云南马关新生代地幔包体中橄榄石的显微构造及其反映的上地幔物理状态特征

利用氧化缀饰法研究了云南马关新生代地幔尖晶石二辉橄榄岩包体中橄榄石的位错构造。其位错构造种类多样、形态各异,主要包括(100)和(001)位错壁、亚颗粒构造、位错网格、{100}滑动条带构造等,表明该区上地幔岩具高温高应变和低温高应变特征。包体形成的温度T为1016—1098℃,压力P为18.3×108—20.6×108Pa。马关上地幔温压状态具有大洋地幔地温特征,热流值达85mW·m-2。上地幔的流动应力σ为27.9—59.7MPa,流动速率ε为1.37×10-18—2.17×10-16s-1,等效粘滞度η为9.18×1022—6.92×1024Pa·s。该区上地幔的高流动应力、高热状态和裂谷带型的流动速率、等效粘滞度特征,可能与16MaB.P.以来区域性东西向伸展作用有关。     

蓬莱新生代玄武岩中的单斜辉石巨晶及深源包体的矿物化学

利用电子探针分析蓬莱新生代玄武岩中的单斜辉石巨晶及尖晶石二辉橄榄岩包体中的主要造岩矿物(单斜辉石、斜方辉石、橄榄石和尖晶石)的化学组成。利用单斜辉石地质温压计和二辉石地质温度计计算了尖晶石二辉橄榄岩包体的平衡温度和压力,计算表明它们来自于上地幔的不同深度,同时推测本区上地幔内存在化学组成的分带性。     

马里亚纳南部前弧橄榄岩的岩石及矿物学:对弧下地幔楔交代作用的指示

描述了来自马里亚纳南部前弧的橄榄岩,并对其中的组成矿物进行了电子探针分析,结果显示来自马里亚纳南部前弧橄榄岩中普遍含角闪石,这些角闪石主要为镁角闪石—透闪石系列,其中Al2O3含量变化范围大约为0-10%。橄榄岩中尖晶石的化学组成变化规律与角闪石的出现及其成分有着较好的耦合关系:出现富Al2O3角闪石的橄榄岩中的尖晶石富Al贫Cr;贫Al2O3角闪石大量出现的橄榄岩中尖晶石相对贫Al富Fe3 。这暗示马里亚纳弧下地幔楔橄榄岩经历了两期比较明显的交代作用:①早期较高温压条件下富Al和Ca的含水流体(熔体)的交代作用,消耗斜方辉石,形成富Al2O3角闪石,并引起尖晶石的富Al贫Cr的成分演化;②晚期较低温压条件下富Ca的含水流体(熔体)的交代作用,继续交代残余的斜方辉石,形成贫Al2O3角闪石,并使尖晶石发生富Fe3 贫Al。     

大别山混杂岩带中的石榴石

本文利用X粉晶、电子探针和仪器中子活化等手段,对大别山混杂岩带中榴辉岩及伴生石榴石橄榄岩中的18个石榴石作了研究。研究表明,石榴石的成份为连续过渡变化,其晶胞参数与Ca~(2+)有正相关关系,其镁铝榴石端员组分为17～63%,与全岩的Mg/比值呈线性正相关关系。稀土元素球粒陨石标准化模式为重稀土富集型,正铕异常。稀土元素的总量较低,为9～29ppm。推测:榴辉岩和石榴石橄榄岩为同一来源的基性岩浆分异后,在地慢与地壳之间(壳幔边界层)发生深成变质作用而形成。     

察尔汗盐湖S4层晶间卤水的粘滞性

1991年 9月— 1 994年 1 2月 ,经 3年半的粘度测知 ,0 5m水深处 ,察尔汗盐湖晶间卤水运动粘滞系数多年平均值为 3 0 68× 1 0 - 2 cm2 /s;3 0m水深处 ,多年平均值为 3 32 4×1 0 - 2 cm2 /s;6 0m水深处 ,多年平均值为 4 0 94× 1 0 - 2 cm2 /s;9 0m水深处 ,多年平均值为5 71 7× 1 0 - 2 cm2 /s;1 2m水深处 ,多年平均值为 5 2 0 7× 1 0 - 2 cm2 /s。从 1 991年 9月— 1 994年 1 2月 ,各卤水深处卤水运动粘滞系数不论是年均值还是月均值均随时间推移而逐渐减小。1 992年 3月— 1 994年 1 2月期间 ,多年来 ,3月份卤水运动粘滞系数为 3 473× 1 0 - 2 cm2 /s,6月份为 3 390× 1 0 - 2 cm2 /s,9月份为 3 496× 1 0 - 2 cm2 /s,1 2月份为 2 576× 1 0 - 2 cm2 /s。由此看出 ,9、3、6月份的值较高 ,1 2月份的较低。晶间卤水运动粘滞系数 (v)等值线基本上是南北走向分布 ,即自东而西减小 ,首采区v值较低 ;表层卤水粘滞系数小 ,深部卤水粘滞系数较大。从 1 991年 9月— 1 992年 1 2月 ,各年份卤水运动粘滞系数的平均值均随卤水深度增加而增加。卤水的粘度系数除与温度及不同种类盐的溶液有关外 ,在察尔汗这种多种盐类组成的卤水中 ,其卤水的运动粘滞系数比重在 1 2 0— 1 30范围内时 ,与比重及镁含量呈好的     

冲绳海槽碱性玄武岩浆的起源及演化

利用电子探针对冲绳海槽133站位玄武岩的斑晶矿物、基质以及斑晶矿物中关晶石包体和岩浆包裹体作了化学主成分分析,结果表明,该站位玄武岩属橄榄玄武岩,岩石中斑晶矿物由培长石、普通辉石、贵橄榄石和磁铁矿组成,尚见有少量外来的脉石英碎块,基质成分由拉长石微晶和玻璃组成。培长石和贵橄榄石中含有玻璃质岩浆包裹体和铬镁尖晶石或铬镁铁尖晶石包体。尖晶石的化学成分证明它是地幔部分熔融成因的。岩浆包裹体代表了一种原生的碱性橄榄玄武岩浆,其化学成分相当于橄榄辉长岩。该站位的玄武岩浆起源于上地幔尖晶二辉橄榄岩的部分熔融,并沿着“碱性橄榄玄武岩浆-粗面玄武岩浆-玄武质粗面岩浆-粗面岩浆”方向演化,每一阶段的岩浆在上升过程中都不同程度地受到地壳物质的同化和混染作用。     

南海西沙海槽地壳结构的海底地震仪探测与研究

利用中德合作在南海西沙海槽首次获得的海底地震仪探测数据 ,通过震相分析和走时模拟 ,研究了该区的纵波速度模型和地壳结构特征。结果显示 ,新生代沉积层厚 1— 4km ,其下的地壳纵波速度从 5.5km·s- 1 向下逐渐增加到 6.8km·s- 1 ,下地壳未见有明显的高速层 ,地壳厚度在剖面两侧为 2 5km ,向中部逐渐减薄至 8km ,莫霍面在剖面中部上隆 ,其速度反差强烈 ,从地壳底部的 6.8km·s- 1 跳跃到上地幔顶部的 8.0km·s- 1 。这一地壳结构反映出新生代拉张裂谷的特征 ,海槽两侧地壳结构相似 ,南北呈对称分布 ,没有或很少下地壳底侵 ,与南海北部陆缘的东段有很大差别。     

哀牢山-红河断裂带中段应变分析

对哀牢山—红河断裂带中段和平—水塘剖面、墨江—元江剖面和其它地段的岩石应变及磁组构进行了分析，表明应变强度的校正磁各向异性度PJ从断裂带向西至三叠系明显降低，变形强度向西迅速减弱。磁化率椭球体主轴展布反映出剪切带内、外变形方式的改变。剪切带内，以水平走滑运动为主；向西则以水平缩短为主。在应变分析中，对断裂带内的S—C组构两组面理夹角、杏仁体和石榴石应变标志体进行了测量，结果显示，剪切带内的磁组构和岩石组构间关系较差。此外，还对这两条剖面中的三叠系进行了应变和磁组构分析，找出了它们与磁化率椭球体对应轴率间的相关性。     

琼东南盆地岩石圈伸展模拟探讨——以测线1为例

在挠曲悬臂梁模型的基础上,利用二维正、反演相结合的方法,对琼东南盆地近垂直于盆地走向、过陆架、陆坡的测线1岩石圈不同圈层的伸展因子进行计算。其中,上地壳伸展因子是通过统计地震剖面上断层水平伸展量获得,介于1.678~2.238之间;全地壳伸展因子则采用拉伸前后地壳厚度之比的方法,分布在1.251~2.468之间;岩石圈伸展因子利用剖面二维反演回剥和正演伸展模拟得到的,分布在1.062~2.647之间。沿剖面方向不同圈层的伸展因子综合对比分析表明,琼东南盆地岩石圈发生了随深度变化的伸展,但并非简单的随深度增加,而可能与岩石圈不同层次的流变学特征及伸展前岩石圈流变性的不均匀性有关。     

ODP209航次——沿14°～16°N大西洋中脊上地幔的钻探

ODP2 0 9航次将沿 14°～ 16°N大西洋中脊 (MAR)钻取上地幔的岩心。该区域是 1996年大洋岩石圈科学钻探计划进入 2 1世纪后 ,在低速扩张脊非补偿岩浆部分钻取一系列浅钻获取上地幔岩心的理想地区。在本区 ,火成岩地壳部分缺失 ,地幔的结构和成分可以通过沿走向超过 10 0km的那些站位来确定。大洋中脊跨学科的全球实验 (RIDGE)项目主要是基于地幔流体或地幔熔岩、或是两者学说的研究 ,其焦点是在岩浆活动的大洋中脊区中部 ,至少是低速扩张脊如MAR的 3维趋势。该学说目前已为大家普遍接受 ,但从未有项目直接检验过。在岩浆活动区设定相…     

白垩纪以来太平洋上地幔组成和温度变化

The geological evolution of the Earth during the mid-Cretaceous were shown to be anomalous, e.g., the pause of the geomagnetic field, the global sea level rise, and increased intra-plate volcanic activities, which could be attributed to deep mantle processes. As the anomalous volcanic activities occurred mainly in the Cretaceous Pacific, here we use basalt chemical compositions from the oceanic drilling(DSDP/ODP/IODP) sites to investigate their mantle sources and melting conditions. Based on locations relative to the Pacific plateaus, we classified these sites as oceanic plateau basalts, normal mid-ocean ridge basalts, and near-plateau seafloor basalts. This study shows that those normal mid-ocean ridge basalts formed during mid-Cretaceous are broadly similar in average Na8, La/Sm and Sm/Yb ratios and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions to modern Pacific spreading ridge(the East Pacific Rise). The Ontong Java plateau(125–90 Ma) basalts have distinctly lower Na8 and143Nd/144 Nd, and higher La/Sm and 87Sr/86 Sr than normal seafloor basalts, whereas those for the near-plateau seafloor basalts are similar to the plateau basalts, indicating influences from the Ontong Java mantle source. The super mantle plume activity that might have formed the Ontong Java plateau influenced the mantle source of the simultaneously formed large areas of seafloor basalts. Based on the chemical data from normal seafloor basalts, I propose that the mantle compositions and melting conditions of the normal mid-ocean ridges during the Cretaceous are similar to the fast spreading East Pacific Rise. Slight variations of mid-Cretaceous normal seafloor basalts in melting conditions could be related to the local mantle source and spreading rate.     

洋中脊-地幔柱、地幔柱-海沟与海沟-洋中脊相互作用

由热点假说的提出发展到静态地幔柱学说和动态地幔柱模式,到现在研究较多的大型火成岩省、脊-柱相互作用和脊-沟相互作用,海底构造研究取得了巨大进步。柱-脊相互作用可导致洋中脊的分段、跃迁与石化过程,反之,洋中脊的变化也可导致地幔柱的形态与直径等发生变化。洋中脊与地幔柱相遇可以出现不同的柱-脊相互作用。地幔柱除可以出现在离散型板块边缘外,还可以随板块迁移进入俯冲带,并出现柱-沟相互作用。地幔柱在俯冲带出现的位置不同,因而其对俯冲过程的影响和作用效果也相应不同,目前提出了6种地幔柱与海沟或俯冲带相互作用的可能模式。脊-柱相互作用和脊-沟相互作用对传统的板块俯冲作用过程是个重要突破。     

文蛤外套膜"肥大症"的组织病理学研究

2003年3～5月,山东莱州某养殖场部分养殖文蛤（Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus）出现外套膜异常肥大现象.组织病理学研究显示,患病贝外套膜、水管、鳃、足等器官组织内粘液细胞增多,水管两侧的外套膜结缔组织中粘液细胞增生尤为明显.同时,患病贝各器官组织还呈现出不同程度的病理学变化,主要表现为组织结构紊乱,上皮细胞肿胀、脱落,生殖细胞滞育、退化,肌纤维变形、溶解,血细胞增生并诱发炎症反应等.在患病贝体内主要观察到3种寄生性原生动物,分别为缘毛类纤毛虫、粘孢子虫及1种顶复门类“孢子虫”.纤毛虫数量较少,主要寄生于鳃表面;粘孢子虫数量较多,寄生在水管、外套膜、鳃、性腺、消化盲囊、血淋巴等器官组织中,以水管结缔组织内数量最多;而顶复门类“孢子虫”主要发现于消化道结缔组织中.组织病理学研究表明,这3种寄生虫可能是病害发生的重要原因.     

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Quaternary volcanism from the islets in the eastern Beibu Gulf: evidence for Hainan plum

Some of the islets in the eastern Beibu Gulf are covered by Quaternary volcano strata. The rock samples from these islets mainly consist of quartz tholeiites （at Shenjiandao）, olivine tholeiites （at Linshidao and Xieyang- dao） and alkali basalts （at Yangpubi and Jianshidao）, and basically represent four periods of the Quaternary volcanism of Hainan Island and its adjacent regions. Except for the samples from Shenjiandao, most of the Quaternary volcanics of these islets belong to alkali magma series. The trace element characteristics of all of these samples show they are OIB （oceanic island basalt） -like, which implies that their deep geodynamic setting may be related to a mantle plume. The Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions show that the mantle source beneath the Quaternary strata can be regarded as a result of binary mixing between a depleted, DMM （de- pleted MORB mantle）-like source and an enriched mantle type 2 （EM2）. The EM2 may be originated from the Hainan mantle plume, and has been metasomatized by carbonaceous fluids released from ancient re- cycled oceanic crust at an asthenospheric mantle level. These features, together with typical trace element ratios, reflect that the parent magma was not subjected to crustal contamination during its ascent to the surface. This study provides further petrological and geochemical evidence for the existence of the Hainan mantle plume.     

Mantle flow patterns and magma chambers at ocean ridges: Evidence from the Oman ophiolite

As a result of an extensive program of structural mapping in the ultramafic section of the Oman ophiolite, maps of mantle flow below the spreading center of origin have been drawn. They reveal a mantle diapiric system in which the uppermost mantle flow diverges from diapirs 10–15 km across, which could have been spaced by an average distance of 50 km. Some diapirs could have been located off-axis. The rotation of flow lines in the diapirs occurs within the few hundred meters of the transition zone separating the mantle and crustal formations. The importance of this zone is stressed. The structure of the layered gabbros of the crustal unit in most places reflects a large magmatic flow induced by the solid state flow in the underlying peridotites. The magmatic foliation of the gabbros steepens upsection and becomes parallel to the sheeted dike attitude. A new model of a tent-shaped magma chamber is derived from these structural data.     

Oceanic ridge off-axis deep structure in the Mansah region (Sumail massif,Oman ophiolite)

Large scale structural mapping of the Oman ophiolite indicates that the Mansah area (Sumail massif) was a ridge off-axis region at the time the ophiolite was detached. This paper presents a detailed structural mapping of the region. We show that, as opposed to other off-axis areas, it contains plunging lineations, correlated with a thick Moho transition zone and chromite pods, indicative of a mantle diapir. However this diapir has a discontinuous structure, it is bounded by shear zones and types of diabases that are not found elsewhere in Oman; it also has a broken crust, strongly affected by hydrothermal alteration. This suggests that Mansah fossilized an off-axis diapir intruding a cooling lithosphere. It may be a good candidate to be the root of an off-axis seamount such as those found in the East Pacific, and may bring new insights into this particular volcanism which we are only beginning to explore.     

华北东部青岛地区煌斑岩岩石地球化学特征与成因

华北东部青岛地区煌斑岩广泛发育,其岩石成因、构造环境等方面研究程度较低。本文通过研究其岩石学和地球化学特征,讨论岩浆的源区性质、形成的构造环境,进而推断研究区的地质演化过程。研究区内煌斑岩的SiO2含量(W(SiO2))为39.13%~51.26%,属于钾玄质碱性岩。样品的稀土元素整体表现出轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损的特征,Ce和Eu异常(分别用δCe和δEu表示)不显著。样品微量元素总体表现出大离子亲石元素(Ba、K、Pb)和轻稀土元素富集(LREE),而高场强元素(Nb、Ta和Ti)亏损的特征,具有典型的俯冲特征。源区为三叠纪时北向俯冲的扬子板块析出的熔体,交代上覆华北板块地幔橄榄岩而形成的地幔交代岩。白垩纪时,俯冲带岩石圈大范围坍塌,软流圈上涌形成伸展环境,地幔源区发生部分熔融,岩浆上升侵位形成煌斑岩。     

New, high resolution swath bathymetry of Gettysburg and Ormonde Seamounts (Gorringe Bank, eastern Atlantic) and first geological results

High resolution swath bathymetry of shallow water (< 200 m) oceanic seamounts is a relatively rare issue. During the recent Gorringe_2003 cruise over the Gorringe Bank (Eastern Atlantic) we collected multibeam bathymetry on the bank’s two shallow summits, Gettysburg and Ormonde in the –25/–400m depth range at a resolution rarely achieved over an oceanic seamount. We also carried out bottom samplings and ROV dives in the same bathymetric interval. The acquisition parameters and the characteristics of the echosounder employed allowed to generate a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) with metric spatial resolution upto 75–100 m depths. To ensure proper tidal corrections a tide-gauge was deployed at sea-bottom during the survey. DTM reveals for the Gettysburg Seamount an almost perfectly circular summit resulting from the blanket of bioclastic sediments over an igneous ‘core’ consisting of sheared and foliated serpentinites. The core is dissecated by N 10° W trending ridges elevating some tens of metres and filled in between by bioclastic sands. Both foliation and ridge patterns seem related to primary igneous fabric rather than later structural deformation. The overall circular shape confirms the origin of the seamount as a mantle serpentinite diapir in analogy with similar, but subduction-related, circular seamounts observed in the Bonin Trench (western Pacific). In contrast the Ormonde elongated summit follows the regional tectonic trend with a N 60° E active (seismogenic?) fault on its southeastern flank. Its basement morphology corresponds to the outcrops of igneous rocks chiefly consisting of gabbros, volcanic rocks and dyke intrusions. On both seamounts topographic profiles show that the ‘shelf’ area is somewhat convex rather than flat like that of ‘Pacific type’ guyots and is bordered by a depositional, locally erosional shelf break, located between –170 and –130 m. Various terraced surfaces and some geological evidence confirm previous observations and indicate relative sea-level oscillations with partial emersion of the two summits that seem occurred during the last glacial cycle (past 120 ka).     

地幔柱研究述评

地幔柱与热点既可见于板块内部,也可见于洋中脊和造山带等板块边界,既可见于现代更可见于古代,因而它可能影响到地表各处的成矿作用。简单介绍了地幔柱特征、类型及其在富钴结壳成矿作用中的地位。     

北冰洋Gakkel洋中脊的地幔熔融控制因素及非岩浆地壳增生

Spreading rate is a primary factor of mantle melting and tectonic behavior of the global mid-ocean ridges. The spreading rate of the Gakkel ridge decreases gradually from west to east. However, the Gakkel ridge can be divided into four thick-and-thin zones with varying crustal thicknesses along ridge axis. This phenomenon indicates that mantle melting of the Gakkel ridge is not a simple function of spreading rate. Mantle temperature, water content,mantle composition, and other factors are important in crustal accretion processes. Based on gravity-derived crustal thickness and wet melting model, we estimate that the mantle potential temperatures of the four zones are1 270, 1 220, 1 280, and 1 280°C(assuming that mantle water content equals to global average value), with corresponding mantle water contents of 210, 0, 340, and 280 mg/kg(assuming that mantle potential temperature is 1 260°C), respectivly. The western thinned crust zone is best modeled with low mantle temperature, whereas the other zones are mainly controlled by the enhanced conduction caused by the slower spreading rate. Along the Gakkel ridge, the crustal thickness is consistent with rock samples types. Predominated serpentinized peridotite and basalt are found in the area with crustal thickness 1.5 km and 2.5 km, respectively. The rock samples are including from basalt to peridotite in the area with crustal thickness between 1.5 and 2.5 km. Based on this consistency, the traditional magmatic accretion zone accounted for only 44% and amagmatic accretion accounted for 29% of the Gakkel ridge. The amagmatic accretion is a significant characteristic of the ultra-slow spreading ridge.