适于集约化水产养殖的固定化微生物技术的初步研究

采用生物强化技术尝试建立高效、价廉、实用性强的固定化微生物水质处理技术。根据水产养殖特点,选择了网片、波纹板、竹球等不同载体,对有益微生物制剂进行吸附后,比较其对人工模拟养殖废水处理的效果,最终确定竹球为理想的吸附载体材料;研究了最适母液浓度和吸附时间、水体中作用持续时间等;进行了对不同的商业化微生物制剂与单纯芽孢菌的降解效果比较,得到最佳制剂种类和优化的工艺参数。     

TiO2/Cu2O复合光催化剂的制备及表征

通过浸渍-还原法;在不同Cu2+/Ti4+摩尔比下制备TiO2/Cu2O复合光催化剂,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、紫外可见漫反射(UV-DRS)等手段对TiO2/Cu2O复合光催化剂进行了表征.在可见光照射下,研究TiO2/Cu2O复合光催化剂对水中难降解有机污染物甲基橙的光催化降解效果.结果表明,氙灯照射下,TiO2/Cu2O复合光催化剂与单纯的纳米TiO2 (P25)相比,光催化降解效果得到明显的提高.Cu2+/Ti4+摩尔比1∶2时制备的TiO/Cu2O复合光催化剂具有最好的光催化降解效果.     

近海沉积物与水体中天然大分子聚合物降解菌的原位富集与多样性分析

本研究选取5种海洋动植物大分子高聚物或其天然组织，包括虾壳、鱼鳞、海带叶片、几丁质和壳聚糖，分别在海水表层和沉积物环境中进行富集，定期取样，通过高通量测序分析菌群多样性。结果发现，不同有机物原位富集的细菌多样性存在较大的差异，而且同种底物在海水表层与沉积物中的降解菌菌群差异较大。从物种多样性看，在海水表层环境中富集的鱼鳞样品种群最丰富，而沉积物环境中富集的海带叶片样品菌群多样性最低，除其优势菌群为热袍菌门外，其他所有富集物中优势菌均为变形菌门。其中脱硫杆菌科、黄杆菌科、脱硫弧菌科和弧菌科占有较大比例，脱硫杆菌科在所有样品中优势较大，黄杆菌科在海水表层环境样品中为优势菌群，弧菌科在沉积物样品几丁质和壳聚糖样品中占比较高。本研究通过对同种海洋环境中不同富集样品之间以及同种底物不同环境中富集菌群之间的比较，分析结果得到了原位条件下参与大分子聚合物降解的菌群种类，但有待于在更多不同的海域富集物中进行验证。     

两株低温益生菌的包埋法固定化技术初步研究

本研究以聚乙烯醇(PVA)和海藻酸钠(SA)为包埋载体,并添加沸石粉、碳源,对2株分离自刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)养殖池塘的有机物降解菌(菌株编号分别为CD、DB11)的包埋法固定化技术进行了初步研究,并比较了固定化后有机物降解菌及不同形式细菌制剂对主要水质参数的降解效果。结果表明,固定化小球在添加碳源后能显著提高菌体对COD、NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的降解率(P0.05)。在本研究条件下,可溶性淀粉、细菌数量和沸石粉比例分别为12.5%、10~9cfu/g、1.5%时,固定化菌株CD对氨氮的降解率最高。与游离复合菌体相比,固定化复合菌对COD、NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的降解率分别达到了62.4%、65.5%、62.2%,降解率则分别提高了17.5%、13.0%和12.8%。向养殖废水中添加沸石粉吸附的菌剂后,对COD、NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N的降解率分别提高了11.03%、8.89%、17.5%,添加固定化微生物小球菌剂后,对COD、NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N的降解率分别提高了14.92%、18.54%和16.53%。因此,以PVA、SA作为载体添加沸石粉和碳源对菌体进行包埋的技术在刺参池塘养殖的水质和底质环境修复实践中可能具有较大的应用价值。     

8种微藻的保存方法研究

选择固定化和低温弱光2种保存方法对8种微藻进行了研究。实验结果表明:不同的海洋微藻适合不同的保存方法。三角褐指藻、小球藻以及扁藻对这两种保存方法都比较适合,活化复苏快;蓝隐藻比较适合固定化保存,低温弱光保存后的再生能力相对较弱;等鞭金藻8701、紫球藻、牟氏角毛藻及茧形藻更适合低温弱光保存,其中等鞭金藻8701延缓期较长,经固定化保存后的藻悬液未能被活化,而经低温弱光保存后虽延缓期较长但复苏后生长良好。     

微塑料在海洋中的分布、生态效应及载体作用

微塑料通常被定义为最大尺寸小于5 mm的塑料碎片.受人类活动的影响,微塑料在海洋环境中广泛存在,引起了人们对其潜在影响的关注.由于粒径较小,微塑料可以通过多种途径进入水生生物体内,沿着食物链迁移、传递,影响海洋生态系统的健康与稳定.在海洋中长期停留的微塑料会吸附环境中的重金属、有机污染物和微生物等,加剧微塑料对海洋生物的毒性作用.本文综述了海洋环境中微塑料的污染特征,微塑料对海洋生物行为、生理等的影响,以及微塑料与微生物、其他污染物的相互作用和复合效应,并对微塑料对海洋环境及生物影响的研究进行了展望.     

Cu2+/SnO2复合纳米光催化剂的制备及其对海洋柴油污染物的降解

采用化学沉淀法成功制备了Cu2+/SnO2复合纳米光催化剂,采用XRD、SEM等测试手段对复合纳米光催化剂的粒径、形态等进行表征。在紫外光条件下,分别改变催化剂掺杂比、催化剂煅烧温度、催化剂投加量、柴油初始含量和光照时间等单因素,探究不同条件对Cu2+/SnO2复合纳米光催化剂降解海洋柴油污染物的影响。结果表明,自制复合纳米光催化剂可以有效降解海水中的柴油污染物,在紫外光作用下,于400℃下煅烧Cu/Sn掺杂比为0. 03的Cu2+/SnO2复合纳米光催化剂、投加量为0. 2 g/dm3、柴油初始含量为0. 15 g/dm3、H2O2溶液含量为0. 2 g/dm3、溶液的p H为7、光照时间3 h时效果最好,海水中柴油的去除率最高,达到86. 98%。Cu2+/SnO2复合纳米光催化剂用聚丙烯纳米球负载后可以实际应用于海洋中,便于回收。     

海洋微塑料污染与塑料降解微生物研究进展

塑料垃圾在近海、大洋水体和沉积物中均广泛存在,并不断累积,对海洋生态系统构成了重大威胁,引起了国际社会的高度关注。本研究从环境生态和塑料降解微生物两个角度回顾了近几年相关方向上的研究进展,包括国内外海洋塑料特别是海洋微塑料在近海与深海等环境中的分布与丰度,以及近海、大洋等环境中降解菌多样性及其降解机制。总体而言,微塑料广泛分布在多种海洋环境,特别是在河口和近海的海水和沉积物,近岸沙滩,以及大洋环流中心;目前已报道的塑料降解菌及其降解酶主要来自陆地土壤和塑料垃圾处理环境,并以聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(Polyethylene Terephthalate,PET)降解菌和降解酶的研究最为深入。当前,中国科学家已在近海、大洋深海(深渊)以及极地等大洋环境中,开展了微塑料分布特征和丰度调查,并在生态危害方面开展了研究,但在海洋塑料降解微生物方面还鲜有报道。塑料在海洋环境中的最终归宿以及微生物在塑料降解过程中的作用亟待评估,建议在大洋深海科考中整体布局、联合开展这两个方面的相关研究。     

水环境中微塑料的污染现状、生物毒性及控制对策

近年来,大量的原始塑料微球和次生的塑料碎片或颗粒进入水环境,潜在危害水生生物健康和生态系统安全。微塑料在环境中难以降解,可在水体、沉积物等环境介质中长期存在,并在水生生物体内积累,成为人们高度关注的海洋环境问题之一。一方面,微塑料在降解过程中释放出单体化合物、塑料添加剂等有毒有害成分;另一方面,微塑料由于粒径小、比表面积大,可吸附水体中的有机化合物,增强有机污染物对生物的毒性效应。本文参考近年最新发表的有关水环境中微塑料的分布状况、生物毒性等方面的研究论文,对微塑料的来源及其在海水、淡水、沉积物、水生生物体内等不同介质中的分布进行了梳理,并分别讨论了微塑料对浮游植物、浮游动物、贝类、鱼类、珊瑚和胚胎幼体等不同受试生物的毒性效应,发现微塑料在鱼类体内具有明显的积累现象,且对海洋生物的胚胎发育具有相对敏感的毒性效应,最后针对海洋环境中微塑料污染问题提出了控制对策。     

Retrieving wave period of the North Pacific with TOPEX altimeter

利用TOPEX高度计和NDBC浮标同步观测数据,对7种高度计海浪周期反演模型进行了系统的比较分析,从反演模式的精度、反演周期整体分布、周期-波高的联合分布等方面对反演模型做出了评价,并根据墨西哥湾和夏威夷海域反演结果对模型的区域适应性进行了验证,结合Hasselmann风浪充分成长关系分析了不同海浪成分下模型的反演效果.分析发现,Mackay等于2008年提出的算法(简称M08)相对于其他算法精度最高,且在不同海域和不同海浪成分下精度没有明显差异.利用M08算法反演了北太平洋海域的海浪平均周期分布,讨论其空间分布特征和季节变化特征如下:北太平洋海域的平均周期在墨西哥湾、西里伯斯海等沿岸地区较小,在西风带海域为较大,并存在明显的地形、纬度差异和季节性变化特征.     

The origin and biogeochemistry of organic matter in surface sediments of Lake Shihwa and Lake Hwaong

To understand the origin and biogeochemistry of the organic matter in surface sediments of Lake Shihwa and Lake Hwaong, organic nitrogen, inorganic nitrogen, labile organic carbon, and residual organic carbon contents as well as stable isotope ratios for carbon and nitrogen were determined by KOBr-KOH treatment. Ratios of organic carbon to organic nitrogen (C_org/N_org) (mean = 24) were much higher than ratios of organic carbon to total nitrogen (C_org/N_tot) (mean=12), indicating the presence of significant amounts of inorganic nitrogen in the surface sediments of both lakes. Stable isotope ratios for organic nitrogen were, on average, 5.2‰ heavier than ratios of inorganic nitrogen in Lake Shihwa, but those same ratios were comparable in Lake Hwaong. This might be due to differences in the origin or the degree of degradation of sedimentary organic matter between the two lakes. In addition, stable isotope ratios for labile organic carbon were, on average, 1.4‰ heavier than those for residual organic carbon, reflecting the preferential oxidation of¹³C-enriched organic matter. The present study demonstrates that KOBr-KOH treatment of sedimentary organic matter can provide valuable information for understanding the origin and degradation state of organic matter in marine and brackish sediments. This also suggests that the ratio of C_org/N_org and stable isotope ratios for organic nitrogen can be used as indexes of the degree of degradation of organic matter.     

Total hydrolysable amino acid mineralisation in sediments across the northeastern Atlantic continental slope (Goban Spur)

Total hydrolysable amino acids (THAA), individual amino acid distributions, total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were measured in sediments across the Goban Spur continental slope at water depths of 651, 1296 and 3650 m. Objectives were to examine (1) differences in organic matter (OM) degradation state in surface sediments across the slope from sedimentary amino acid compositions, and (2) whether these differences are related to particle size distributions. Application of a ‘reaction–diffusion’ model to the sediment concentration profiles showed that TOC and THAA degradation rate constants decreased with increasing water depth. Ratios of degradation rate constants of THAA over TOC indicated that THAA turn over faster than TOC at 651 and 1296 m water depth only. From estimates of degradation rate constants of individual amino acids, it was concluded that with increasing water depth fewer amino acids contribute to overall THAA degradation. The contribution of THAA to TOC mineralisation decreased from the upper to the lower slope. Since at all three sampling stations the amino acids with the highest relative contribution to THAA had a higher abundance in sediments with reduced THAA mineralisation rates, we conclude that the overall amino acid reactivity decreases with increasing water column depth. A principal component analyses, carried out on normalised amino acid mole percentages, established significant shifts in amino acid compositions and confirmed that (1) OM degradation state increased from 651 to 3650 m and (2) that OM in the finest fraction at the shallowest station appeared to be considerably less degraded than in the coarser fractions or any size fractions at the deeper stations. Therefore, we conclude that downslope transport, sorting and accumulation of fine particles with continuous mineralisation of OM attached to the particles during vertical and lateral transport results in an increasing organic matter degradation state from the upper slope to the abyssal plain.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus budgets in the Baltic Sea

The paper reports the budgets of inorganic and total nitrogen and phosphorus based on a recalculation of the existing water balance. The nitrogen budgets indicate that humus carried by river runoff probably dominates in the sedimentation of nitrogenous organic matter, while the excess transferred to the layer below the halocline is controlled by the amounts added by river runoff and waste disposal. The budgets appear to be considerably influenced by eutrophication and human activity. The phosphorus budget indicates that the supply of organic phosphorus and oxygen in the layers below the halocline are in a precarious balance with each other. Phosphorus and nitrogen compounds appear to sediment in almost the same proportions as their concentrations in the bottom water.     

沙海蜇(Nemopilema nomurai)模拟消亡过程中氮与磷的释放

在实验室内模拟研究了沙海蜇消亡过程中氮与磷的释放特征。模拟结果表明:沙海蜇消亡过程中向水体释放氮、磷可分为两个阶段,且氮的释放速率比磷高一个数量级。在沙海蜇消亡的初期阶段,水体中溶解态氮、磷和总氮、总磷的浓度迅速增高,氮可以达到其消亡过程中的最高浓度;在后期阶段,水体中溶解态氮和总氮的浓度不断下降,但水体中的磷在这一阶段达到消亡过程中的最高浓度碱性条件有利于氮的释放,酸性条件有利于磷的释放;盐度越高氮与磷的释放速率越小;温度对氮、磷的释放影响不大;水体中氮与磷含量越高,沙海蜇消亡的速度越慢,而且氮的浓度越高,氮与磷释放到水体中的速率就越慢。     

东海陆架典型断面颗粒态氨基酸的分布及控制因素分析

采用高效液相色谱法,通过现场调查对东海典型PN断面(文中为C断面)的颗粒态氨基酸(Particulate Amino Acids,PAA)进行了分析,并结合叶绿素a(Chla)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、颗粒有机氮(PON)及颗粒态氨基酸的构型特征(D和L型)等参数探讨了该区颗粒有机氮的来源和降解情况。结果表明,在长江口最大浑浊带,受咸淡水混合和生物现场生产双重作用影响,POC、PON以及PAA的总浓度均达到了极大值,其中,受再悬浮作用影响,底层水体中的有机物呈现高度降解的状态;近岸水华区域的颗粒态氨基酸则更多来源于现场生产,而且POC/Chla质量比值与降解因子DI值的负相关特征表明冲淡水向海洋输送的过程中,现场生产力对颗粒有机碳的贡献比重逐渐增大,悬浮颗粒物也变得越来越新鲜。值得关注的是,一些D型氨基酸[如D型天冬氨酸(D-Asp),D型丙氨酸(D-Ala)]与细菌生物量之间存在良好的正相关性,暗示颗粒态氨基酸在受到物理水团和生物现场生产作用控制的同时,还受控于微微型浮游生物以及异养细菌。     

Effects of varying sulphate and nitrogen supply on DMSP and glycine betaine levels in Spartina anglica

The relationship between sulphate, dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP), and glycine betaine concentrations as well as the interaction with nitrogen supply in Spartina anglica Hubbard was investigated. Several studies have already shown that nitrogen affects levels of DMSP and glycine betaine in Spartina. It has further been suggested that sulphate is important to the growth of the salt marsh grass Spartina. We hypothesised that DMSP might be involved in a high sulphur requirement. It was further hypothesised that the effect of sulphate would depend on nitrogen supply. S. anglica shoots were treated with a range of nutrient solutions containing four different sulphate treatments, 0, 80, 800 or 1600 μM and two different nitrogen levels, 0 or 2 mM ammonium nitrate. Plant parts were analysed for DMSP and glycine betaine, as well as total nitrogen and total sulphur. Plants were analysed for proline as well but levels were very low or non-detectable and patterns were not consistent. Total sulphur was affected by both the nitrogen and sulphate treatments while total nitrogen was affected by the nitrogen treatments only. Sulphate had no effect on growth (leaf length or biomass), but nitrogen increased growth of S. anglica shoots. Levels of DMSP and glycine betaine were unaffected by increased sulphate supply. Nitrogen significantly decreased concentrations of DMSP and glycine betaine. However, due to increased biomass production, total amounts of DMSP and glycine betaine per plant were significantly higher in the 2 mM nitrogen treatments. The data suggest that pools of DMSP in roots and stems are more important than previously thought.     

Relation between responses in the neutral red retention test and the comet assay and life history parameters of Daphnia magna.

Responses of the neutral red retention (NRR) assay as test for lysosomal stability and the comet assay as test for DNA integrity were measured in the water flea, Daphnia magna, and compared with mortality and effects on population growth rate during short- or long-term exposure to seven different toxicants. The NRR test and the comet assay were performed with fresh preparations of pieces of tissue from the digestive tract or with cell preparations from whole daphnias. Five toxicants caused responses of the NRR test or the comet assay after short-term exposure at concentrations below the acute toxicity level. Preliminary results of long-term exposure experiments suggest that these biomarker responses can be related to chronic effects on survival and/or reproduction of D. magna. This type of research should provide the basis for future use of the NRR test and the comet assay as early warning biomarkers for effects of toxicants on Daphnia populations.     

水母(沙海蜇)降解与营养盐(氮、磷)释放的模拟与实证

The aim of this study was to investigate nitrogen and phosphorus released in the process of the decomposition of giant jellyfish in the laboratory and found the evidence to verify the influence of nutrients released by the decomposition of jellyfish on the ecosystem in the field. The release of nitrogen and phosphorus from the decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai was examined in a series of experiments under different incubation conditions such as different p H values, salinity values, temperatures and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. The results showed that the complete decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai generally took about 4–8 d. The release of nitrogen and phosphorus from the decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai could be divided into two stages: the early stage and the later stage, although the efflux rate of nitrogen was one order more than phosphorus. In the early stage of the decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai, the concentrations of dissolved nitrogen, dissolved phosphorus, total nitrogen and total phosphorus in seawater increased rapidly, and the concentration of nitrogen could reach the highest level in the whole degradation process. In the later stage of the decomposition, the concentrations of dissolved nitrogen and total nitrogen declined slowly, while the concentration of phosphorus in water could reach a maximum in the degradation process. High p H, low salinity,high temperature and N/P will promote the release of nitrogen; low p H is unfavorable to the release of nitrogen but favorable to the release of phosphorus. In addition, we found the concentrations of ammonium and phosphate in the bottom water were higher than those in the surface water during the period of jellyfish bloom in the Jiaozhou Bay, proving that nutrients released by the decomposition of jellyfish have significant influence on nitrogen and phosphorus in the field. For the whole Yellow Sea, nutrients released by jellyfish carcasses may reach up to(2.63±2.98)×107 mol/d of dissolved nitrogen(DN) and(0.74±0.84)×106 mol/d of dissolved phosphorus(DP) during the period of jellyfish bloom. The values are comparable to riverine inputs in a day, but much higher than sediment–water exchange flux in the Yellow Sea. The great amounts of nutrients must have significant influence on the nutrients balance of the Yellow Sea during the period of jellyfish dead and decomposition. Both the experimental data and field observations proved that the decomposition of jellyfish may release a great amount of nutrient to the surrounding environment during the period of jellyfish decomposition.     

Natural abundances of 15N as a source indicator for near-shore marine sedimentary and dissolved nitrogen

Because organic matter originating in the euphotic zone of the ocean may have a distinctive nitrogen isotope composition (¹⁵N/¹⁴N), as compared to organic matter originating in terrestrial soils, it may be used to evaluate the relative nitrogen contribution to marine and estuarine sediment. The nitrogen isotope ratios of 42 sediment samples of total nitrogen and 38 dissolved pore-water ammonium samples from Santa Barbara Basin sediment cores were measured. The range of δ¹⁵N values for total nitrogen was $\text{+2.89 – +9.4‰}$ with a mean of $\text{+6.8‰}$ and for pore water ammonium, $\text{+8.2 – +12.4‰}$ with a mean of 10.2‰.The results suggest that the dissolved ammonium in the pore water is produced from bacterial degradation of marine organic matter. The range of δ¹⁵N values for total nitrogen in the sediment is interpreted as resulting from an admixture of nitrogen derived from marine ($\text{+10‰}$) and terrestrial (+2‰ marines. The marine component of this mixture, composed principally of calcium carbonate with smaller amounts of opal and organic matter, contains ～ 1.0% nitrogen. The terrestrial component, which comprises over 80% of the sediment, contains ～ 0.1% organically bound nitrogen and accounts for > 25% of the total nitrogen in Santa Barbara Basin sediment.