南海北部大陆坡区斜压海流的垂向结构

对南海北部陆坡区一定点站连续28.6d的27个等间隔水层(11,15,…,115m)的ADCP海流观测资料进行正压海流、斜压海流分解, 运用调和分析、功率谱分析和能量计算等方法着重对观测点各水层的斜压海流的时间序列进行研究.得到如下结果:(1)斜压海流向岸分量平均值、斜压海流两分量样本标准差、斜压海流K1分潮流振幅、斜压海流的平均涡动动能以及斜压海流向岸分量功率谱显著的谱峰值的垂向分布均随深度的增加由大变小再变大.(2)斜压海流的日周期显著, 斜压海流的日分潮流的椭圆长轴方向偏NW-SE向, 日分潮流作顺时针方向旋转;斜压海流的日分潮流迟角的垂向分布是:约以67m为界,界面附近水层的迟角变化较大,远离界面的水层的迟角分布较稳定,界面上、下水体的迟角反向;67m层以浅水层, 相对集中在300°附近,67m以深水层,主要分布在120°周围.(3)斜压海流的平均涡动动能较大,约占实测海流平均动能的41%,其向岸分量大于沿岸分量, 且其大小与日分潮流椭圆的长短轴分布相对应.(4)斜压海流功率谱峰值显著周期在24h左右;19与99m层相同,为23.6h,55m层为24.4h;斜压海流向岸分量与沿岸分量功率谱的显著谱峰值的垂向分布有所不同, 前者随深度增加由大变小再变大,后者则随深度增加而减小.     

地形斜坡对东海黑潮陆架坡折锋稳定性影响研究

为了研究地形斜坡对东海黑潮陆架坡折锋稳定性的影响,利用简化的线性原始方程,在一定背景流的情况下,主要从增长率、相速度、空间结构和能量方面分析海底地形斜坡变化对坡折锋稳定性的影响。模式结果表明,平底地形时,扰动的强度大且扰动区域广,但有地形斜坡时,扰动区域变窄,强度变弱,地形对坡折锋起稳定性作用。通过能量分析得出东海黑潮陆架坡折锋是正压和斜压的混合不稳定,其中斜压不稳定占主导地位。实验分析得出,地形对东海黑潮陆架坡折锋起稳定作用,斜坡增大,斜压不稳定和正压不稳定均减弱,斜压不稳定减弱更明显。     

孟加拉湾海域背景流–中尺度涡–高频扰动之间的相互作用

基于一套涡分辨模式数据,本文利用一种新的泛函工具—多尺度子空间变换—将孟加拉湾（BOB）海域的环流系统分解到背景流（>96 d）、中尺度（24～96 d）和高频尺度（<24 d）3个子空间,并用正则传输理论探讨了3个尺度子空间之间内在的非线性相互作用。结果表明,BOB西北部边界和斯里兰卡岛东部是BOB海域多尺度相互作用最显著的区域,中部则较弱。前两个区域的背景流大多正压、斜压不稳定,动能和有效位能正则传输主要表现为正向级串;后者则以逆尺度动能级串为主。具体来说,在BOB西北部与斯里兰卡东部,中尺度涡动能（EKE）主要来源于正压能量路径（即背景流动能向EKE传输）,其次来源于斜压能量路径（即背景流有效位能向中尺度有效位能传输,并进一步转换为EKE）。通过这两个能量路径得到的EKE向更高频的扰动传输能量,起到了耗散中尺度涡的作用。不同于此二者,BOB中部海域的EKE和高频尺度动能主要通过斜压路径获得,随后通过逆尺度级串将动能返还给背景流。苏门答腊岛的西北部也是中尺度和高频尺度扰动较强的海域,正压能量路径和斜压能量路径均是该海域扰动能的来源,但以斜压能量路径为主。     

海翼水下滑翔机测流应用

水下滑翔机其通过集成生物、化学、物理传感器可以测量如温度、盐度、溶解氧等多种海洋基础水文要素,其利用卫星定位系统获得实际出水速度和理论出水模型获得理论出水速度之差可以计算深度平均流,。本文利用海翼水下滑翔机获得温盐场及卫星定位数据评估深度平均流,结果显示利用温盐场获得深度平均地转流与水下滑翔机获得深度平均流相关系数0.95,表明其流场的一致性,同时根据船载观测ADCP误差分析法估算深度平均流误差约为0.036 m/s。借助深度平均流可以估算绝对地转流,包括正压地转流和斜压地转流。在零动力面的假设下,我们选取了海翼号水下滑翔机在南海的一组实验对流量误差进行了评估。该实验为2019年1月3日-2月16日海翼号水下滑翔机自南向北穿越西沙群岛附近一个中尺度涡观测。观测结果表明,该中尺度涡为冷涡流核,在涡心以南,绝对地转流为东向流,最大流速约为0.48 m/s;涡心以北,绝对地转流为西向流,最大流速约为0.47 m/s,稍弱于南侧。受不均匀时空观测计划影响,本文未对流量做出估计。     

全南海内潮生成与传播的数值模拟研究

利用边界八分潮驱动的MITgcm模式,对整个南海海区的内潮进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明:在吕宋海峡出现因内潮引起的强烈等密面起伏,其振幅可以达到30m;在西沙群岛西侧海域和南海南部陆架、陆坡坡折处也出现因内潮引起的小振幅等密面起伏,振幅可达到10m以上,这表明该两处海域也是南海内潮的可能源地。通过断面分析,验证了西沙群岛西侧海域和南海南部陆架、陆坡坡折处均有内潮射线产生。内潮能通量的分析表明,吕宋海峡处大潮期间东传的平均斜压潮能功率为11.4GW,西传的斜压潮能功率为14.6GW;在西沙群岛西侧海域,东南方向传播的斜压潮能功率为0.28GW,西北方向传播的斜压潮能功率为0.08GW;在西沙群岛西侧海域和南海南部陆架、陆坡坡折处海域的斜压潮能通量的量级可达20kW/m。在南海南部陆架、陆坡坡折处海域,东北方向传播的内潮能通量为0.54GW。通过分析上述三个典型海域内潮能通量的时间序列发现,第一模态内潮在吕宋海峡的传播相速度可达3.1m/s,在南海中部的传播速度可达2.2m/s;在上述三处内潮源地均有高模态内潮产生。     

南黄海非线性内波的数值模拟研究(2)——内潮的非线性演变

在本工作的先行部分的基础上,本文中考虑第一模态半日内潮波分别从A站位(34°4′N,125°6′E)和B站位(36°34′N,123°51′E)向西、西南和西北方向的反射和非线性演变过程,使用的数学物理模型为适用于连续层化海洋并且考虑背景正压落潮流与涨潮流不同作用的一般化的KdV模型(简称之为GKdV模型)。模拟结果表明,南黄海的内孤立波集中分布于南黄海的南部,而在其北部极少出现内孤立波的主要原因是在南黄海的南部存在较强的背景斜压环流和很强的背景正压潮流,而且在涨潮时段(相对于朝鲜半岛的西海岸而言)背景斜压环流和背景正压潮流的方向基本相同,而在南黄海的北部这2种背景流都很弱。另外,由于出现高达0.75 m/s的正压潮流,自A站位向西北方向传播的半日内潮波处于不稳定状态。     

南海吕宋海峡21°N附近多潜标观测的上层海流

为了了解潮流从西北太平洋经吕宋海峡进入南海内的变化及其垂向结构,本文利用在吕宋海峡附近沿东西方向布放的多套潜标同步获得的高分辨率ADCP长时间连续观测上层海流资料,使用调和分析方法将实测海流分解成3部分:不随时间变化的定常流、周期性潮流和剩余流,并将潮流分解为正压潮流和斜压潮流。通过对实测海流中各组分的分析,得到以下结论:该区域潮流类型在不同深度上有明显变化;M2潮自吕宋海峡传入南海后强度显著减弱75%左右,K1、O1分潮在上层强度减弱约三分之一。从垂向变化来看,在潮流强度上,各站点垂直方向上潮流强度均发生变化。从方向上看,各分潮潮流椭圆东西向特征明显,长轴变化较大,短轴(南北向特征)垂向变化不显著;潮流运动主要沿逆时针方向,垂直方向上潮流明显减弱或增强时会发生转向。斜压潮流主要集中在上表层,100m左右以下随深度逐渐减弱。东西方向斜压潮流能量比正压潮流强,而南北向的流比较稳定,且斜压潮流能量远小于正压潮流。定常流强度在各站点呈现相似的变化趋势,随深度变化减弱。     

南海简正模态型季节内振荡的数值模拟

本文基于大洋环流数值模式HYCOM对南海季节内振荡进行模拟,并利用CEOF方法对季节内振荡的物理特性进行了分析。结果表明,季节内振荡起源于南海东边界并以5.87cm·s-1向西传播,在南海海盆内存在3个完整波型,波长为360km,周期为71d。季节内振荡引起的流速振幅在表层最大,随着深度的增加迅速减小。Rossby波理论的分析结果表明,该振荡是南海海盆内的简正模态,属于Rossby波的第一斜压模态。     

渤海夏季第一斜压罗斯贝变形半径的计算与分析

利用渤海2006年夏季大面观测的CTD温盐资料,分别运用WKB近似和数值方法计算了渤海夏季第一斜压罗斯贝变形半径和第一斜压重力波相速度。结果显示,两种不同算法得出的斜压罗斯贝变形半径和斜压重力波相速度的分布格局相似,与渤海等深线分布大体一致。数值解法下,在北戴河和长兴岛附近海域,斜压罗斯贝变形半径较大,最大为4.72km,对应的斜压重力波相速度最大为0.44m/s;在莱州湾海域,斜压罗斯贝变形半径较小,最大仅为1.76km,对应的斜压重力波相速度最大为0.16m/s;在渤海中部斜压罗斯贝变形半径和斜压重力波相速度的等值线发生明显弯曲,在靠近渤海海峡内侧出现一个极小值,而与之对应在渤海中部以西出现一个极大值,导致变形半径的等值线呈NE-SW向倾斜的"S"状。渤海夏季第一斜压罗斯贝变形半径在WKB近似下的结果较低于数值解法求出的结果,这主要是因为,WKB近似依赖于浮性频率对水深的积分,适用于浮性频率垂向变化较弱的情况,渤海夏季浮性频率垂向变化较大,WKB近似得出的结果误差较大。     

线驱动自主巡游机器人设计及试验研究

设计了一种拉线机构驱动的仿鱼型自主巡游机器人,阐述了其机械结构、电路系统及控制算法的设计方案,同时开展开敞水域试验对其游动性能进行研究。研究表明,在直行及转弯试验中,当摆尾频率相同时,随着尾鳍摆动幅度的增加,机器鱼的游动速度上升;当尾鳍摆动幅度相同时,随着摆尾频率的增加,机器鱼游动速度先升后降,且在0.60 Hz附近时达到峰值;在目标角度转向试验中,当摆尾频率及目标角度相同时,随着尾鳍摆动幅度的增加,机器鱼的角度响应时间逐渐减小;当尾鳍摆动幅度及目标角度相同时,随着摆尾频率的增加,角度响应时间先降后升;当摆尾频率及摆动幅度相同时,目标角度的增加会使得角度响应时间呈上升趋势。研究成果验证了该机器鱼平台的可靠性,为将来进一步理论研究及实际应用提供了一定的参考。     

Effects of westward shoaling pycnocline on characteristics and energetics of internal solitary wave in the Luzon Strait by numerical simulations

An internal gravity wave model was employed to simulate the generation of internal solitary waves(ISWs) over a sill by tidal flows. A westward shoaling pycnocline parameterization scheme derived from a three-parameter model was adopted, and then 14 numerical experiments were designed to investigate the influence of the pycnocline thickness, density difference across the pycnocline, westward shoaling isopycnal slope angle and pycnocline depth on the ISWs. When the pycnocline thickness on both sides of the sill increases, the total barotropic kinetic energy, total baroclinic energy and ratio of baroclinic kinetic energy(KE) to available potential energy(APE) decrease, whilst the depth of isopycnal undergoing maximum displacement and ratio of baroclinic energy to barotropic energy increase. When the density difference on both sides of the sill decreases synchronously, the total barotropic kinetic energy, ratio of baroclinic energy to barotropic energy and total baroclinic energy decrease, whilst the depth of isopycnal undergoing maximum displacement increases. When the westward shoaling isopycnal slope angle increases, the total baroclinic energy increases whilst the depth of turning point almost remains unchanged. When the depth of westward shoaling pycnocline on both sides of the sill reduces, the ratio of baroclinic energy to barotropic energy and total baroclinic energy decrease, whilst the total barotropic kinetic energy and ratio of KE to APE increase. When one of the above four different influencing factors was increased by 10% while the other factors keep unchanged, the amplitude of the leading soliton in ISW Packet A was decreased by 2.80%, 7.47%, 3.21% and 6.42% respectively. The density difference across the pycnocline and the pycnocline depth are the two most important factors in affecting the characteristics and energetics of ISWs.     

一个典型南海北部第二模态内孤立波的观测分析

第二模态内孤立波在海洋中极少被观测到。本文基于潜标高时空分辨率观测数据,对南海北部陆架区的一个典型第二模态内孤立波进行了分析。结果表明,该第二模态内孤立波的流核出现在135 m深度处,其最大水平流速为0.66 m/s,传播方向为西偏北58°。沿传播方向的内孤立波流速分布在80～170 m的深度范围内,而与传播方向相反的逆流出现在海表和海底附近。垂向模态分析表明,该第二模态内孤立波水平流速的垂向结构与理论结果吻合良好。能量计算结果显示其动能密度的垂向积分可达14 kJ/m2,而波峰线方向单位长度上的动能估算值为5.98 MJ/m。尽管该第二模态内孤立波的动能比陆架区第一模态内孤立波小1个量级,但其高达0.045 s-1的流速垂向剪切约为典型第一模态内孤立波的2倍,表明其导致的混合可能更强。     

Height-season structure of the available potential energy and kinetic energy in the lower and middle atmosphere

The distributions of kinetic energy (KE) and available potential energy (APE) in the lower and middle atmosphere of the Northern and Southern hemispheres over the period 1992–2003 are investigated. Annual mean values of the amplitude and phase of annual and semiannual oscillations in the zonal and eddy forms of KE and APE are calculated in the height range 0–55 km (1000–0.316 hPa) for the 21st layer. A clearly pronounced annual cycle of the zonal and eddy components of KE and APE with maxima in the winter season are observed in the troposphere of both hemispheres. In the lower stratosphere, the annual-cycle maximum is shifted toward the summer season because of the meridional gradient of the zonal mean temperature. In the stratosphere of both hemispheres, along with annual oscillations, semiannual oscillations are present in all forms of energy. The intensity of these oscillations for the zonal KE and APE at the upper-stratosphere heights is comparable to the intensity of annual oscillations. A local structure of the energy regime of the upper mesosphere-lower thermosphere is investigated against the background of the global energy regime from the data of meteor sounding in Kazan. It is shown that, for both the global and regional regimes, specific features of the phase profiles of energy characteristics can be explained by the presence of barriers during the propagation of wave disturbances along the vertical.     

黑潮延伸体上游中尺度涡场的年代际振荡及其相关机制

黑潮延伸体上游区域的中尺度涡场的涡动能和涡特征尺度存在显著地年代际振荡,和黑潮延伸体路径的年代际变化有很好的相关性。当黑潮延伸体路径比较稳定时,其上游区域涡动能比较高,涡特征尺度比较大,反之相反。通过对黑潮延伸体上游区域的中尺度涡场进行集合分析发现:当黑潮延伸体处于稳定状态时,上游涡场几乎是各向均匀地,有轻微的径向伸长;而当黑潮延伸体处于不稳定状态时,上游的中尺度涡场有显著地纬向伸长。对与中尺度涡场的产生相关的线性斜压不稳定和正压不稳定进行了计算分析,结果显示,线性斜压不稳定不是控制中尺度涡场年代际变化的机制,而正压不稳定对中尺度涡场的年代际变化有积极的贡献。不稳定产生的中尺度涡之间存在非线性涡-涡相互作用。     

青岛外海潮致第二模内孤立波的观测研究

根据在青岛附近海域开展的现场观测数据介绍了一种可能的新的第二模内孤立波的产生机制。温度链观测数据显示在2 h内孤立波特征由显著的第一模内孤立波变为了显著的第二模内孤立波。所观测到的第二模内孤立波的波面起伏和它的垂直结构同KdV(Korteweg-de Vries)方程的理论结果吻合良好,对应涨潮引起的内波非线性系数、频散系数以及Ursell数的变化和第二模内孤立波的产生相匹配。这些结果表明,所观测到的第二模内孤立波可能是由于涨潮导致的局地层结快速变化引起的。进一步分析表明,局地层结快速变化可能由潮汐推动黄海冷水团边缘锋面移动引起。     

Internal solitary waves in the East China Sea

A European Space Agency＇ s ENVISAT advanced synthetic aperture radar （ASAR） image covering Zhejiang coastal water in the East China Sea （ECS） was acquired on 1 August 2007. This image shows that there are about 20 coherent internal solitary wave （ISW） packets propagating southwestward toward Zhejiang coast. These ISW packets are separated by about 10 kin, suggesting that these ISWs are tide-generated waves. Each ISW packet contains 5-15 wave crests. The wavelengths of the wave crests within the ISW packets are about 300 m. The lengths of the leading wave crests are about 50 km. The ISW amplitude is estimated from solving KdV equation in an ideal two-layer ocean model. It is found that the ISW amplitudes is about 8 m. Further analysis of the ASAR image and ocean stratification profiles show that the observed ISWs are depression waves. Analyzing the tidal current finds that these waves are locally generated. The wavelength and amplitude of the ECS ISW are much smaller than their counter- parts in the South China Sea （SCS）. The propagation speed of the ECS ISW is also an order of magnitude smaller than that of the SCS ISW. The observed ISWs in the ECS happened during a spring tide period.     

Monthly variation of some parameters about internal solitary waves in the South China sea

In this paper, by non-dimensional analysis, it is found that finite-depth theory is more appropriate to the study of internal solitary waves (ISWs) in the South China Sea (SCS) than shallow-water theory. The 1-degree grid data of monthly mean temperature and salinity data at standard levels in the SCS are used to solve the linearized vertical eigenvalue problem. The nonlinear parameter and the wave phase speed are computed, then the nonlinear phase speed and the characteristic half-width of ISWs are calculated respectively by two different theories to investigate the difference between these two parameters in the SCS. The nonlinearity is the strongest near the continental slope of the SCS or islands where the bottom topography changes sharply, it is stronger in summer than that in winter; it increases (decreases) as pycnocline depth deepens (shallows), stratification strengthens (weakens) and pycnocline thickness thins (thickens). The nonlinear wave phase speed and the characteristic half-width are the largest in deep sea area, they then reduce peripherally in shallower water. The nonlinear wave phase speed in the SCS changes slightly with time, but the characteristic half-width changes somewhat larger with time. In most of the SCS basin, the nonlinear wave phase speed derived from shallow-water theory is very close to that derived from finite-depth theory, but the characteristic half-width derived from shallow-water theory is about 0.2–0.6 times larger than that derived from finite-depth theory. The ISW induced horizontal current velocity derived from shallow-water theory is larger than that derived from finite-depth theory. Some observed and numerical modeled ISW characteristic half-widths are compared with those derived from shallow-water and finite-depth theories, respectively. It is shown that, the characteristic half-widths derived from finite-depth theory agree better with observational and numerical modeled results than those derived from shallow-water theory in most cases, finite-depth theory is more applicable to the estimation of ISW characteristic half-widths in the northern SCS. It is also suggested that, to derive the precise ISW parameters in further study, the physical non-dimensional ratios which are related with ISW characteristic half-width, amplitude, thermocline and water depths should be calculated, so that an appropriate theory can be chosen for estimation.     

海洋内孤立波预警监测识别技术及其在流花16-2油田群开发中的应用

我国南海内孤立波发生频繁,由于其振幅大、流速强、能量集中等特点,已成为深海油气开发海上安装工程必须考虑的重大风险之一。依托现场守护船,提出一种内波流结构单体式监测、识别技术,采用KdV方程实现内波流预警,并成功应用于流花16-2油田群开发项目海管管线终端(PLET)安装、浮式生产储卸油装置(FPSO)锚系及水下管缆回接、空气潜水等高风险作业的内波流预警安全保障中,同时基于此次内波流预警监测结果对该海域的内波生成源和生成机制进行了探讨。应用期间采用该技术共监测、识别并发布内波预警450次。应用结果表明,约93%的内波预警时刻误差在10 min以内,平均误差为±3.90 min。统计分析结果表明,该海域的内孤立波主要来源于巴士海峡而非局地的潮地相互作用,大致可以分为两类:一类是直接产生于巴士海峡,西传至该海域;另一类是局地产生,主要是由巴士海峡产生的内波西传至陆坡浅化分裂生成或是由巴士海峡产生的内潮西传至陆坡由于非线性变陡机制产生。该内波流监测技术在流花16-2油田群开发项目的成功应用,可为南海其他类似项目提供直接的借鉴。     

A 2D-numerical modeling of the generation and propagation of internal solitary waves in the Luzon Strait

The wide presence of internal solitary waves (ISWs) in the northern South China Sea (SCS) has been confirmed by both Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images and in situ observations. These ISWs are believed being generated over the varying topography in the Luzon Strait. They typically propagate westwards into the SCS with a diurnal or semidiurnal period. Their generation sites are, however, not yet solidly identified. To obtain a clear picture of the ISWs, we designed numerical experiments to analyze the generation and propagation of the ISWs in the Luzon Strait using a 2-dimensional non-hydrostatic model. The model current is forced by barotropic or baroclinic currents imposed at open boundaries. The experiments show that the tidal current serves as a kind of triggering force for the ISWs over the submarine ridges in the strait. Under the forcing of tidal currents, depressions are formed near the ridges. The ISWs then split from the depressions through a process different from lee-wave generation mechanism. The appearance of the ISWs is influenced by the strength and period of the forcing current:the ISWs are more likely to be generated by a stronger tidal current. That is why the ISWs in the Luzon Strait are frequently observed during spring tide. Compared with diurnal tidal current, the ISWs generated by semidiurnal tidal current with the same amplitude is much more energetic. It is partly because that the wave beams in diurnal frequency have a larger angle with the vertical direction, thus are more likely to be reflected by the topography slope. The impact of the Kuroshio to the ISWs is also analyzed by adding a vertical uniform or shear current at boundaries. A vertically uniform current may generate ISWs directly. On the other hand, a vertically shear current, which is more realistic to represent the Kuroshio branch, seems to have little influence on the generation process and radiating direction of the ISWs in the Luzon Strait.