广义物质平衡计算法在沙南凹陷BZ油田滚动勘探开发中的应用

渤海湾盆地沙南凹陷BZ油田沙一段生屑云岩主力含油储层投产后,发现实际生产特征与初始地质认识吻合度差,部分区块可能具有增储上产的潜力。通过利用油田生产动态资料,主要包括压力、产量及PVT实验等数据,采用广义物质平衡计算法识别出A4井区滚动勘探潜力最大。在此基础上,精细刻画生屑云岩沉积期古地貌和古生态环境特征并结合生屑云岩发育规律,预测了A4井区生屑云岩储层新的空间展布范围。实际钻探结果证实了储层预测的准确性,新增探明储量近400万t,保障了BZ油田的可持续发展和投资效益。该套方案对国内海上相似地质条件油田的滚动勘探开发具有借鉴意义。     

鄂尔多斯南部H油田三维地震叠前储层预测

鄂尔多斯南部为典型的低孔隙度、低渗透致密油藏。三维地震储层预测为该地区H油田的勘探开发提高了强有力的技术支撑。实践证明,在H油田区块,单靠声波阻抗难以区分泥岩与砂岩地层,常规的基于叠后数据的波阻抗反演对储层难以进行精细刻画。同时,该区块进入到了开发的中后期,面临着钻遇到砂体但难以找到含油储层的瓶颈问题。而叠前数据的储层预测能提供更多的弹性参数,便于找到最优的区分砂泥岩及含油储层的弹性参数,还能够进行流体识别方面的研究。基于以上考虑在该区块开展三维叠前储层预测研究,为进一步勘探开发提供技术支撑。     

非线性定量预测技术在渤南洼陷扇三角洲前缘砂体预测中的应用

针对渤南洼陷中深层扇三角洲前缘致密储层地震资料分辨率低、砂泥岩速度差异小、纵向含油层系多层薄、横向储层变化快、储层展布认识不清的难点,在地质沉积模式指导下,运用多体联合解释技术,建立地层等时格架,进行优势属性提取和分析。运用进化型神经网络技术,建立地震属性和砂地比的非线性关系,实现了对薄互层砂体的定量预测,预测结果既保证了与井点的吻合度,也保持了地震资料对沉积特征的反映能力。该方法可以为中深层薄互层储层预测提供借鉴,并指导了该块油藏开发。     

基于测井约束的储层参数预测——以惠民凹陷临北地区为例

临北地区储层自东向西减薄尖灭，横向变化大，由于断裂复杂，地震反射特征紊乱，采用常规的储层预测方法很难确定砂体的尖灭点，划分有利储层发育区。针对这一问题，进行了基于测井约束的储层参数预测方法研究：①采用正演模拟技术，确定临北地区砂体地震反射特征；②利用地质统计学方法进行储层参数集总；③在提取多种地震属性的基础上，通过地震属性优化，选取累加正振幅、最大能量、平均波峰振幅等地震属性参数；④根据测并储层参数与地震属性拟合关系，进行储层参数平面外推和预测，利用井点处的储层参数值对预测结果进行约束。利用以上方法对临北地区基山三角洲五砂组进行了储层预测，实现了地震属性到储层岩石物性参数的转换，预测的有利储层分布区与钻井解释结果相关程度较高，符合该区的地质规律，在实际应用中取得了较好的效果。     

辽河滩海海南1块储层测井评价研究及应用

受研究区块地层沉积特征、钻井泥浆侵入、测井资料录取等诸因素影响,在辽河滩海海南1块测井评价过程中,利用电阻率测井识别油水层、准确计算含油饱和度等重要储层参数难度大。以海南1块油藏地质特征综合研究为基础,对录井、取心、分析化验、试油等资料进行深入分析,开展油层四性关系研究,建立有效储层测井解释标准及与地质模型相适应的储层参数测井解释模型。对储层进行测井精细解释评价,为储量参数确定及油藏评价奠定基础,取得了很好应用效果。     

储层预测技术在渤海W油田的综合应用

近几年,新近系砂岩油藏的开发已经成为渤海油田实现增储上产的重要保障.此类油田沉积类型主要属于河流相和浅水三角洲相,砂岩具有分布范围有限,单层厚度薄,纵向上泥岩隔夹层比较发育,横向上物性变化快,油水界面受构造和岩性边界双重因素控制等特点.为了规避这些因素给油田开发方案设计和井位优化尤其是水平井实施带来的风险,在W油田开发过程中综合应用层位精细标定、高频拓展处理、叠前多参数同步反演和属性约束储层参数预测技术,实现了储层精细描述,准确地认识了储层的响应特征、几何形态和隔夹层发育情况,对储层的物性和含油气性也有了较可靠的预测.这一技术体系的研究成果为W油田的科学高效开发提供了重要保障.     

测井资料在地震储层有效厚度预测中的应用研究

应用测井资料进行储层有效厚度预测是最直接的预测手段。从地球物特征研究出发，寻找能反应岩性的测井敏感性参数，用这些敏感性参数与地震联合进行反演，得到岩性反演剖面，通过岩性剖面与所确定的门槛沿目的层值拾取砂岩厚度，最后转换成储层有效厚度预测平面图。该方法通过实际应用表明，利用测井资料预测地震储层有效厚度效果较明显。     

地震反演技术在辽河兴隆台地区沙三段储层预测中的应用

地震反演是储层预测三大技术系列的核心,其充分利用地震资料在横向分辨率、测井资料在纵向分辨率上的优势,对储层的空间分布特征进行合理的预测。在对辽河兴隆台地区沙三段地层特征、储层难点分析的基础上,通过地震资料品质的研究与正演分析、测井曲线标准化处理、子波提取与精细合成记录标定等前期处理工作,优选反演参数,并应用约束稀疏脉冲反演技术对沙三段进行了储层预测,精细地刻画了储层的空间展布特征,并落实和优选了2个有利圈闭,部署探井2口,为该区的井位部署及储量上报提供了地质依据。     

一门新兴的边缘科学——火山岩储层地质学

石油工业持续稳定的发展要求不断有效地寻找勘探新领域、新地区和新类型。随着国内外火山岩油气藏的发现，火山岩储层作为一种特殊的油气储层类型越来越受人们的重视。20世纪90年代末期，石油地质学中出现了一门生命力很强的边缘学科——火山岩储层地质学，其任务是深入研究火山岩油气储层的宏观展布、内部结构、储层参数分布、孔隙结构等特征以及在火山岩油气田开发过程中储层参数的动态变化特征，为油气田勘探和开发服务。其研究内容包括储层地质特征、储层物理性质及储层非均质性、储层孔隙类型与空隙结构、孔隙演化模式及其控制因素、储层地质模型、储层敏感性、储层预测与储层综合评价7个方面。     

天然气水合物沉积物力学性质测试与评价

储层力学参数的评价及预测是天然气水合物安全高效开发的关键。笔者从力学试验、本构模型以及离散元数值模拟等方面介绍了含水合物沉积物力学性质测试及数值计算研究新进展,分析总结了力学参数评价及预测的主要方法及其特点,探究了目前含水合物储层力学性质测试及评价研究存在的问题及其主要原因。为了更好的解决相关工程技术问题,笔者建议通过结合室内试验与数值模拟的方法对水合物储层力学特性及破坏机制进行分析,针对不同工况条件及储层特征建立更加准确的力学参数计算模型。     

低饱和度油藏原始饱和度计算及含水上升规律

受低幅度构造、地层倾角小、储层渗透率低、油源供给不足等因素影响,油层中存在自由水,若整个开发层系的油层大面积内均为油水同层,则称为低含油饱和度油藏。低含油饱和度油藏油井投产初期就具有一定含水率。由于室内岩心试验获得的油水相对渗透率曲线是在饱和油情况下进行,因此,油田实际含水与采出程度和利用室内试验曲线计算出的理论含水与采出程度曲线不能较好吻合,当油藏原始含水饱和度较高时这种误差会很大,导致含水与采出程度理论曲线无法正确预测油藏含水上升规律。根据试验获得的相渗曲线和实际生产数据,采用试验数据与生产实际相互印讧的方法,修正油藏含水上升规律,计算油藏原始含水饱和度,解决了油藏原始含油饱和度计算以及具有原始含水饱和度油藏含水上升规律预测问题,对正确认识油藏和开发指标预测具有重要意义。     

渤海海域Z油田水驱开发储层物性变化规律

为研究海上稠油砂岩油藏水驱开发储层物性变化规律,以渤海海域Z油田为目标,利用多口密闭取心井资料,结合油田生产实际,从储层的黏土矿物、孔隙结构、储集孔渗及渗流特征等方面系统开展了水驱开发前后储层物性变化规律及机理研究。结果表明,经长期水驱开发,储层中黏土矿物总量呈减少趋势,其中高岭石含量降低,伊/蒙混层含量增加;岩石平均孔隙半径增加,孔隙喉道和孔隙结构变好;平均孔隙度和渗透率都有不同程度增大,其中孔隙度增幅不大,渗透率增幅较为明显,储层储集物性变好,但非均质程度增强;润湿性表现为更强的亲水性,驱油效率也随之增高。该研究成果对Z油田高含水期剩余油挖潜和注采结构调整的措施制定有一定的指导意义。     

A three-dimensional high-resolution reservoir model of the Eocene Shahejie Formation in Bohai Bay Basin,integrating stratigraphic forward modeling and geostatistics

Reservoir characterization based on geostatistics method requires well constraints (e.g. seismic data with high quality) to predict inter-well reservoir quality that is conformed to geological laws. Nevertheless, the resolution of seismic data in multiple basins or reservoirs is not high enough to recognize the distribution of different types of sand bodies. In this paper, we propose a new method to improve the precision of reservoir characterization: reservoir modeling with the constrains of sedimentary process model and sedimentary microfacies. We employed stratigraphic forward modeling, a process-based method, to constrain the reservoir modeling in one oil-bearing interval of the third member of Eocene Shahejie Formation in J-Oilfield of Liaoxi Sag, Bohai Bay Basin.We divide reservoir modeling into two orders using different types of constrains. In the first order, we use the simulated shale model from stratigraphic forward model that is corrected by wells data as a 3D trend volume to constrain the reservoir sand-shale modeling. In the second order, different types of sedimentary microfacies in the sandy part of the model are further recognized and simulated within the constrains of sedimentary microfacies maps. Consequently, the porosity, permeability and oil saturation are modeled under the control of precise sedimentary microfacies model. The high-resolution reservoir model shows that the porosity, permeability and oil saturation of distributary channel is generally above 20%, 10md and 50%, respectively, which are much higher than that of other types of sedimentary microfacies. It can be concluded that comparing to other types of sedimentary facies, distributary channel has better physical properties and more oil accumulation in the fan-delta front and therefore is the most favorable zones for petroleum development in the research area.     

Influence of hydrocarbon injection on the compaction by pressure-solution of a carbonate rock: An experimental study under triaxial stresses

The preservation of good petrophysical properties (high porosity/high permeability) at great depth in carbonate rocks may lead to the existence of a deeply buried reservoir (DBR), a target of interest for the oil industry. One of the key processes controlling diagenesis of the burial environment is Pressure Solution Creep (PSC), an efficient compaction process responsible for the evolution of porosity and permeability in many carbonate reservoirs. In this experimental study, we examine the effect of i) the presence of oil in the pore space and ii) its timing of injection on the PSC process and the petrophysical properties of a carbonate rock. The experiments were performed using a flow-through high-pressure cell, allowing the simulation of the pressure/stresses and temperature conditions of a DBR. Multi-disciplinary data (mechanical, chemical, petrographical and petrophysical) demonstrate that, without oil in the pore space, the main diagenetic process is the PSC, a process reducing by three the initial porosity but having no influence on intrinsic water permeability. An early injection of oil prior to water circulation causes the inhibition of PSC by the coating of the grains, leading to the preservation of porosity. Conversely, a late injection of oil does not preserve initial porosity. The dataset obtained from these experiments show the importance of the timing of oil charging in a reservoir in the preservation of initial porosity at great depth by the inhibition of PSC. However, the coating of grains by hydrocarbons may also inhibit further diagenetic processes leading to a creation of secondary porosity at depth.     

Controls on reservoir heterogeneity of tight sand oil reservoirs in Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in Longdong Area,southwest Ordos Basin,China: Implications for reservoir quality prediction and oil accumulation

Compared to conventional reservoirs, pore structure and diagenetic alterations of unconventional tight sand oil reservoirs are highly heterogeneous. The Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation is a major tight-oil-bearing formation in the Ordos Basin, providing an opportunity to study the factors that control reservoir heterogeneity and the heterogeneity of oil accumulation in tight oil sandstones.The Chang 8 tight oil sandstone in the study area is comprised of fine-to medium-grained, moderately to well-sorted lithic arkose and feldspathic litharenite. The reservoir quality is extremely heterogeneous due to large heterogeneities in the depositional facies, pore structures and diagenetic alterations. Small throat size is believed to be responsible for the ultra-low permeability in tight oil reservoirs. Most reservoirs with good reservoir quality, larger pore-throat size, lower pore-throat radius ratio and well pore connectivity were deposited in high-energy environments, such as distributary channels and mouth bars. For a given depositional facies, reservoir quality varies with the bedding structures. Massive- or parallel-bedded sandstones are more favorable for the development of porosity and permeability sweet zones for oil charging and accumulation than cross-bedded sandstones.Authigenic chlorite rim cementation and dissolution of unstable detrital grains are two major diagenetic processes that preserve porosity and permeability sweet zones in oil-bearing intervals. Nevertheless, chlorite rims cannot effectively preserve porosity-permeability when the chlorite content is greater than a threshold value of 7%, and compaction played a minor role in porosity destruction in the situation. Intensive cementation of pore-lining chlorites significantly reduces reservoir permeability by obstructing the pore-throats and reducing their connectivity. Stratigraphically, sandstones within 1 m from adjacent sandstone-mudstone contacts are usually tightly cemented (carbonate cement > 10%) with low porosity and permeability (lower than 10% and 0.1 mD, respectively). The carbonate cement most likely originates from external sources, probably derived from the surrounding mudstone. Most late carbonate cements filled the previously dissolved intra-feldspar pores and the residual intergranular pores, and finally formed the tight reservoirs.The petrophysical properties significantly control the fluid flow capability and the oil charging/accumulation capability of the Chang 8 tight sandstones. Oil layers usually have oil saturation greater than 40%. A pore-throat radius of less than 0.4 μm is not effective for producible oil to flow, and the cut off of porosity and permeability for the net pay are 7% and 0.1 mD, respectively.     

In situ stress field evaluation of deep marine tight sandstone oil reservoir: A case study of Silurian strata in northern Tazhong area,Tarim Basin,NW China

Deep marine tight sandstone oil reservoirs are the subject of considerable research around the world. This type of reservoir is difficult to develop due to its low porosity, low permeability, strong heterogeneity and anisotropy. A marine tight sandstone oil reservoir is present in the Silurian strata in the northern Tazhong area of the Tarim Basin, NW China, at a depth of more than 5000 m. The porosity is between 6% and 8%, and the gas permeability is between 0.1 and 1 × 10⁻³ μm². The features of this type of reservoir include the poor effects of conventional fracturing modifications and horizontal wells, which can lead to stable and low levels of production after staged fracturing. Here, we conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the mechanical properties of the rock and the in situ stress of the target tight sandstones by using numerous mechanical and acoustic property tests, conducing crustal stress analysis and using data from thin section observations. The dispersion correction technique is used to transform velocity at the experimental high frequency (1 MHz) to velocity at the logging frequency (20 kHz). The logging interpretation models of the transverse wave offset time, mechanical parameters and in situ stress are calculated, and each model represents a high precision prediction. Simulating the in situ stress field of the Silurian strata using a three-dimensional finite element method demonstrates that the average error between the simulation result and the measured value is less than 6%. The planar distribution of each principal stress is mainly controlled by the burial depth and fault distribution. By conducting in situ stress orientation analysis for the target layer via the analysis of paleomagnetism, borehole enlargement, fast shear wave orientation and stress field simulation, we show that the direction of the maximum horizontal stress is N45E. In this paper, a typical and successful comprehensive evaluation of the stress field of the deep tight sandstone oil reservoir is provided.     

高分辨率层序地层学对河流相储层薄夹层的识别及其应用

在目前大多数主力油田已进入高含水期的形势下,分析河道砂内部建筑结构,了解剩余油分布规律,保持油田高产稳产已迫在眉睫。通过高分辨率层序地层学理论作为研究的平台,研究储层内部薄夹层的识别,因为储层内部的物性如孔隙度、渗透率、含油饱和度大小以及剩余油的分布与这些泥质薄夹层的空间分布有着很大的关系。利用高分辨率层序地层学理论,探讨薄夹层的成因及其识别,这对精细表征油藏地质特征,研究剩余油形成和分布,进而采取有效的工程措施都具有重要的地质意义。     

东海陆架盆地N气田花港组储层特征及分类评价

东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷古近系花港组储层为典型的低孔、低渗储层。基于大量岩心物性、粒度、薄片、压汞等资料,对N气田目的层储层岩性、物性和孔隙结构特征进行精细评价。结果表明:N气田花港组储层岩性以细砂岩为主,矿物成分构成稳定,以石英为主,黏土含量低,岩性较纯;随着埋藏变深,孔隙变差,粒间孔减少,溶蚀孔增加,孔喉半径减小,连通性变差;局部发育砂砾岩,且渗透率大于细砂岩一个数量级以上,可作为甜点储层开发。基于实验和试油资料统计结果,建立了一套适用于花港组储层的综合分类评价标准,包含孔隙度、渗透率、饱和度和地质特征4类储层重要参数,分类结果特征鲜明,分类依据科学可靠,为该区域低孔、低渗储层勘探开发提供依据。     

基于电缆地层测试的储层产能预测方法研究

通过对电缆地层压力测试资料和采集流体样品的PVT组分分析，提出了电缆地层测试储层产能预测的方法，为部分替代DST测试提供了理论基础。首先，利用曲线拟合方法精确求取地层有效渗透率和表皮系数等产能参数；利用采集流体样品的PVT组分分析，确定原油黏度、体积系数和溶解气油比等流体参数，结合电缆地层测试的产能方程，从而计算出储层的采油指数（PI）或单层日产量。     

苏北盆地白垩系赤山组沉积与储层特征及研究意义

通过石油钻井及野外地质露头等资料，利用薄片资料、扫描电镜资料、岩屑录井资料、孔渗资料及压汞实验分析，对苏北盆地白垩系赤山组沙丘沉积特征、储层岩石学特征、储层孔隙、储层物性等进行了系统的研究。结果表明，沙丘作为沙漠沉积中最重要的亚相类型，以风成沉积为显著特征，具有沉积厚度大、成熟度高、电性特征明显等特点。溶蚀作用是孔隙的主要形成作用，原生孔隙很少，次生孔隙极其发育，是油气的良好储集层。沙丘沉积的研究对于油气的勘探开发具有重要的现实意义。