境和成岩作用是影响储层质量的主要因素,其中,影响盆地西部岛弧带储层质量的关键因素是火山活动及成岩作用;影响Shwebo盆地内储层质量的关键因素是胶结作用及压实作用,并指出了盆地有利储层勘探区。     

涠西南凹陷流三段储层成岩相分析与甜点储层预测

根据岩心、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光、X衍射等资料并结合物性资料,对北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷流三段储层的储层特征、成岩作用特点进行了研究。结果表明研究区压实作用强烈是储层致密化的主要原因。胶结作用对储层有一定的破坏作用,但是早期碳酸盐胶结、自生高岭石有利于优质储层的发育。溶蚀作用是优质储层发育的基础,破裂作用改善了储层的渗流能力。在成岩作用研究的基础上,根据成岩作用的强度及特殊成岩矿物,划分了五类成岩相。其中,弱压实弱胶结相物性最好,中等压实中等溶蚀相、强压实中强溶蚀相物性次之,压实充填相和碳酸盐致密胶结相物性最差。通过成岩相的测井响应分析,识别了单井-剖面-平面的成岩相。预测研究区东部辫状河三角洲浅埋藏储层、西北部扇三角洲和西南部扇三角洲的水下分流河道中厚层砂砾岩体储层为甜点发育区。     

北黄海中生代残留盆地砂岩成岩作用及其对孔隙的影响

北黄海盆地中生界为残留盆地,油气勘探难度大、程度低,勘探工作主要集中于盆地东部.根据砂岩铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、阴极发光、流体包裹体测温等多种分析测试手段,对中生界储层砂体的岩石学特征、成岩作用及对孔隙的影响进行了研究.结果表明,该区中生界砂岩岩性以长石砂岩、长石岩屑砂岩为主,成岩作用主要有压实作用、胶结作用、...     

Reservoir characterization of Scollard-age fluvial sandstones,Alberta foredeep

A detailed laboratory study of 53 sandstone samples from 23 outcrops and 156 conventional core samples from the Maastrichtian-Paleocene Scollard-age fluvial strata in the Western Canada foredeep was undertaken to investigate the reservoir characteristics and to determine the effect of diagenesis on reservoir quality. The sandstones are predominantly litharenites and sublitharenites, which accumulated in a variety of fluvial environments. The porosity of the sandstones is both syn-depositional and diagenetic in origin. Laboratory analyses indicate that porosity in sandstones from outcrop samples with less than 5% calcite cement averages 14%, with a mean permeability of 16 mD. In contrast, sandstones with greater than 5% calcite cement average 7.9% porosity, with a mean permeability of 6.17 mD. The core porosity averages 17% with 41 mD permeability. Cementation coupled with compaction had an important effect in the destruction of porosity after sedimentation and burial. The reservoir quality of sandstones is also severely reduced where the pore-lining clays are abundant (>15%). The potential of a sandstone to serve as a reservoir for producible hydrocarbons is strongly related to the sandstone’s diagenetic history. Three diagenetic stages are identified: eodiagenesis before effective burial, mesodiagenesis during burial, and telodiagenesis during exposure after burial. Eodiagenesis resulted in mechanical compaction, calcite cementation, kaolinite and smectite formation, and dissolution of chemically unstable grains. Mesodiagenesis resulted in chemical compaction, precipitation of calcite cement, quartz overgrowths, and the formation of authigenic clays such as chlorite, dickite, and illite. Finally, telodiagenesis seems to have had less effect on reservoir properties, even though it resulted in the precipitation of some kaolinite and the partial dissolution of feldspar.     

Lithologic characteristics and diagenesis of the Devonian Jauf sandstone at Ghawar Field, Eastern Saudi Arabia

The Lower Devonian Jauf Formation in Saudi Arabia is an important hydrocarbon reservoir. However, in spite of its importance as a reservoir, published studies on the Jauf Formation more specifically on the reservoir quality (including diagenesis), are very few. This study, which is based on core samples from two wells in the Ghawar Field, northeastern Saudi Arabia, reports the lithologic and diagenetic characteristics of this reservoir. The Jauf reservoir is a fine to medium-grained, moderate to well-sorted quartz arenite. The diagenetic processes recognized include compaction, cementation (calcite, clay minerals, quartz overgrowths, and a minor amount of pyrite), and dissolution of the calcite cements and of feldspar grains. The widespread occurrences of early calcite cement suggest that the Jauf reservoir lost a significant amount of primary porosity at a very early stage of its diagenetic history. Early calcite cement, however, prevented the later compaction of the sandstone, thus preserving an unfilled part of the primary porosity. Based on the framework grain–cement relationships, precipitation of the early calcite cement was either accompanied or followed by the development of part of the pore-lining and pore-bridging clay cement. Secondary porosity development occurred due to partial to complete dissolution of early calcite cements and feldspar. Late calcite cement occurs as isolated patches, and has little impact on reservoir quality of the sandstones.In addition to calcite, several different clay minerals including illite and chlorite occur as pore-filling and pore-lining cements. While the pore-filling illite and chlorite resulted in a considerable loss of porosity, the pore-lining chlorite may have helped in retaining the porosity by preventing the precipitation of syntaxial quartz overgrowths. Illite, which largely occurs as hair-like rims around the grains and bridges on the pore throats, caused a substantial deterioration to permeability of the reservoir. Diagenetic history of the Jauf Formation as established here is expected to help better understanding and exploitation of this reservoir.     

鄂尔多斯盆地王窑地区上三叠统长6油层成岩作用研究

通过多项测试方法，对安塞油田王窑地区长6油层含油砂体的岩石学、成岩作用、储集物性和孔隙发育特征进行分析和研究。结果表明，该区储集砂体为成分成熟度较低的长石砂岩；主要自生矿物为绿泥石、浊沸石、方解石、石英、钾长石、伊利石和钠长石等；储层次生孔隙发育，主要孔隙类型为粒间孔隙、骨架颗粒溶孔和浊沸石溶孔。孔隙结构具有小孔、细喉的特点；储层成岩演化阶段处于晚成岩A亚期；储层性质明显地受到沉积微相和成岩作用的影响。沉积物粒度较粗、厚度较大的河道砂和河口砂坝砂的储集物性明显优于各种粒度较细、厚度较薄的席状砂体。     

Reservoir characteristics and their effects on hydrocarbon accumulation in lacustrine turbidites in the Jiyang Super-depression,Bohai Bay Basin,China

A great difference exists between the hydrocarbon charging characteristics of different Tertiary lacustrine turbidites in the Jiyang Super-depression of the Bohai Bay Basin, east China. Based on wireline log data, core observation and thin-section analyses, this study presents detailed reservoir property data and their controlling effects from several case studies and discusses the geological factors that govern the hydrocarbon accumulation in turbidite reservoirs. The lacustrine fluxoturbidite bodies investigated are typically distributed in an area of 0.5–10 km², with a thickness of 5–20 m. The sandstones of the Tertiary turbidites in the Jiyang Super-depression have been strongly altered diagenetically by mechanical compaction, cementation and mineral dissolution. The effect of compaction caused the porosity to decrease drastically with the burial depths, especially during the early diagenesis when the porosity was reduced by over 15%. The effect of cementation and mineral dissolution during the late-stage diagenesis is dominated by carbonate cementation in sandstones. High carbonate cement content is usually associated with low porosity and permeability. Carbonate dissolution (secondary porosity zone) and primary calcite dissolution is believed to be related to thermal maturation of organic matter and clay mineral reactions in the surrounding shales and mudstone. Two stages of carbonate cementation were identified: the precipitation from pore-water during sedimentation and secondary precipitation in sandstones from the organic acid-dissolved carbonate minerals from source rocks. Petrophysical properties have controlled hydrocarbon accumulation in turbidite sandstones: high porosity and permeability sandstones have high oil saturation and are excellent producing reservoirs. It is also noticed that interstitial matter content affects the oil-bearing property to some degree. There are three essential elements for high oil-bearing turbidite reservoirs: excellent pore types, low carbonate cement (<5%) and good petrophysical properties with average porosity >15% and average permeability >10 mD.     

Controls on reservoir quality of Lower Cretaceous tight sandstones in the Laiyang Sag,Jiaolai Basin,Eastern China: Integrated sedimentologic,diagenetic and microfracturing data

The Jiaolai Basin (Fig. 1) is an under-explored rift basin that has produced minor oil from Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deltaic sandstones. The reservoir quality is highly heterogeneous and is an important exploratory unknown in the basin. This study investigates how reservoir porosity and permeability vary with diagenetic minerals and burial history, particularly the effects of fracturing on the diagenesis and reservoir deliverability. The Laiyang sandstones are tight reservoirs with low porosity and permeability (Φ < 10% and K < 1 mD). Spatial variations in detrital supply and burial history significantly affected the diagenetic alterations during burial. In the western Laiyang Sag, the rocks are primarily feldspathic litharenites that underwent progressive burial, and thus, the primary porosity was partially to completely eliminated as a result of significant mechanical compaction of ductile grains. In contrast, in the eastern Laiyang Sag, the rocks are lithic arkoses that were uplifted to the surface and extensively eroded, which resulted in less porosity reduction by compaction. The tectonic uplift could promote leaching by meteoric water and the dissolution of remaining feldspars and calcite cement. Relatively high-quality reservoirs are preferentially developed in distributary channel and mouth-bar sandstones with chlorite rims on detrital quartz grains, which are also the locations of aqueous fluid flow that produced secondary porosity. The fold-related fractures are primarily developed in the silt–sandstones of Longwangzhuang and Shuinan members in the eastern Laiyang Sag. Quartz is the most prevalent fracture filling mineral in the Laiyang sandstones, and most of the small-aperture fractures are completely sealed, whereas the large-aperture fractures in a given set may be only partially sealed. The greatest fracture density is in the silt–sandstones containing more brittle minerals such as calcite and quartz cement. The wide apertures are crucial to preservation of the fracture porosity, and the great variation in the distribution of fracture-filling cements presents an opportunity for targeting fractures that contribute to fluid flow.     

The role of diagenesis and depositional facies on pore system evolution in a Triassic outcrop analogue (SE Spain)

This study aims at unravelling the diagenetic history and its effect on the pore system evolution of the Triassic redbeds exposed in SE Spain (TIBEM¹), an outcrop analogue of the TAGI (Trias Argilo-Gréseux Inférieur) reservoir (Berkine-Ghadames Basin, Algeria). Similar climatic, base level and tectonic conditions of aforementioned alluvial formations developed analogue fluvial facies stacking patterns. Furthermore, interplay of similar detrital composition and depositional facies in both formations resulted in analogue early diagenetic features. Petrographic observations indicate lithic subarkosic (floodplain facies) and subarkosic (braidplain facies) compositions which are considered suitable frameworks for potential reservoir rocks. Primary porosity is mainly reduced during early diagenesis through moderate mechanical compaction and formation of K-feldspar overgrowth, gypsum, dolomite and phyllosilicate cements. Early mesodiagenesis is testified by low chemical compaction and quartz cementation. Telodiagenetic calcite filling fractures and K-feldspar dissolution determined the final configuration of analysed sandstones. Mercury injection-capillary pressure technique reveals overbank deposits in the floodplain as the least suitable potential reservoirs because of their lowest open porosity (OP < 16%), permeability (k < 5 mD) and small dimensions. On the other hand, braidplain deposits show the highest values of such properties (OP up to 31.6% and k > 95 mD) and greater thickness and lateral continuity, so being considered the best potential reservoir. The accurate estimation of TIBEM microscale attributes can provide important input for appraisal and enhanced oil recovery performance in TAGI and in others reservoirs consisting on similar fluvial sandy facies.     

Changes in physical properties of a reservoir sandstone as a function of burial depth – The Etive Formation,northern North Sea

Rock physical properties, like velocity and bulk density, change as a response to compaction processes in sedimentary basins. In this study it is shown that the velocity and density in a well defined lithology, the shallow marine Etive Formation from the northern North Sea increase with depth as a function of mechanical compaction and quartz cementation. Physical properties from well logs combined with experimental compaction and petrographic analysis of core samples shows that mechanical compaction is the dominant process at shallow depth while quartz cementation dominates as temperatures are increased during burial. At shallow depths (<2000–2500 m, 70–80 °C) the log derived velocities and densities show good agreement with results from experimental compaction of loose Etive sand indicating that effective stress control compaction at these depths/temperatures. This indicates that results from experimental compaction can be used to predict reservoir properties at burial depths corresponding to mechanical compaction. A break in the velocity/depth gradient from about 2000 m correlates with the onset of incipient quartz cementation observed from petrographic data. The gradient change is caused by a rapid grain framework stiffening due to only small amounts of quartz cement at grain contacts. At temperatures higher than 70–80 °C (2000–2500 m) the velocities show a strong correlation with quartz cement amounts. Porosity reduction continues after the onset of quartz cementation showing that sandstone diagenesis is insensitive to effective stress at temperatures higher than 70–80 °C. The quartz cement is mainly sourced from dissolution at stylolites reflected by the fact that no general decrease in intergranular volume (IGV) is observed with increasing burial depth. The IGV at the end of mechanical compaction will be important for the subsequent diagenetic development. This study demonstrates that mechanical compaction and quartz cementation is fundamentally different and this needs to be taken into consideration when analyzing a potential reservoir sandstone such as the Etive Formation.