孤岛油田污水深度处理技术研究

根据孤岛油田污水的现状及污水处理面临的主要问题,提出了利用气浮和＂双膜＂法处理油田污水进行配聚再利用的工艺,通过现场试验分析研究了处理前后3种水的水质指标,对比了配制的聚合物溶液的初始黏度和稳定性,结果表明,采油污水经该工艺处理后完全可以替代清水配制聚合物母液,具有较好的经济及社会效益。     

微生物在人工湿地污水处理中的研究进展

人工湿地是一种新型污水处理技术,微生物作为人工湿地的主要分解者,在人工湿地去除水中污染物的过程中发挥着重要作用,因其高效污水净化能力目前已得到广泛关注。本文从人工湿地中的微生物多样性、微生物污水净化机理、研究方法及根际微生物的研究等方面介绍了微生物在人工湿地污水处理中的研究进展。指出根际微生物在人工湿地中的的分布和作用特点,以及开展研究的重要意义。     

污水可生化性及其影响因素研究

以自行设计的生化呼吸线测定装置研究了印染污水的可生化性,该装置通过反应体系的溶解氧浓度跟踪生物降解过程.采用本文设计的模拟污水处理装置探讨了污泥驯化时间、污水投加量等对污水可生化性的影响.测定了污水经可生化性调控后的处理效果.结果表明,生化呼吸线法判断污水处理体系的可生化性是1种可靠易行的方法,提高体系的可生化性是增加污水处理效果的关键因素.     

适于高温高盐油藏的聚合物性能指标评价

我国多数油田经过多年注水开发,综合含水已超过90%,而采出程度低于35%,如何提高油田采收率是高含水油田急需解决的难题。目前,聚合物驱油是工业化应用程度最高的一项提高采收率技术,但由于聚合物产品性能差异和油田现场对污水处理的需要,多数聚合物不适宜高温高盐油田的现场驱油试验。本文以胜坨高温高盐油藏的地质条件为依托,在对聚合物驱油效果影响因素分析的基础上,研究了适合于高温高盐油藏强化采油的聚合物性能指标,优选了具有梳形结构的KYPAM聚合物为胜坨油田的驱替剂。该性能指标的提出对国内外高温高盐油藏进行聚合物驱油具有重要的指导意义。     

生物活性炭纤维处理含盐污水的试验研究

随着海水利用的增加,含盐污水的排放量也逐年增加,如何对含盐污水进行有效的处理成为限制海水直接利用的关键因素.试验采用循环流动法把驯化后的耐盐菌固定在活性炭纤维上,研究了生物活性炭纤维对含盐污水处理效果,考察了该工艺对含盐污水中CODα、氨氮、总磷、浊度的去除率.在系统连续运行下,温度为17～25℃,pH值在7.56～8.12时,系统对CODα、氨氮、总磷和浊度的平均去除率分别达74.51％、75.59％、38.60％、90.06％.实验结果表明,生物活性炭纤维发挥了活性炭纤维吸附作用和微生物的降解作用,显著提高了含盐污水的净化效果,具有广泛的应用前景.     

埕东泡沫复合驱HPAM溶液黏度影响因素及对策研究

在油田现场复合体系的注入过程中,用回注污水配制的聚合物溶液黏度逐步下降至1～5 mPa.s,影响了现场试验效果。通过研究污水水质状况、腐蚀性、现场使用的各种化学剂以及泡沫驱体系引入的各因素对聚合物溶液黏度的影响,确定了聚合物黏度下降的主要因素,即污水中含有硫化氢（负二价硫）是造成井口注聚黏度低的主要原因。分析认为,负二价硫的来源主要是由于泡沫剂在硫酸盐还原菌的作用下转化产生的。根据聚合物黏度变化规律和降解机理,开展了聚合物黏度保留措施研究,并开展了聚合物降解抑制剂和氧化脱硫技术的现场试验。现场试验结果表明,配注聚合物溶液黏度可保持在15 mPa.s以上,增黏效果明显,对于注聚驱提高注入质量和效果具有指导意义。     

北戴河污水处理工程海洋沉积物环境现状调查研究

根据北戴河东、西污水处理工程建设的需要，对北戴河沿海及拟建污水处理工程排污口附近沉积物中Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ、Ｈｇ的现状值进行了调查研究，并就减轻沉积物污染的措施及污水排海的方式提出了建议。     

渤海湾排污区底栖动物调查初步报告

近年来,由于海河,蓟运河以及永定新河将天津、北京两市的工业废水和生活污水排入渤海湾,加之沿海和海上油田的开发,还投入了含油污水等,所以,渤海湾的环境质量已受到有关部门的重视。中国科学院海洋研究所自1978年至1980年对渤海湾的环境质量进行了水文、化学、地质、生物等方面的调查。现将底     

竹醋对生活污水好氧处理的强化作用初步研究

采用在生活污水好氧处理之前投加外源物质的方法 ,研究了竹醋 (Bamboo Vinegar,BV)及其主要有机成分 (乙酸 )对污水好氧处理效果的强化作用。结果表明 :1当 VBV/ V污水 的比值达到1 / 1 0 6时 ,BV对污水 CODcr的去除有极显著的强化作用 :CODcr去除率比不加竹醋的对照组提高1 0 %。但是 ,BV对污水中 NH+ 4 - N,T- P的去除率没有影响。 2乙酸单独使用亦可显著提高污水CODcr去除率 ,当 V乙酸 / V污水 为 1 / 1 0 7时 ,强化效果最好 ,CODcr去除率提高 1 3%。由于乙酸具有与BV相似的作用特点 ,所以认为 BV对污水处理效果的强化作用来自其中的乙酸。为了将 BV应用于污水处理中 ,需要进一步研究确定 BV对活性污泥法、生物膜法处理污水的强化效果     

含聚污水水质变化规律及储层伤害机理研究

含聚污水的水质问题是目前聚驱注水油田最紧迫的问题之一,以渤海旅大10-1油田含聚污水为例,利用原子力显微镜、环境扫描电镜等微观分析手段,实验研究含聚污水中残余聚合物对悬浮物浓度和粒径中值,含油率以及结垢离子浓度的具体影响,并进行了含聚污水回注储层岩心动态损害实验。研究表明：当残余聚合物浓度由0 mg/L时逐级增加到150 mg/L时,注入水悬浮物浓度增加了近269.0%,粒径中值仅增加0.3μm,抽滤速度下降了99.3%,含油率下降了86.5%,镁钙离子浓度下降了18.0%。残余聚合物的絮凝作用以及对纤维滤膜的吸附作用是悬浮物增加、抽滤速度显著降低的主要原因,乳化作用使得常规含油率测定值偏低,且残余聚合物浓度及分子量越高,注入水水质变化趋势越明显。另外,单一残余聚合物对高渗透储层损害有限,其与悬浮物及含油的协同作用是主要伤害源。     

烟台市污水处理深海排放工程设计方案研究与选择

沿海城市污水处理深海排放工程在我国起步较晚，烟台市污水处理深海排放工程我国目前规模最大的同类工程，且已进入施工阶段，本文详细阐述了该工程及水工设计方案，在我国城市污水２深海排放工程领域作了积极有益的探索。     

青岛市城市污水处理厂污泥成分分析及利用方式初步研究

为确定青岛市城市污水处理厂污泥资源化利用途径，对三座典型污水处理厂的脱水污泥进行采样和成分分析。结果表明：所有污泥偏碱性（pH=8．68-8．81），含水率较高（70％-83％）；污泥中有机质、氮、磷、钾含量丰富；污泥中重金属和B的含量较低，均符合国家〈农用污泥中污染物控制标准）。这种污泥进行卫生填埋时，不仅浪费资源，还存在一定的安全隐患，施工难度大，渗滤液无法有效处理等问题。污泥焚烧则会产生含有致癌物的烟气，且处理成本昂贵。最为适宜的污泥利用方式是堆肥后作为林地、花卉的肥料。对于处理生活污水产生的污泥，则应首先提取细胞蛋白作为动物饲料添加剂，其余部分再作为肥料。     

Sensitivity of tanaid Apseudes latreillei (Milne-Edwards) populations to sewage pollution

Apseudes latreillei (Milne-Edwards) is a common and abundant tanaid in soft-bottom communities from waters off East Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. Its sensitivity to pollution is not clear despite being an abundant and widely distributed crustacean, since it has been reported as both a tolerant and sensitive species. This paper tests the sensitivity of A. latreillei to sewage discharges in fine-sand communities along the Castellon coast (W. Mediterranean). We analysed variation in tanaid populations between sites at varying distances from sewage outfalls with respect to population density, size distribution, sex ratio and their correlation with different abiotic factors of waste water and sediment. Results showed clearly that A. latreillei populations were affected by the presence of sewage outfalls, to such an extent that sewage disposal outlets produced a decrease in population density and changes in size spectra.     

A strategy for monitoring of contaminant distributions resulting from proposed sewage sludge disposal at the 106-mile ocean disposal site

It has been proposed that future ocean disposal of sewage sludge from the US east coast be done at a site beyond the edge of the continental shelf. In anticipation of that, a monitoring strategy has been developed to determine the average spatial distribution of contamination. The strategy is an iterative series of measurements developed from models of sludge dispersion and settling which are based on characteristics of the disposal site and sewage sludge. Once disposal is initiated at the site, the strategy requires sampling the upper mixed layer at 36 stations, mostly within 100 km of the site, and deployment of near-bottom sediment traps along a line extending 300 km away from the site. Based on initial results, subsequent sampling locations will be selected to refine estimates of the detectable extent of sludge-derived contamination. The sludge constituents which can be used to detect sludge in water at a dilution of 10⁶ and sludge in sediment traps when diluted by 100 with natural material include zinc, PCBs, coprostanol and spores of the bacterium Clostridium perfringens. Other synthetic organic compounds, besides PCB, may prove to be useful tracers.     

Sewage sludge impact on sediment quality and benthic assemblages off the Mediterranean coast of Israel-a long-term study

The distributions of benthic assemblages, heavy metals and organic carbon (Corg) in sediments were examined during a long-term study at a sewage sludge disposal site off the Mediterranean coast of Israel. The disposal of sewage sludge has a marked but localized, seasonally dependent, impact on the benthic assemblages and sediment quality. Elevated concentrations of Corg, Hg, Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, and to a lesser degree Ni in the sediments were detected mostly northward of the sewage outfall, in the direction of the prevalent longshore current. High concentrations of Corg and metals were reflected by elevated populations of tolerant and opportunistic polychaetes in spring and by an azoic zone in fall. The impacted area extended mainly towards the north (up to ca. 4 km) and to a lesser extent south of the outfall (up to ca. 2.5 km). No evidence of increased accumulation of sewage sludge with time was found, nor of pollutants associated with it. Principal component analysis (PCA) grouped the anthropogenic metals and Corg with infaunal abundance for the spring surveys, while biotic diversity was negatively correlated with the pollutants. In the PCA of fall surveys, abundance was negatively correlated with the pollutants, decreasing with increased concentration of Corg and anthropogenic metals. We suggest that the seasonal pattern shown by infaunal abundance, anthropogenic metals and Corg is due to the stratification of the water column from spring to fall on one-hand and winter storms on the other. Winter storms resuspend and disperse the fine organic particles, sweeping the site clean of sludge; accumulation of sludge takes place throughout the quiescent periods of the year, when stratification is reestablished. The disposal site is dispersive and the spatial extent of the impacted area varies seasonally and interannually. This monitoring study, in addition to addressing specific questions about sewage sludge impact, represents an unusually large and unique set of long-term measurements that will serve as a basis to evaluate the site recovery following the cessation of disposal.     

Effects of hexavalent chromium on early development of the bay scallop Argopecten irradians Lamarck

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Preliminary assessment of crustacean distribution patterns in New Zealand groundwater aquifers

Crustaceans were sampled in 17 groundwater wells at five locations in North and South Islands of New Zealand. Three sampling locations were associated with unconfined aquifers adjacent to gravel‐bed rivers, whereas the other two locations were distant from rivers, but associated with land‐based sewage effluent disposal sites. Crustaceans and basic physico‐chemical parameters were sampled in summer and winter. Total abundance varied from 1 to 1064 individuals/250 litre sample. Copepods dominated the fauna at four of the five locations, and were most abundant immediately downstream of a sewage effluent disposal area. Paraleptamphopus spp. (Amphipoda) was found at all five locations, and abundance was also greatest downstream of sewage effluent disposal areas. Several crustacean taxa were rare or limited in distribution, including the gammarid Paracrangonyx sp. and the anthurid isopod Cruregens sp. Syncarids were widely distributed, but found in low numbers, and no specimens were found immediately below sewage effluent disposal areas. We suggest that groundwater ecology in New Zealand is restricted by lack of knowledge of taxonomy and ecology of key groups, particularly the Copepoda.     

油藏数值模拟技术在海上油（气）田开发中的作用

油藏数值模拟技术在我国运用已久，但其在油（气）田开发中的作用一直以来存在争议。相对于陆上油田开发，海洋油田的开发具有投资大、风险高、钻井少、资料数据相对有限的特点。通过多年利用包括油藏数值模拟方法在内的多种油藏工程方法进行海上油（气）田整体开发方案研究、开发方案调整研究、动态跟踪研究、剩余油（气）分布研究以及参与储量计算、储量评价、三维地质建模等工作，客观评价和归纳了油藏数值模拟技术在海上油（气）田开发中的作用以及多年来运用油藏数值模拟技术的几点体会。     

对虾养殖排海废水对莱州湾环境影响的动力学计算

本文采用ＡＤＩ法对莱州湾的潮流进行了数值模拟,在此基础上,计算了莱州湾沿岸养殖区排海废水在主要半日分潮作用下的空间分布状况,推算出对虾养殖废水对近海环境的影响周期。     

秦皇岛市北戴河区污水排海方案的研究

在现场调查和勘测基础经戴河区污水各种排海方案的海洋环境影响进行了预测和评价，通过各方案海洋环境效益及工程经济性的综合分析对比，选择了一级处理深海排放的建设方案，该方案已被建设单位所采纳。