黄渤海大头鳕群体形态学研究（英文）

使用主成分分析、聚类分析、单因子方差分析和判别分析对采自黄渤海的100尾大头鳕的11个分节特征和24个量度特征进行形态学比较研究。判别分析结果显示三个群体判别正确率为79.2%~100%,其中青岛群体判别正确率为100%,综合判别正确率为88%;主成分分析结果显示前8个主成分解释了81.72%的形态差异,主成分分析散点图显示三个群体间存在较大差异;单因子方差分析结果显示三个群体间存在较多显著差异的形态指标,差异系数显示俚岛和大连群体与青岛群体间存在差异,表明俚岛和大连群体形态较为相近,与青岛群体存在一定差异。     

不同群体江鳕耳石形态的差异性分析

对3个不同群体江鳕矢耳石的形态指标进行统计分析,结果表明江鳕左、右矢耳石的9个测量指标均无显著性差异;单因子方差分析表明3个群体间均有显著性差异的形态指标;逐步判别分析以3个形态指标建立的判别方程,其判别成功率达97.3%,典型判别函数散点图显示3个群体明显分离;主成分分析得出前3个主成分的贡献率分别49.552%、25.679%和12.734%,累积贡献率为87.965%;聚类分析将多布库尔河和布尔津河的江鳕聚为一支,与判别分析的结果一致。因此,耳石形态指标可以作为江鳕群体鉴别的有效工具。     

许氏平鲉群体耳石形态学比较

利用9个耳石形状指标:圆度、形态因子、环率、矩形趋近率、椭圆率、半径比、Feret比、幅形比、面密度对中国近海8个许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)群体共228尾个体的耳石形态进行单因子方差分析、判别分析、主成分分析等多元统计分析,并与傅里叶分析结果进行比较。单因子方差分析结果显示,丹东群体和日照群体的9个指标存在显著差异,荣成群体和胶南、青岛、乳山3个群体分别存在9个指标的显著差异,胶南群体和乳山群体存在9个指标差异不显著(P>0.05);第一主成分和第二主成分解释了约72%的形态差异;9个指标在判别分析中的综合判别正确率为64.9%。傅里叶分析结果显示综合判别正确率为43.8%,较第一种方法降低21.1%,9个主成分指标解释了89.2%的形态差异。多元统计分析及傅里叶分析结果均表明中国近海许氏平鲉群体之间形态差异不显著。     

七带石斑鱼(Epinephelus septemfasciaius)两个野生群体形态差异分析

对2种不同地理种群七带石斑鱼进行14项形态性状的测定,采用2种多元统计分析方法和t-检验方法,比较了2个群体的外部形态特征.t-检验结果表明,2群体在14个性状中有12个性状表现出极其显著差异(P＜0.01),1个性状表现出差异显著(P＜0.05).主成分分析构建了3个反映形态特征信息的综合性指标--主成分1、主成分2和主成分3,三者的贡献率分别为29.873%、25.091%和16.875%.三个主成分的累积贡献率为71.804%,2群体之间存在明显的偏离态势,形成两个不同的类群,2群体在主成分l轴上的差异较在主成分2轴上的差异更为明显,主成分1主要由经t-检验差异指标数量多和差异程度大的性状组成.判别分析表明,2个七带石斑鱼群体的形态差异显著(P＜0.0001),建立了2个群体的判别函数,其判别准确率及综合判别率均为100%,可以认为逐步判别法对七带石斑鱼不同群体的初步鉴定是可行的.差异系数(CD)计算的结果表明,尽管2群体在形态上存在一定的差异,但尚未达到亚种水平.主成分分析、t-检验和判别分析的结论基本上是类似的,它们从不同的角度反映了群体间的形态学差异.     

我国沿海鲻鱼(Mugil cephalus)不同地理群体形态差异研究

运用多变量形态度量学分析方法,对我国沿海的四个鲻鱼群体110个个体的形态变异进行了分析。聚类分析和主成分分析结果表明,位于我国南部沿海的广东湛江群体(ZJ)与福建厦门群体(XM)形态最为接近,位于北部沿海的河北塘沽群体(HB)与山东青岛群体(QD)的形态最为接近;而南、北部群体间的趋异程度较大,有一定程度的形态分化。主成分分析前3个主成分对不同群体间总变异方差的贡献率分别为:50.00%、12.16%、11.10%,累积贡献率为73.25%。主成分分析结果表明,四个鲻鱼群体在形态上的差别很大程度上是由体型的高低、长短引起的,且主要集中在胸部和尾部。判别分析中采用9个不同的变量,分别构建了四个鲻鱼群体的判别公式,判别正确率达到99.1%。     

七带石斑鱼（Epinephelus septemfasciatus）两个野生群体形态差异分析

对2种不同地理种群七带石斑鱼进行14项形态性状的测定，采用2种多元统计分析方法和t-检验方法，比较了2个群体的外部形态特征。t-检验结果表明，2群体在14个性状中有12个性状表现出极其显著差异（P〈0．01），1个性状表现出差异显著（P〈0．05）。主成分分析构建了3个反映形态特征信息的综合性指标—主成分1、主成分2和主成分3，三者的贡献率分别为29．873％、25．091％和16．875％，三个主成分的累积贡献率为71．804％，2群体之间存在明显的偏离态势，形成两个不同的类群，2群体在主成分1轴上的差异较在主成分2轴上的差异更为明显，主成分1主要由经卜检验差异指标数量多和差异程度大的性状组成。判别分析表明，2个七带石斑鱼群体的形态差异显著（P〈0.0001），建立了2个群体的判别函数，其判别准确率及综合判别率均为100％，可以认为逐步判别法对七带石斑鱼不同群体的初步鉴定是可行的。差异系数（C.D）计算的结果表明，尽管2群体在形态上存在一定的差异，但尚未达到亚种水平。主成分分析、t-检验和判别分析的结论基本上是类似的，它们从不同的角度反映了群体间的形态学差异。     

中国沿海梭鱼群体的形态学比较研究

对采自营口、东营、青岛、温州和广州近海的5个梭鱼(Liza haematocheilus)群体、164个个体进行了7个可数性状和33个可量性状的测量,并利用主成分分析、判别分析、单因子方差分析和聚类分析等方法进行了群体间形态差异比较研究。各个群体的分节特征值存在较大程度的交叉,群体间无明显差异,难以作为梭鱼群体划分的依据。对可量性状的主成分分析结果表明,前9个主成分的累积贡献率为79.6%,根据第1和第2主成分绘制的散点图显示,各群体之间有较大程度的重叠;采用对判别贡献较大的8个变量,分别构建了5个梭鱼群体的判别公式,其综合判别准确率达83.5%;在单因子方差分析中,各群体在大多数变量中都存在显著差异(P=0.05),说明梭鱼各个群体间已经出现了一定程度的形态特征差异;聚类分析结果显示,5个群体划分为2大组,但聚类的结果与地理分布不一致,这种现象可能是由梭鱼的形态差异受环境因素的影响大于受地理距离的影响所造成的。     

2种耳石分析法在3种鲽科鱼类中的应用

对形态指标法和傅里叶分析法获取的钝吻黄盖鲽、石鲽、圆斑星鲽3种鲽科鱼类矢耳石数据进行统计分析。两种耳石分析方法的独立样本t检验和单因素方差分析的结果基本一致。形态指标法的主成分分析和判别分析的结果显示:前3个主成分累计贡献率88.377%;3种鲽科鱼类的平均判别成功率是98.1%,典型判别函数散点图显示3种鲽科鱼类分离明显。傅里叶分析法的主成分分析和判别分析的结果表明:前18个主成分累计贡献率93.999%;判别分析的平均判别成功率为100%,比形态指标法高1.9%。研究结果表明耳石的形态指标和傅里叶分析法都是鉴别3种鲽科鱼类的有效手段。     

橄榄蚶三个地理群体的形态差异分析

运用多变量形态度量学分析方法,采用9项生物学形态性状指标比较了中国橄榄蚶(Estellarca oliva-cea)3个地理群体间的形态差异.聚类分析和主成分分析结果表明,浙江三门群体和浙江灵昆群体形态较为接近,江苏通州群体的趋异程度较大.主成分分析构建了两个主成分,第一主成分贡献率为47.73%,第二主成分贡献率为13.56%,累计贡献率为61.29%.贝体凸扁、壳厚和前后端形状等形态性状决定了橄榄蚶不同地理群体的形态差异,其形态变异主要与栖息地水温和底质有关.     

中国沿海管角螺4个自然群体形态差异的比较

运用多变量形态度量学方法,采用7个形态性状对中国北海、温州、湛江、连云港4个管角螺自然群体的形态变异进行分析研究.聚类分析和主成分分析结果表明,北海群体与湛江群体形态最为接近,而温州群体与连云港群体形态差异较大.主成分分析构建了4个主成分,其贡献率:主成分1为42.74%,主成分2为18.23%,主成分3为15.83%,主成分4为11.83%,累计贡献率为88.63%.建立了4个管角螺群体的判别函数,其判别准确率P_1为81.3%～95.6%,判别准确率P_2为75.0%～93.3%,综合判别率为87.3%.3种多元分析结果均认为,4个群体在形态上有一定程度的差异,与地理分布、环境、气候、生物饵料等因子有关,但差异尚未达到亚种水平.     

Relating coral species traits to environmental conditions in the Jakarta Bay/Pulau Seribu reef system, Indonesia

A key question in ecology is how biological traits of species determine their locations within an ecosystem. Identifying associations between species traits and environmental variables can help us to understand the causes of disturbance and predict whether species with given traits will persist under changing environmental conditions. To this end corals and environmental variables were sampled in 20 patch reefs of Pulau Seribu, located to the northwest of Jakarta, Indonesia. RLQ analysis, a multivariate ordination approach was subsequently used to relate species traits (colony shape, colony form, corallite size, reproductive mode and adaptive strategy) to environmental variables (e.g., heavy metal concentration in seawater and sediment, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and the cover of sand, dead coral, algae, sponges and soft corals). Using RLQ analysis, we identified environmental gradients associated with significant variation in species traits. Stress tolerant species with a massive morphology, meandroid shape and large corallites were associated with sites with a high abundance of algae and a relatively high concentration of potentially toxic heavy metals in seawater including Cu and Cd, whereas ruderal species and species with a branching morphology and very small corallites were linked to midshore sites. Competitively dominant species with a laminar or free-living morphology, phaceloid shape, very large corallites and brooding reproductive mode were linked to offshore sites with abundant Ca and Sr in the sediment and a high cover of Halimeda algae and sponges. Results of this study indicate that disturbance has differentially affected the marine environment of the Pulau Seribu system, which in turn interacts with coral species traits to determine local species composition.     

中国沿海常见鲳属鱼类耳石形态研究

本研究采集中国沿海常见五种鲳属鱼类并对其耳石进行系统的多元形态学描述与比较。耳石形态在整体轮廓、边缘以及前部表现出明显的种间差异,展现了耳石形态的种内特异性。随着基因隔离与种间分化,鲳属鱼类耳石也逐渐变薄且基叶、翼叶更为发达。上述观察到的种间耳石形态差异与鱼体本身生活的水层以及温度联系紧密。96.6%的判别成功率也证明鲳属鱼类耳石显著的种间差异,表明形态学方法可以作为鲳属鉴别的有效手段之一。     

The effect of a topographic high on the morphological stability of a two-inlet bay system

The cross-sectional stability of two tidal inlets connecting the same back-barrier lagoon to the ocean is investigated. The condition for equilibrium is the cross-sectional area tidal prism relationship. In an earlier study [Van de Kreeke, J., 1990. Can multiple inlets be stable? Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 30: 261–273.], using the same equilibrium condition, it was concluded that where two inlets connect the same basin to the ocean ultimately one inlet will close. One of the major assumptions in that study was that the water level in the basin fluctuated uniformly. In hindsight this assumption might be too restrictive. For example, in the Wadden Sea the back barrier lagoon consists of a series of basins, rather than one single basin, separated by topographic highs. These topographic highs limit but do not exclude the exchange of water between the sub-basins. For this reason in the present study, a topographic high in the form of a weir was added, separating the back-barrier lagoon in two sub-basins. The water level in the sub-basins, rather than in the back-barrier as a whole, is assumed to fluctuate uniformly. For this schematization the hydrodynamic equations are solved using a finite difference method. The results, together with the equilibrium condition, yield the equilibrium flow curve for each of the inlets. The intersections of the two equilibrium flow curves represent combinations of cross-sectional areas for which both inlets are in equilibrium. The stability of the equilibriums was investigated using a non-linear stability analysis resulting in a flow diagram. Calculations were carried out for different inlet and weir characteristics. Sinussoidal tides were the same for both inlets. The results show that for relatively large wetted cross-sectional areas over the topographic high, approaching the situation of a single basin, there are no combinations of inlet cross-sectional areas for which both inlets are in a stable equilibrium. This supports the conclusion in the earlier study. For relatively small wetted cross-sectional areas over the topographic high there is one set of stable equilibriums. In that case the two-inlet bay system approaches that of two single-inlet bay systems.     

南海3种小型砗磲的外壳形态差异分析

本研究对中国南海3种小型砗磲(Tridacnaspp.)[番红砗磲(Tridacnacrocea,包括2种外壳形态)、长砗磲(Tridacna maxima)和诺亚砗磲(Tridacna noae)]的外壳形态性状进行生物统计学差异分析。研究表明,4组砗磲外壳存在显著形态学差异。单因素方差分析发现9个外壳比例性状能够较好区分3种砗磲,且2种不同外壳形态的番红砗磲在壳宽/壳长、足丝孔宽/壳长、壳质量/壳长和左右壳厚比壳长存在显著性差异(P<0.05);在基于欧氏距离Ward法且指定聚类数k=4的条件下,4组砗磲层次聚类效果较好;主成分分析提取3个主成分建立散点图,累计主成分贡献率73.85%,各主成分贡献率依次为50.47%,13.78%和9.60%;线性判别分析得出3个判别函数,方差解释率依次为70.13%、20.97%和8.90%。3种多元统计方法从不同角度解释各组砗磲的外壳形态差异,结果均显示两组番红砗磲的外壳形态更为接近,同时长砗磲与诺亚砗磲的外壳形态较为接近。     

海冰表面和底层形态的特征相关性分析——以2011年早春拉布拉多海海冰实验数据为例

海冰表面和底层形态的特征相关性分析对海冰分类、气候研究以及海冰厚度估计等方面具有重要作用.目前,海冰底层形态的研究较少,且缺乏海冰表面和底层形态的相关性研究.针对这一问题,本文利用加拿大渔业和海洋局提供的积雪表面粗糙度高度(定义为海冰或积雪表面相对于周围平整表面的高度)、海冰底层轮廓、积雪深度以及海冰厚度数据,采用均方...     

不同精制方法对鱿鱼（Ommastrephes bartrami）墨黑色素的微观形态、光谱特征及金属元素的影响

采用扫描电镜、光谱分析和元素分析法,进行了胃蛋白酶水解法、高速离心法和酸水解法精制的鱿鱼墨黑色素颗粒形态、紫外可见光谱、红外光谱及金属元素含量的研究。结果表明,酸水解法破坏了鱿鱼墨黑色素的颗粒结构;三种不同精制方法所得的鱿鱼墨黑色素在220nm附近均有强吸收。胃蛋白酶水解和酸水解法有效切除黑色素的氨基基团,但酸水解法下...     

棕囊藻的生物学概述 I.形态分类和生理生态学

海洋浮游植物棕囊藻Phaeocystisspp.在自然界常以游离单细胞和由粘胶质包裹的细胞集群体两种细胞形式轮换出现,它在世界各营养丰富的海域中无处不在,并可形成高细胞密度、暴发性繁殖及形成赤潮。rRNA基因研究数据说明,目前全世界海洋分布的Phaeocystisspp.有3个分开种,即Phaeocystispouchetii、Phaeocystisglobosa和Phaeocystisantarctica。棕囊藻奇特的生理学和生态学特征是独一无二的,它复杂的多形态变化生命循环导致海域植物性和海底食物网(如微量元素的生物地球化学)的结构与功能均发生了极大的变化。棕囊藻的生命循环体现了其主要的生态学特征,不同棕囊藻形态的生物化学和营养代谢与细菌,微型、中型和后生浮游动物的作用以及海洋环境中的物理结构均有关。在自然界,棕囊藻的生命循环中最常见和最重要的是它的集群体形态,集群体形态是一个具有整体生物学功能特征的生物实体。棕囊藻在生态系中起到重要作用的关键在于集群体形态在合成糖粘胶质的能力较强。     

Morphodynamic classification of sandy beaches in low energetic marine environment

Morphodynamic classification of beaches has achieved widespread acceptance in both geological and geomorphological literature. In this sense, the present work classifies twelve Mediterranean low energetic beaches according to the dimensionless fall parameter (Ω) parameter in the Island of Mallorca. Propagation of 44 yr of wave data as well as a detailed sediment study allows to provide probabilities for morphodynamical beach state on an annual and seasonal basis. Consequently, beaches in Mallorca fall between three major categories which are (a) truly reflective, (b) reflective skewed to intermediate and (c) intermediate beaches. The Mallorcan beach position in the morphodynamical scheme is close related to the physiographical and geological framework. Comparison of observed values with those obtained in the analysis leads that for gross beach classification there is agreement between predicted and real state. However on a seasonal classification, mainly during summer, there is no agreement between the predicted state and the real one. As the model does not incorporate the role of summer sea breezes, beach reflective states are highlighted. Real beach configurations correspond to more energetic wave dynamic conditions and to intermediate state scenarios.     

Determining the correct identity of South African Marthasterias (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Marthasterias glacialis are found in the cool-temperate waters of the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean, in the subtropical waters of the Mediterranean Sea and along the south-western tip of Africa. The South African Marthasterias population includes two morphotypes, a smooth, spineless rarispina form and a spiny africana form, that have been described as separate species, subspecies, or forma by various authors over the past century. To test whether these two morphotypes represent separate species, and whether either, or both, are conspecific with the North-East Atlantic species, 78 Marthasterias were collected from the Cape Peninsula of South Africa. Morphological comparisons between individuals of the two forms showed no significant clustering of samples, indicating that there is no morphological separation of the two South African forms into distinct groupings. The africana and rarispina forms were also shown to be genetically indistinguishable, using a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1). In addition, the COI sequences were also compared to those from European specimens, and phylogenetic reconstruction and intra- and interspecific levels of divergence suggested that the South African specimens form a single group that is genetically distinct from the European M. glacialis. Although the allopatric distribution, high genetic divergence (more than 3% for the COI fragment) and morphological differences suggest that the South African form should be raised to species status under the name Marthasterias africana, further work must assess an independent genetic marker (nuclear) to support raising the COI clade to species level. True M. glacialis have a spine-armament pattern of a series of three or more regular spine rows down the length of each arm, whereas M. africana are either covered in many irregularly spaced spines, or have an extraordinarily bare surface with only two spine rows per arm. Marthasterias africana may also have an actinal spine simulating the presence of a third inferomarginal spine. This work tentatively resolves the taxonomic dispute, elucidates the separation and amalgamation of the two African forms and suggests a single, uniquely South African Marthasterias species that might be distinct from the north Atlantic M. glacialis, although further analyses to test reproductive isolation between the North-East Atlantic and South African forms are required.