投加海水化学沉淀法去除污泥脱水液中的磷酸盐

研究污水处理厂产生的污泥脱水液中的磷酸盐(PO43-)和铵盐(NH4 )的去除方法。依据化学沉淀法的原理,含有Ca2 和Mg2 的海水加入污泥脱水液后,可以使污水中的PO43-与金属离子发生化学沉淀反应,实现污水除磷的目的。采用正交试验优化得到这种方法处理污泥脱水液的工艺条件:水温20℃,海水与污水混合比例为2∶10,体系pH值为10.5,反应时间20min。经过静态处理,污泥脱水液中氨态氮(NH4 -N)的平均去除率为34%,无机磷(PO43--P)的平均去除率为95%,比不投加海水的处理提高26%,这表明投加海水有利于强化污泥脱水液的除磷效果。动态处理也有较好的效果,PO43--P和NH4 -N的去除率分别可达91%和18%。这种技术不仅除磷效果好,处理成本也较低,生成的沉淀物还可以作为肥料施用,因而是污泥脱水液除磷的有效途径,特别适用于沿海地区污水处理厂。     

相手蟹属两种蟹类线粒体16SrRNA基因序列的比较

测定了相手蟹属（Sesarma）红螯相手蟹（S．haematocheir）和褶痕相手蟹（S．plicata）线粒体16SrRNA基因部分片段的序列，二者的序列长度相同，均为533bp，且A、T、G、C的含量相似，分别为198bp（37．1％），206bp（38．6％），84bp（15．8％），45bp（8．4％）和200bp（37．5％），205bp（38．5％），81bp（15．2％），47bp（8．8％）；二者的序列有49处差异，其中21个位点为转换、22个位点为颠换和6个缺失／插入位点。进一步对20种相手蟹属蟹类的长度为361bp的16SrRNA基因同源序列进行分析，发现AT的含量为78．6％～82．9％，明显高于GC的含量，且存有91个变异位点。从NJ树和遗传距离来看，在分布于中国的3种相手蟹中，无齿相手型（S．dehaani）和红螯相手蟹的亲缘关系最近（d=0．0151），而它们与褶痕相手蟹的亲缘关系则较远（d=0．0924／0．09231。分布于中国的相手蟹和分布于北美的相手蟹之间存在着较大的遗传距离（差异），表明它们之间有着较远的亲缘关系，互为单系起源。     

厦门潘涂虾池及其附近内湾各态氮的季节性变化特征

1996年6月至1997年2月，对厦门市潘涂垦区两口虾池及附近内湾不同形态氮的含量与动态进行调查。结果显示虾池的可溶性有机氮（DON）含量明显高于邻近内湾，颗粒有机氮（PN）多数时间也高于内湾，而邻近内湾可溶性无机氮（DIN）含量则明显比池内的高。虾池中的氮主要以DON形态存在（59．76％），DIN，PN含量较少（9．37％和20．87％）；邻近内湾则是以DIN为主（59．97％），其次为DON（29．55％），PN所占比例最小（10．48％）。吓池与邻近内湾不同形态氮的季节变化也存在一定差异。     

南海水体三项无机氮含量的垂直变化特征及与其他环境要素的相关性

据南海环境调查资料，研究了南海水体NO3-N、NO2-N、NH4-N、DIN含量及无机氮组成的垂直变化规律．结果表明：NO3-N、NO2-N、NH4-N、DIN含量范围和均值分别为0．00～43．9，12．32；0．00～1．69，0．07；0．17-14．87，1．32；0．35～45．92，13．73μmol／dm^3．其含量分布与垂直变化特征与深海、大洋的相似，表明南海水是太平洋的变性水体．NO3-N、DIN含量的垂直分布跃层出现于75～500m间，夏季的跃层强度分别为6．61X10-’、6．68×1012Ixmol／（dm’·m），冬季的均为5．65×10^-2μmol／（dm^3·m）；NO2-N含量的最大值多出现于75～100m之间，NH4-N含量的最大值出现在0m层．在浮游植物活动较旺盛的真光层中，NH4-N为无机氮的主要存在形态（平均占比为64．4％）．真光层以下NO3-N为无机氮的主要存在形态（平均占比≥90．8％）．对三项无机氮含量与其他生源要素、水文因子的相关分析结果表明，NO3-N含量与PO4-P、TDP、TP、SiO3-Si、S均呈显著正相关，与pH、DO、O2％、t则呈显著负相关．     

抑制栉孔扇贝第一极体对受精卵染色体行为及胚胎倍性组成的影响

采用细胞松弛素B（CB）处理，栉孔扇贝（Chlamys ferreri）抑制其受精卵的第一极体（PB1），研究抑制PB1对受精卵减数分裂过程及胚胎倍性组成的影响。结果发现，抑制第一极体显著改变了受精卵的染色体行为，在第二次减数分裂过程中共发现4种典型染色体分离类型，分别是三极分离（41．7％）、二极分离（11．7％）、双二极分离（24．9％）和非同步分离（2．8％），其余的受精卵（19．0％）染色体分离行为紊乱。对4-8细胞期胚胎的倍性组成进行分析，发现处理组中含有二倍体（10．9％）、三倍体（12．5％）、四倍体（19.5％）、五倍体（12．6％）以及非整倍体（46．6％）胚胎。研究结果表明，二极分离和双二极分离分别是形成三倍体和四倍体的主要机制，而其他的染色体分离行为将主要形成非整倍体。     

鸭毛藻内生真菌Hypocreales sp.的化学成分研究

从采自大连近海的红藻鸭毛藻（Symphyocladia latiuscula）中分离到一株肉座菌目真菌（Hypocreales sp．），对其发酵代谢产物的化学成分进行了研究。利用正相硅胶柱层析、葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex LH-20柱层析、制备薄层层析（PTLC）以及重结晶等分离手段，并通过一维、二维核磁共振技术、质谱技术等从该菌发酵液中分离鉴定了10个化舍物：双酚A（1）；邻羟基苯甲酸（2）；吲哚甲酸（3）；吲哚乙酸（4）；N-乙酰色胺（5）；（22E，24R）-麦角甾-7，9，22三烯-3β-醇（6）；过氧化麦角甾醇（7）；（22E，24R）-5α，6α-环氧麦角甾-8，22-二烯-3β，7α-二醇（8）；（22E，24R）-麦角甾-7，22-二烯-6β-甲氧基-3β，5α-二醇（9）；啤酒甾醇（10）。这些化合物均为首次从该菌中分离得到，其中化合物1为首次作为天然产物分离得到。     

皮状丝孢酵母利用大米草水解液发酵生产微生物油脂

研究了产油酵母菌皮状丝孢酵母（Trichosporon cutaneum）利用经过简单脱毒处理的大米草水解液，直接发酵生产微生物油脂。首先分别用1％、2％、4％和6％稀硫酸，在122℃水解大米草，大米草／硫酸（固／液比）为10％。结果表明，在6％的酸浓度下水解40rain后总还原糖含量最高。而1％稀硫酸在140℃下水解大米草，2．8h后，水解液中葡萄糖产量达到最高14．2g／L。然后将该条件下大米草水解液冷冻干燥浓缩为不同的倍数，作为皮状丝孢酵母菌的发酵培养基，水解液浓缩倍数为4．0时，产油量最高达6．0g／L。为高效利用大米草，将大米草开发为一种能源植物，提供了新的途径。     

氦氖激光辐照对了孔雀鱼抗病力及生长的影响

于1989年10月－1990年6月间，进行了氦氖激光散焦扩束辐照对孔雀鱼抗病力及生长发育影响的试验。结果表明，经能量密度为2．86J／cm^2激光处理的仔鱼，在车轮虫和水毒、绵毒等病原体侵袭下，其成活率比 对照组高126％。在能量密度为5．37／cm^2激光辐照下，两个月的幼鱼，其a－淀粉酶和β－淀粉酶活性分别双对照组的高36．4％和52．5％；蛋白酶活性无明显变化；脂肪酶活性降低53．3％。在生长方面，90天雄（雌）鱼的体长比对照组增加8．3％（9．7％），体重增加41．7％（39．6％）；当激光的辐照剂量为7．52J／cm^2时，其对机体生长发育所产生的生物刺激作用并没有随着相应增强。     

中华白海豚(Sousa chinensis)组织中多氯联苯的研究

以珠江口海域的两头中华白海豚为研究对象，采用气相色谱法分析了海豚组织中多氯联苯（PCBs）的含量分布特征和毒性水平。结果表明，PCBs在海豚10种不同组织中的含量范围为25．1—85567．3ng／g，PCBs含量最高的组织为额隆和皮肤，其次为肝脏、肌肉、心脏、睾丸和脑，最低的为肺、胃和肾脏；PCBs同系物和同族物在海豚不同组织中的分布特征相似，同系物中以PCB101＋113和PCB153所占总量的百分比最大，在10．25％-51．70％之间；在同族物中以含在同族物中以5个氯原子和6个氯原子的PCBs为主，所占百分比均在23．53％-60．06％之间；运用二蛞哄毒性当量（TEQ）评价了中华白海豚不同组织中PCBs的毒性，其TEQs范围为55．9—68191．0pg／g，其中皮肤TEQs含量最高。TEQs主要来自非邻位取代的PCBs，占总量的74．15％-99．62％，其中来自PCB126的占34．11％-96．5I％。与世界其他海域海豚的PCBs污染水平相比，成年中华白海豚受PCBs污染严重，其体内的PCBs含量和毒性当量均已超出安全浓度范围，对其健康已造成威胁。     

中华乌塘鳢肌肉的生化成分和能值

测定了中华包塘鳢肌肉的水分、蛋白质、旨肪、碳水化合物等生经成分和能值，分析了其氨基酸的种类组成和含量。结果表明：（１）中华乌塘鳢肌肉中的蛋白质含量很高，占干重的８２．０１％－８７．８０％，脂类含量低，只有３．７７％－７．５０％；（２）中华乌塘鳢的比能值及能量与蛋白质的比值较低，分别为４．４９３－５。１９９ｋＪ／ｇ鲜重和２５．７９７－２８．３１４ｋＪ／ｇ；（３）蛋白质中氨基酸的种类齐全，含量高其中成     

Ecotoxicological evaluation of sewage sludge using bioluminescent marine bacteria and rotifer

Bioassay using the marine bacteria,Vibrio fischeri and rotifer,Brachionus plicatilis, and chemical analyses were conducted to assess the toxicity of the various sewage sludges, one of the major ocean dumped materials in the Yellow Sea of Korea. Sludge elutriates extracted by filtered seawater were used to estimate the ecotoxicity of the sludge. Chemical characterization included the analyses of organic contents, heavy metals, and persistent organic pollutants in sludge. Bacterial bioluminescent inhibition (15 min), rotifer mortality (24 hr) and rotifer population growth inhibition (48 hr) assay were conducted to estimate the sludge toxicity. EC50 15 min (inhibition concentration of bioluminescence after 15 minutes exposed) values by Microtox® bioassay clearly revealed different toxicity levels depending on the sludge sources. Highest toxicity for the bacteria was found with the sludge extract from dyeing waste and followed by industrial waste, livestock waste, and leather processing waste. Clear toxic effects on the bacteria were not found in the sludge extract from filtration bed sludge and rural sewage sludge. Consistent with Microtox® results, rotifer neonate mortality and population growth inhibition test also showed highest toxicity in dyeing waste and low in filtration bed and rural sewage sludge. High concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals were measured in the samples from the industrial wastes, leather processing plant waste sludge, and urban sewage sludge. However, there was no significant correlation between pollutant concentration levels and the toxicity values of the sludge. This suggests that the ecotoxicity in addition to the chemical analyses of various sludge samples must be estimated before release of potential harmful waste in the natural environment as part of an ecological risk assessment.     

Sewage sludge impact on sediment quality and benthic assemblages off the Mediterranean coast of Israel-a long-term study

The distributions of benthic assemblages, heavy metals and organic carbon (Corg) in sediments were examined during a long-term study at a sewage sludge disposal site off the Mediterranean coast of Israel. The disposal of sewage sludge has a marked but localized, seasonally dependent, impact on the benthic assemblages and sediment quality. Elevated concentrations of Corg, Hg, Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, and to a lesser degree Ni in the sediments were detected mostly northward of the sewage outfall, in the direction of the prevalent longshore current. High concentrations of Corg and metals were reflected by elevated populations of tolerant and opportunistic polychaetes in spring and by an azoic zone in fall. The impacted area extended mainly towards the north (up to ca. 4 km) and to a lesser extent south of the outfall (up to ca. 2.5 km). No evidence of increased accumulation of sewage sludge with time was found, nor of pollutants associated with it. Principal component analysis (PCA) grouped the anthropogenic metals and Corg with infaunal abundance for the spring surveys, while biotic diversity was negatively correlated with the pollutants. In the PCA of fall surveys, abundance was negatively correlated with the pollutants, decreasing with increased concentration of Corg and anthropogenic metals. We suggest that the seasonal pattern shown by infaunal abundance, anthropogenic metals and Corg is due to the stratification of the water column from spring to fall on one-hand and winter storms on the other. Winter storms resuspend and disperse the fine organic particles, sweeping the site clean of sludge; accumulation of sludge takes place throughout the quiescent periods of the year, when stratification is reestablished. The disposal site is dispersive and the spatial extent of the impacted area varies seasonally and interannually. This monitoring study, in addition to addressing specific questions about sewage sludge impact, represents an unusually large and unique set of long-term measurements that will serve as a basis to evaluate the site recovery following the cessation of disposal.     

A strategy for monitoring of contaminant distributions resulting from proposed sewage sludge disposal at the 106-mile ocean disposal site

It has been proposed that future ocean disposal of sewage sludge from the US east coast be done at a site beyond the edge of the continental shelf. In anticipation of that, a monitoring strategy has been developed to determine the average spatial distribution of contamination. The strategy is an iterative series of measurements developed from models of sludge dispersion and settling which are based on characteristics of the disposal site and sewage sludge. Once disposal is initiated at the site, the strategy requires sampling the upper mixed layer at 36 stations, mostly within 100 km of the site, and deployment of near-bottom sediment traps along a line extending 300 km away from the site. Based on initial results, subsequent sampling locations will be selected to refine estimates of the detectable extent of sludge-derived contamination. The sludge constituents which can be used to detect sludge in water at a dilution of 10⁶ and sludge in sediment traps when diluted by 100 with natural material include zinc, PCBs, coprostanol and spores of the bacterium Clostridium perfringens. Other synthetic organic compounds, besides PCB, may prove to be useful tracers.     

Response of benthic foraminifers to sewage discharge and remediation in Santa Monica Bay,California

Examination of a time series of foraminiferal assemblage distributions on the continental shelf and slope of Santa Monica Bay from 1955 to 1997-1998 suggests that the benthic microfauna have been greatly affected by the quality and character of the municipal sludge and wastewater discharged into the bay over the last half-century by the Hyperion Treatment Plant serving the greater Los Angeles area. Five species dominate both the living and dead foraminiferal assemblages of the 1997-1998 surface samples, including Eggerella advena, Trochammina pacifica, Bulimina denudata, Buliminella elegantissima, and Epistominella bradyana. Temporal patterns of relative species abundances for both living and dead assemblages, as well as toxicity tests measuring amphipod survival and sea urchin fertilization success, show improvement since the sewage treatment program was enhanced in 1986. None of these trends are evident 10 years earlier, coincident with the onset of a Pacific Decadal Oscillation warming trend. This fact suggests that remediation, and not climate change, is responsible for the faunal changes observed. Even with remediation, however, all foraminiferal faunal trends have not returned to early-outfall levels. The organic-waste indicating species T. pacifica shows a slow decline in abundance as sewage treatment and sludge disposal activities have improved, whereas a dramatic increase in the abundance of the pioneer colonizer of impacted regions, E. advena, has occurred, often with a reciprocal response by B. denudata. Also evident is a dramatic shift in the abundance of the once-dominant species Nonionella basispinata and Nonionella stella, which were unable to recolonize Santa Monica Bay since the two major outfalls (5- and 7-mile) began discharging. Temporal variations in species abundances, as well as range expansions, contractions, and the inability to recolonize areas previously, or presently, impacted, suggests that foraminifers are a useful tool in defining areas affected by waste discharge.     

Some responses of transplanted Mytilus edulis to metal-enriched sediments and sewage sludge

Approximately 25 % of the sewage sludge produced in the United Kingdom (about 10 million wet tonnes anually) is disposed of to British coastal waters at 15 sites. A series of tests is being evaluated in order to determine the effects of this practice in relation to the effects due to other polluting inputs, both natural and man-made, to the marine environment. The results presented here are for one site on the south-west coast of Britain. They indicate that the increased metal content of the tissue and the presence of sulphydryl-rich metal-binding proteins in the lysosomes of digestive cells in transplanted mussels can be correlated with exposure at sites overlying metal-rich sediments and to a lesser extent an area used for the disposal of sewage sludge containing metallic contaminants.     

Geotechnical Engineering Issues in Ocean Waste Disposal: A Review

Marine pollution has received considerable attention during the past few years as the news media has focused on such topics as contaminated seafoods, algae blooms, fish and mammal kills, and dirty beaches. The source of these pollution problems are many and include: sewage outfalls, industrial discharges, storm runoff from agricultural lands and metropolitan areas, waste sludges, dredge materials, and highly concentrated chemical and radioactive wastes. Although the United Nations has banned marine dumping, there is still the problem of legacy wastes and low level discharges into the coastal zone. Disposal of these wastes in the marine environment typically involves either: their placement directly on or within the seabed or dilution in the water column. If wastes are diluted in the water column, they have the potential to be adsorbed onto the surface of sediment particles which are settling to the seabed. As particles settle through the water column they are subjected to extensive dispersal and may eventually be injested by bottom-feeding organisms or bio-accumulation by plankton and, thus, enter the food chain. Geotechnical engineers working as members of multidisciplinary teams apply quantitative knowledge about the behavior and physical performance of earth materials toward designing systems for disposing of these wastes in the oceans and aid in monitoring waste disposal sites. In dredged material disposal geotechnical engineers assist in selecting disposal equipment, predict stable characteristics of dredged material mounds, design mound caps, and predict erodibility of the material. With sewage outfalls, geotechnical engineers design foundation and anchor elements, estimate scour potential around the outfalls, and determine the stability of deposits made up of discharged materials. Geotechnical engineers also consider the influence that pollutants have on the engineering behavior of marine sediment and the extent to which changes in behavior affect the performance of structures founded on the sediment. In each of these roles, careful application of geotechnical engineering principles can contribute toward more efficient and environmentally safe disposal operations.     

Toxicity assessment of sediment cores from Santa Monica Bay,California

During the summer of 1997, sediment core samples were taken at 25 stations in Santa Monica Bay. Toxicity testing was performed on 4-cm sections of the entire length of each core using purple sea urchin fertilization and amphipod survival tests. The sea urchin test identified sections as being toxic at six stations, all located near current or former Hyperion Treatment Plant (HTP) wastewater outfall locations. The amphipod test identified sections from 17 stations as having toxic sediments. The stations having toxic sediments were scattered throughout the bay and toxicity was identified at numerous core depths. Spatial and temporal patterns indicated that toxicity was most strongly associated with the historical disposal of municipal wastewater sludge. Many of the sections toxic to the amphipods did not have chemical levels expected to cause toxicity and were in locations where a source of toxicity was not apparent.     

Geotechnical Engineering Issues in Ocean Waste Disposal: A Review

Marine pollution has received considerable attention during the past few years as the news media has focused on such topics as contaminated seafoods, algae blooms, fish and mammal kills, and dirty beaches. The source of these pollution problems are many and include: sewage outfalls, industrial discharges, storm runoff from agricultural lands and metropolitan areas, waste sludges, dredge materials, and highly concentrated chemical and radioactive wastes. Although the United Nations has banned marine dumping, there is still the problem of legacy wastes and low level discharges into the coastal zone. Disposal of these wastes in the marine environment typically involves either: their placement directly on or within the seabed or dilution in the water column. If wastes are diluted in the water column, they have the potential to be adsorbed onto the surface of sediment particles which are settling to the seabed. As particles settle through the water column they are subjected to extensive dispersal and may eventually be injested by bottom-feeding organisms or bio-accumulation by plankton and, thus, enter the food chain. Geotechnical engineers working as members of multidisciplinary teams apply quantitative knowledge about the behavior and physical performance of earth materials toward designing systems for disposing of these wastes in the oceans and aid in monitoring waste disposal sites. In dredged material disposal geotechnical engineers assist in selecting disposal equipment, predict stable characteristics of dredged material mounds, design mound caps, and predict erodibility of the material. With sewage outfalls, geotechnical engineers design foundation and anchor elements, estimate scour potential around the outfalls, and determine the stability of deposits made up of discharged materials. Geotechnical engineers also consider the influence that pollutants have on the engineering behavior of marine sediment and the extent to which changes in behavior affect the performance of structures founded on the sediment. In each of these roles, careful application of geotechnical engineering principles can contribute toward more efficient and environmentally safe disposal operations.     

Fate of tributyltin in sewage sludge treatment

We have shown that municipal wastewater and sewage sludge are contaminated by organotins. Here, we investigate the behaviour and fate of tributyltin (TBT) in laboratory-scale sewage sludge treatment at various conditions including both aerobic and anaerobic, and mesophilic and thermophilic. Organotins were determined by capillary GC-FPD. Fresh raw sewage sludge was stored in a tank that was connected to five chemostats maintained at different conditions. Raw sludge contained TBT, dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT) residues in the range of 0·28 to 0·83 mg/kg (dry weight). The volumetric TBT concentration was 10·5 μg/litre in the influent, and ranged from 7·4 to 8·3 μg/litre in the effluent of the different chemostats. In the anaerobic mesophilic treatment, concentrations of TBT did not decrease with increasing sludge residence time, DBT increased and MBT showed no clear trend. The DBT increase is suggested to be due to leaching from the PVC walls of the chemostats, and not to degradation of TBT alone. The TBT reduction did not show significant differences between the mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic fermentors. These findings indicate that the degradation of TBT during sludge treatment is only low under all conditions tested.     

Anthropogenic organic contaminants in the effluent of a combined sewer overflow: impact on Boston Harbor

Effluent from a large combined sewer overflow (CSO) in Boston and receiving waters near the CSO outfall were sampled during dry and wet weather conditions. Surficial sediments were also collected from the vicinity of the CSO and at nearby sites. The samples were analyzed for a variety of organic constituents including organic carbon and nitrogen, linear alkylbenzenes (LABs), coprostanol and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). As judged by the presence of waste-specific markers (LABs, coprostanol), the CSO effluent contains sewage under both dry and wet weather conditions. When rainfall occurs, the concentration of suspended solids and all organic constituents in the particulate phase increase, ultimately approaching those characteristic of untreated sewage. The concentrations of LABs and PCBs in the effluent are strongly correlated, indicating that PCBs in the CSO are derived from sewage inputs. During heavy rainfall, the vast majority (> 90%) of the hydrophobic organic substances are associated with suspended particulate matter, whereas during dry weather, a significant fraction resides in the operationally defined 'dissolved' phase. Estimates of the mass emission rates of CSO constituents show that > 70% of the suspended particles and > 90% of the particulate organic carbon, hydrocarbons and trace organics are discharged during wet weather. Particles in the receiving water appear to be strongly influenced by the CSO effluent during wet weather. Concentrations of PCBs in surficial sediments near the CSO are correlated with those of coprostanol and the LABs, indicating that these compounds are derived from similar sources. Based on the observed correlations, approximately 60-80% of the sedimentary PCBs originate from sewage. Comparison of sigma LAB/coprostanol ratios of effluent particles, surficial sediments and sewage sludges suggest that the vast majority of the marker compounds and the PCBs in sediments are not from the CSO, but are derived from one of two sewage treatment plants that discharged sludge into the harbor until 1991. The sludge-derived contaminants were probably carried by tidal currents into Dorchester Bay and deposited in shallow, quiescent embayments where sedimentation is favored. These results illustrate the potential importance of long-range transport of waste-derived contaminants in urban harbors and their rapid accumulation in localized depocenters.