南海冬季环流数值模拟

用已成功地模拟了大尺度环流和黑潮的三维、斜压以及具自由海水表面的数值模式,模拟了冬季南海海流场、温度场和海面高度场。所用网格为０．２５°×０．２５°,垂直方向分为６层：除巴士海峡和台湾海峡外,其它边界假设为封闭;巴士海峡和台湾海峡的边界值用已模拟的大尺度环流值。模拟结果基本上反映了南海冬季环流的特征。枞模拟结果可知,黑潮从巴士海峡南进入南海后,其大部分又从２１°Ｎ以北返回大洋。巴士海峡西侧的气肇型     

南海温跃层基本特征及一维预报模式

根据现有1907—1990年南海大面调查资料,按1°×1°网格进行逐月的标准水层的温度统计。在此基础上采用3次样条函数的插值方法计算出整个南海温跃层的深度、厚度和强度并予以相应分析。分析表明,南海温跃层主要分为两种类型:第一类为辐射型,主要分布在南海北部的陆架区内,季节变化显著;第二类为不同水体叠置型,主要分布在广大深水区,它长年存在,季节变化较小。一种温跃层的一维积分预报模式,该模式是基于忽略热平流作用和水平热扩散的前提下,从局部热平衡方程出发,建立了受海面热收支及风混合作用下求解温度垂直分布及温跃层的时空变化。在南海北部水深约300m处进行了单站温跃层后报,结果表明,温跃层的深度、厚度和强度的相对误差均在30％以下。     

气候平均风场作用下热带太平洋主流系和赤道行星波研究

将两层约化重力原始流体动力方程耦合气候月平均风场,数值计算流场基本能够正反反映带太平洋上层主流系和温跃层的空间分布和季节变化,在气候平均条件下,东太平洋１２５°Ｗ附近经向风应力可激发出高阶混合Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ重力波,海洋高阶赤道Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波流速模态可从西太平洋边界传播到东太平洋边界,而高阶赤道Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波温跃层模态从西太平洋边界东传后,在中太平洋肥到高阶混合Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ重力波诱发的西传温跃层扰动的     

利用卫星测高资料确定全球海洋重力场

详细描述了卫星测高数据的平滑处理、高斯低通滤波、交叉点剩余垂线偏差计算、网格化方法以及根据逆的威宁·曼尼兹公式利用 1DFFT技术反演海域重力异常的解算过程 ,介绍一种确定正常轨道地面轨迹交叉点位置的简便方法 ,导出了海面地形对垂线偏差影响的改正公式以及剩余网格垂线偏差模型值的计算公式。所确定的全球 82°S～ 82°N ,0°～ 36 0°海域 30′× 30′网格平均重力异常与船测平均重力异常比较表明 ,精度达到± 4 .1～± 4 .7毫伽。     

南海简正模态型季节内振荡的数值模拟

本文基于大洋环流数值模式HYCOM对南海季节内振荡进行模拟,并利用CEOF方法对季节内振荡的物理特性进行了分析。结果表明,季节内振荡起源于南海东边界并以5.87cm·s-1向西传播,在南海海盆内存在3个完整波型,波长为360km,周期为71d。季节内振荡引起的流速振幅在表层最大,随着深度的增加迅速减小。Rossby波理论的分析结果表明,该振荡是南海海盆内的简正模态,属于Rossby波的第一斜压模态。     

南海上层水温分布的季节特征

为对南海上层水温分布特征有一总体认识,利用气候平均的1°×1°网格的Levitus资料,分析了南海0－200m层共10个等深面上的季平均温度分布状况。结果表明,南海上层水温分布的季节变化明显,季风和太阳辐射对水温分布有显著影响,四季平均水温分布与平均环流状况对应较好。冬、春两季在吕宋岛西北海域有一冷涡（即吕宋冷涡）,夏、秋季在越南沿岸出现另一冷涡（即越南冷涡）。这两个冷涡均对应着本海区尺度较小的气旋式环流和正的风应力旋度。吕宋冷涡还与黑潮在吕宋海峡的形变有关,越南冷涡则与局地强上升流有联系。     

戈达德大气试验室(GLA)四阶大气环流模式(GCM)预报的一个重力波曳力效应的参数化方案

一、引 言 我们对戈达德大气试验室四阶大气环流模式用2°纬度乘2.5°经度的描述,体会到在使用高的水平分辨率能加强模式在北半球展现的西风偏倚倾向这点上,与其它模式的一批方案如英国(U.K.)气象局(Palmer等,1986)的方案是相似的。可能由于这种偏倚的关系(这种偏倚在典型的高分辨数值预报5—10天后变得明显),4°×5°的预报比2°×2.5°的预报在进入7—8天的预报后更趋向于变得成熟。 帕尔门(Palmer)等人(1986)指出,美国气象局模式中关于用次网格尺度地形性发生的重力波来对平均风曳力进行初始化方案的内容,在上述模式的高分辨方案中可以减弱西风的偏倚。因此,我们开始研究戈达德大气试验室四阶模式中重力波曳力的参数化效应。     

南海海—气热交换的热通量分布

利用１９５１－１９９０年南海船舶报资料，用直接计算法，采用１°×１°网格，计算了南海海域的月平均感热通量和海面（蒸发）潜热通量。结果是：感热通量和海面（蒸发）潜热通量的分布在冬季和夏季有很大的差别，季风对南海海－气热交换有明显的影响。     

南海海－气热交换的热通量分布

利用１９５１—１９９０年南海船舶报资料，用直接计算法，采用１°×１°网格，计算了南海海域的月平均感热通量和海面（蒸发）潜热通量。结果是：感热通量和海面（蒸发）潜热通量的分布在冬季和夏季有很大的差别，季风对南海海－气热交换有明显的影响。     

渤海夏季第一斜压罗斯贝变形半径的计算与分析

利用渤海2006年夏季大面观测的CTD温盐资料,分别运用WKB近似和数值方法计算了渤海夏季第一斜压罗斯贝变形半径和第一斜压重力波相速度。结果显示,两种不同算法得出的斜压罗斯贝变形半径和斜压重力波相速度的分布格局相似,与渤海等深线分布大体一致。数值解法下,在北戴河和长兴岛附近海域,斜压罗斯贝变形半径较大,最大为4.72km,对应的斜压重力波相速度最大为0.44m/s;在莱州湾海域,斜压罗斯贝变形半径较小,最大仅为1.76km,对应的斜压重力波相速度最大为0.16m/s;在渤海中部斜压罗斯贝变形半径和斜压重力波相速度的等值线发生明显弯曲,在靠近渤海海峡内侧出现一个极小值,而与之对应在渤海中部以西出现一个极大值,导致变形半径的等值线呈NE-SW向倾斜的"S"状。渤海夏季第一斜压罗斯贝变形半径在WKB近似下的结果较低于数值解法求出的结果,这主要是因为,WKB近似依赖于浮性频率对水深的积分,适用于浮性频率垂向变化较弱的情况,渤海夏季浮性频率垂向变化较大,WKB近似得出的结果误差较大。     

Three-dimensional numerical model study of the residual current in the South China Sea

A three-dimensional baroclinic shelf sea model is employed to simulate the tidal and non-tidal residual current in the South China Sea. The four most significant constituents, M₂, S₂, K₁ and O₁, are included in the experiments with tidal effect. At most stations, the computed harmonic constants agree well with the observed ones. The circulations of the South China Sea in summer (August) and winter (December) are mainly discussed. It is shown that the barotropic tidal residual current is too weak to affect the South China Sea circulation, whilst the contribution of the baroclinic tidal residual current to the South China Sea circulation would be important in the continental shelf sea areas, especially in the Gulf of Thailand and Gulf of Tonkin. In the deep-sea areas, the upper barotropic or baroclinic tidal residual current is relatively very weak, however, the speed order of the deep baroclinic tidal residual current can be the same as that of the mean current without tidal effect. Moreover, the baroclinic tidal residual current seems to be related to the different seasonal stratification of ocean.     

抛物线型背景流对内孤立波特征和能量影响的数值模拟研究

本文基于南海东北部观测的抛物线型背景流,设计了8种形式的抛物线型背景流,利用IGW模式研究了其对内孤立波(ISW)的特征和能量学的影响。研究结果表明:背景流对波包中ISW数目没有影响,但减小了ISW的相速度;对于下边界在主温跃层附近或在其上的抛物线型背景流,ISW振幅和最大位移深度均增加;随着抛物背景流曲率减小,ISW振幅、斜压与正压能比值减小,同时ISW相速度、正压能、斜压能、KE/APE都增加;如果抛物背景流底部延伸至海底,且曲率减小,则ISW振幅、相速度减小,同时正压能、斜压能、KE/APE增加;在整个深度上的背景流,随着下层曲率减小和上层曲率增大,ISW振幅、相速度、斜压与正压能比值、斜压能、KE/APE均增加。     

Adjustment time of the first baroclinic Rossby wave in the global oceans

1Introduction Planetary waves involve the main processes bywhich perturbation signal in one part of the ocean istransferred to another part.In the1970s,mostof theprevious theoretical studies focus on the local Ekmanpumping and the nondispersive long baroc…     

Effect of stratification on long period trapped waves on the shelf

The effect of stratification on very long-period waves trapped on a straight continental shelf of constant depth is examined for a two-layer model. There are 4 modes in this system. The characteristics of the mode with the largest phase velocity can be approximated by the barotropic mode. The mode corresponding to the barotropic shelf-wave mode is modified by the baroclinic motions significantly, and in the limit of very narrow shelf width, the mode characteristics are transformed from those of the barotropic shelf-wave to the baroclinic Kelvin wave if the long-shore wave length is larger than the internal deformation radius. In this case, the stratification has an apparent effect of increasing phase velocity of barotropic shelf-waves. The remaining two modes are dominated by baroclinic motions with significant contribution from barotropic motions: among which the one has a shelf-wave characteristics for small values of the shelf width and approaches the mode corresponding to the baroclinic Kelvin wave in shallower water for large shelf width and the other is a stationary mode. If the long-shore wave length is much shorter than the internal deformation radius, the motions in the upper and lower layers are decoupled: the surface and bottom modes analogous to those discussed byRhines (1970) appears.If the interface is deeper than the shelf depth, the stationary mode is absent and the characteristics of the third mode approaches those of the baroclinic double Kelvin wave mode as the shelf width increases.     

Wind relaxation as possible cause of the South China Sea Warm Current

Winter appearance of a northeastward warm current off the southern coast of China against gale force winds is well documented but lacks a plausible explanation. Relaxation of northeasterly winds is envisaged here as a possible cause of the South China Sea Warm Current in winter. A three-dimensional circulation model for the South China Sea is first driven to equilibrium by climatological forcings. Thereafter, wind forcing is relaxed from the 15th day of each month for 9 days. In winterlike months from December to April, the wind relaxation invariably triggers a northeastward current of which the location and alongshore span are comparable to that of the observed warm current. This current is driven by the pressure gradient along the northwestern boundary of the South China Sea, sea level being high to the southwest and low to the northeast. The sea level gradient is built up by the monsoon-driven southwestward coastal current along the northwestern boundary and, after wind relaxes, triggers a return current and a sea level drop that expand southwestward from the southern coast of China to the east coast of Vietnam. The current is initially barotropic, becoming increasingly baroclinic in time as warm waters from the south are advected northeastward. The model also suggests that the sea level gradient is present in most of the months of the year, but is not as dramatic as in winter to trigger fundamental changes in the circulation of the South China Sea.     

Generation of internal waves by barotropic tidal flow over a steep ridge

A three-dimensional nonhydrostatic numerical model is used to study the generation of internal waves by the barotropic tidal flow over a steep two-dimensional ridge in an ocean with strong upper-ocean stratification. The process is examined by varying topographic width, amplitude of the barotropic tide, and stratification at three ridge heights. The results show that a large amount of energy is converted from the barotropic tide to the baroclinic wave when the slope parameter, defined as the ratio of the maximum ridge slope to the maximum wave slope, is greater than 1. The energy flux of internal waves can be normalized by the vertical integral of the buoyancy frequency over the ridge depths and the kinetic energy of the barotropic tides in the water column. A relationship between the normalized energy flux and the slope parameter is derived. The normalized energy flux reaches a constant value independent of the slope parameter when the slope parameter is greater than 1.5. It is inferred that internal wave generation is most efficient at the presence of strong upper-ocean stratification over a steep, tall ridge. In the Luzon Strait, the strength of the shallow thermocline and the location of the Kuroshio front could affect generation of internal solitary waves in the northern South China Sea.     

Internal solitary waves in the East China Sea

A European Space Agency＇ s ENVISAT advanced synthetic aperture radar （ASAR） image covering Zhejiang coastal water in the East China Sea （ECS） was acquired on 1 August 2007. This image shows that there are about 20 coherent internal solitary wave （ISW） packets propagating southwestward toward Zhejiang coast. These ISW packets are separated by about 10 kin, suggesting that these ISWs are tide-generated waves. Each ISW packet contains 5-15 wave crests. The wavelengths of the wave crests within the ISW packets are about 300 m. The lengths of the leading wave crests are about 50 km. The ISW amplitude is estimated from solving KdV equation in an ideal two-layer ocean model. It is found that the ISW amplitudes is about 8 m. Further analysis of the ASAR image and ocean stratification profiles show that the observed ISWs are depression waves. Analyzing the tidal current finds that these waves are locally generated. The wavelength and amplitude of the ECS ISW are much smaller than their counter- parts in the South China Sea （SCS）. The propagation speed of the ECS ISW is also an order of magnitude smaller than that of the SCS ISW. The observed ISWs in the ECS happened during a spring tide period.     

A new method to estimate phase speed and vertical velocity of internal solitary waves in the South China Sea

A new method of estimating the phase speed and vertical velocity of internal solitary waves (ISW) based on dynamic governing equations using Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) data was developed. This method was applied to a representative ISW case, which was captured in the South China Sea in the 2007 summer experiment. The result shows that this ISW had a phase speed of approximately 2.6?m?s^?1. This method provides an excellent alternative in estimating the phase speed of ISWs, especially useful in the absence of vertical stratification needed in solving the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV)-type equation, e.g., long-term mooring observation. Analyses show that the new method is fairly self-consistent, and it can be applied when only a part of the ISW observations is available. The computed vertical velocity of the ISW using the new method has a good agreement with the ADCP observations both in magnitude and pattern.     

Behavior of warm water flowing into a cold ocean

Behavior of warm water flowing into a model ocean with flat bottom filled with cold water is investigated numerically with a three-dimensional level model in a rotating system.The warm water which flows through the southern opening into the ocean is found to progress in two directions. The east front of the warm water progresses along the east coast and reaches the northern opening. And an eastern boundary current associated with this density structure is formed. The west front progresses along the west coast with the speed much less than that of the eastside front. However, the progression of the west front slows down remarkably half way between the southern and northern boundaries due to-effect, and a baroclinic western boundary current system is formed. Unstable waves whose scales are 200–400 km are found in the region of the eastern boundary current and propagate toward the west. These waves seem to be caused by the baroclinic instability.The boundary currents obtained in the present model are considered to represent some characteristics of the Tsushima Current system in the Japan Sea.     

一个考虑潮汐、中尺度涡和地形影响的南海底部环流诊断模型

本文构造了一个考虑潮汐、中尺度涡和地形影响下的南海底部环流诊断模型。在该模型中,潮汐混合和涡致混合引起的垂直速率用一个类似的改进参数化方案来表示。该模型结果显示在南海深层吕宋海峡"深水瀑布"和斜压影响最大,潮汐作用和中尺度涡影响次之,风场的影响最小。斜压影响的整体效应与其他因素相反。潮汐混合与涡致混合具有明显的地形依赖性。潮汐混合主要集中在南海北部海盆地形较为陡峭的陆坡区和南海中部海山区,而涡致混合主要集中在海盆西边界区以及中部海山区。在不考虑吕宋海峡"深水瀑布"、潮汐和中尺度涡的情况下(对应吕宋海峡关闭),南海底部环流为反气旋式环流。考虑吕宋海峡"深水瀑布"后,南海底层环流为气旋式环流,而潮汐混合和涡致混合起到加强整个气旋式环流强度的作用。此外,该模型还给出了南海底部环流量级大小与地形坡度之间的密切关系,即地形坡度较大的地方,其流速也大。这对于现场观测有着一定的参考意义。最后,本文用尺度分析的方法从理论上分析了该模型的适用性,证实了该模型具有一定的可靠性。