2014年春季黄、渤海浮游动物群落特征

为了解黄、渤海浮游动物群落特征, 利用2014年春季在黄、渤海采集的浮游动物样品, 对浮游动物的种类组成、丰度、生物量、优势种和生物多样性进行分析, 分析浮游动物群落结构与环境因子间的相关关系, 并划分了浮游动物群落。共记录浮游动物78个种类(南黄海69种、北黄海42种、渤海47种), 浮游幼虫占比最高。研究海域的浮游动物平均丰度为3 183.8±7 829.7 ind./m³, 剔除夜光虫(Noctiluca scintillans)后, 平均丰度为537.3±554.2 ind./m³; 平均生物量为409.1±517.5 mg/m³。夜光虫、中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)和强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)是黄、渤海的共同优势种。结合香农-威纳指数和累积优势度曲线分析, 渤海浮游动物的生物多样性最低, 北黄海次之, 南黄海的多样性最高。聚类分析表明, 研究海域浮游动物群落可划分为渤-黄海沿岸群落、黄海中部群落和南黄海-东海近岸混合水群落。相关性分析显示, 研究海域与浮游动物群落结构相关性最高的环境因子组合为温度、盐度和叶绿素a浓度。     

夏季莱州湾浮游动物群落特征

根据2009 年8 月监测资料, 研究了夏季莱州湾海域浮游动物种类组成、生态分布、群落结构及其环境影响因子。共记录包括浮游幼虫在内的浮游动物38 种(类), 优势种类为长尾类幼虫、强壮箭虫、短尾类溞状幼虫及太平洋纺锤水蚤等。浮游动物丰度101.3～3620.0 个/m³, 平均602.8 个/m³, 丰度平面分布呈现湾西部高, 向中东部逐渐降低趋势; 长尾类幼虫、强壮箭虫、短尾类溞状幼虫出现频率100%,太平洋纺锤水蚤出现频率40.9%; 长尾类幼虫丰度7.8～1747.9 个/m³, 平均96.3 个/m³, 高值区分布于莱州湾西部黄河口以南近岸水域; 强壮箭虫丰度2.5～747.8 个/m³, 平均85.4 个/m³, 偏离近岸趋深水、低温区分布; 短尾类溞状幼虫丰度3.3～271.7 个/m³, 平均20.5 个/m³, 主要分布于莱州湾南部近岸水域; 太平洋纺锤水蚤丰度0～968.3 个/m³, 平均29.0 个/m³, 密集分布区在莱州湾西南部小清河外近岸低盐水域。浮游动物丰度分布与NO₂-N、DO、COD 及NO₃-N 呈显著正相关关系, 与盐度呈显著负相关关系(P＜0.01)。等级聚类分析(CLUSTER)将莱州湾的浮游动物分为湾西部和湾中东部两个群落。相比于湾中东部群落, 湾西部群落占据着莱州湾西部近岸较狭窄的地理范围, 其所在水域水浅, 盐度低, 无机氮、活性磷酸盐、叶绿素a、浮游动物丰度高及物种多样性高, 群落内生物相似性弱。     

渤海湾近岸海域浮游动物多样性

2004~2009年每年1~2次对渤海湾近岸海域选定站位进行采样,分析了其浮游动物的种类组成及种类多样性。结果表明,渤海湾近岸海域共鉴定出浮游动物9大类48种,主要种类为近岸低盐种,优势种主要为强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)、中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、大同拟长腹剑水蚤(Oithona similes)、小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)和双刺纺锤水蚤(Acartia bifilosa)。通过不同年份渤海湾近岸海域浮游动物物种丰度、多样性指数、均匀度指数、优势度的对比,发现渤海湾海域生物环境质量在2007年前呈下降趋势,2007年后呈回升趋势。渤海湾近岸海域南部断面的浮游动物多样性指数呈减小趋势,北部断面的浮游动物多样性呈增大趋势。     

青岛近岸海域浮游动物群落结构特征

以2020年8—9月在青岛近岸海域进行的浮游动物调查数据为基础,分析了该海域浮游动物的群落结构特征。调查海域共发现浮游动物成体29种,浮游幼虫14类,其中浅水Ⅰ型网调查发现成体27种,浮游幼虫14类,浅水Ⅱ型网发现成体24种,浮游幼虫12类;浅水Ⅰ型网和浅水Ⅱ型网调查浮游动物平均丰度分别为128.4 ind./m³、1 010.9 ind./m³;平均生物量(湿质量)为37.7 mg/m³、101.3 mg/m³;平均多样性指数为2.18、2.11;平均丰富度指数为0.95、1.77;平均均匀度指数为0.54、0.70;浅水Ⅰ型网采集的浮游动物种类数量略多于浅水Ⅱ型网,但浅水Ⅱ型网得出的丰度和生物量远大于浅水Ⅰ型网。在群落多样性评价指数方面,两种网具调查结果有一定的差异。     

2010年秋季黄河口及其邻近海域中小型浮游动物的群落特征

为掌握黄河口邻近水域中小型浮游动物的现状并弥补此类重要浮游生物类群在以往调查研究中的欠缺, 于2010 年9 月在黄河口及其邻近海域用浅水Ⅱ型浮游生物网采集了浮游动物样品, 分析了中小型浮游动物的种类组成、丰度分布、优势种、生物多样性及群落结构。本次调查共鉴定浮游动物成体48 种, 浮游幼虫21 类, 桡足类和水螅水母为最主要的浮游动物类群, 分别占浮游动物成体种数的37.5%和20.8%。浮游动物丰度为2 300.1～266 232.0 个/m³, 平均丰度为37 074.3 个/m³。优势种(类)8种, 分别为夜光虫、强额拟哲水蚤、小拟哲水蚤、背针胸刺水蚤、异体住囊虫、桡足类无节幼虫、双壳类幼体以及腹足类幼体, 其中夜光虫为研究水域最主要优势种。对各站位物种组成和丰度进行分析,调查水域中小型浮游动物可划分为4 个组群, 各组群的分布格局受到水温、盐度和海流的共同影响。该研究为此水域生态系统的长期变化研究提供了重要基础资料和参考依据。     

浙江舟山海域大型底栖动物群落组成及主要影响因子分析

为了解舟山附近海域大型底栖动物群落组成特点及其与环境因子的内在关联,在2019~2020年对舟山附近海域12个站位的大型底栖动物及环境因子进行了调查研究。采用丰度、生物量、相对重要性指数(IRI)、Cluster聚类以及PCoA分析和Pearson相关性分析等方法对该海域的大型底栖动物群落组成、主要影响环境因子进行了分析。结果表明,两个航次共在舟山海域采集到大型底栖动物56种,其中多毛类动物28种,甲壳动物8种,软体动物7种,棘皮动物6种,刺胞动物3种、纽形动物2种,星虫动物和脊索动物各1种;两年平均丰度和生物量分别为36.32ind./m²和5.59g/m²,纽虫(Nemertea)是丰度的最大贡献者,而星虫爱氏海葵(Edwardsia sipunculoides)和棘刺锚参(Protankyra bidentata)则是生物量的最大贡献者;2020年大型底栖动物的总物种数、丰富度指数和多样性指数高于2019年,且两年舟山海域大型底栖动物的总物种数、丰富度指数和多样性指数均高于舟山邻近海域。与舟山海域大型底栖动物群落最相关的环境因子是水深、底层水盐度和硝态氮(NO₃),这三个环境因子彼此相关性显著,随着盐度的增加,水深逐渐增加而硝酸氮含量则显著降低,群落物种数、丰度和丰富度则显著增加。通过对舟山附近海域大型底栖动物群落组成特点及其与环境因子的内在关联的研究,有望为东海近岸海域大型底栖动物群落的演替规律研究提供基础数据和科学依据。     

青岛董家口港邻近海域春秋季浮游动物群落结构特征

以2020年11月（秋季）和2021年3月（春季）在青岛董家口港邻近海域进行的浮游动物调查数据为基础,分析了该海域浮游动物的群落结构特征。研究海域春、秋两季总共发现浮游动物33种成体,11类浮游幼虫,其中春季调查发现18种成体,5类浮游幼虫,秋季发现24种成体,9类浮游幼虫;春、秋两季调查浮游动物平均个体密度分别为129.4、69.4 ind/m³;平均生物量（湿重）为1 166.5、23.8 mg/m³;平均种类多样性指数（H′）为1.38、2.61;丰度（d）为0.95、1.77;均匀度（J）为0.90、0.67;春季调查优势种为八斑芮氏水母（Rathkea octopunctata）、中华哲水蚤（Calanus sinicus）、腹针胸刺水蚤（Centropages abdominalis）、强壮滨箭虫（Aidanosagitta crassa）,秋季调查优势种为五角水母（Muggiaea atlantica）、双生水母（Diphyes chamissonis）、拟长腹剑水蚤（Oithona similis）、小拟哲水蚤（Paracalanus parvus）、异体住囊虫（Oikopleura dioica）、近缘大眼剑水蚤（Corycaeus affinis）、多毛类幼体、蛇尾纲长腕幼虫;聚类分析表明调查海域浮游动物可划分为两个组。     

夏冬季黄海浮游动物群落结构及其影响因素

根据2016年7月和2017年1月在黄海进行的57个站位的调查数据,研究了大型网采集的浮游动物的种类组成、丰度、生物量、群落聚类、优势种、多样性、均匀度、丰富度以及与环境因子的关系。本次调查共鉴定出浮游动物97种,其中夏季67种,冬季76种。该海区夏季浮游动物的丰度和生物量的高值区分布在黄海冷水团和长江口附近海域,冬季分布在黄海暖流主轴部分。根据各站位的地理位置和浮游动物相似程度,对黄海浮游动物Cluster聚类和MDS多维定标分析,将夏季划分为4个群落,将冬季划分为3个群落。共计有8个优势种类,夏季的优势种多为桡足类,冬季除中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)优势度占绝对优势外,其余优势种的优势度较为相近。将浮游动物的丰度、生物量和生物多样性指数和环境因子做相关性分析得出:温度、盐度是影响黄海浮游动物群落结构的主要影响因子。     

诏安湾及毗邻海域浮游动物的群落结构

根据2015年夏(8月)、秋(10月)2季在诏安湾及毗邻海域开展的30个站浮游动物监测资料,研究了该海域浮游动物的种类组成、数量分布和多样性.结果显示:共鉴定浮游动物103种和浮游幼体24类,桡足类为绝对优势的类群.优势种有14种,锥形宽水蚤(Temora turbinata)、异体住囊虫(Oikopleura dioica)和强额孔雀水蚤(Parvocalanus crassirostris)是该海域重要的优势种群.生态类群以近岸暖水类群和外海广布类群为主.夏季浮游动物丰度平均为761个/m3,秋季为81个/m3;夏季浮游动物生物量平均为237mg/m3,秋季为52 mg/m3.夏季浮游动物种类数、丰度、生物量及变化幅度均明显高于秋季,夏季湾外浮游动物种类数、丰度、生物量及变化幅度均明显大于湾内,秋季湾外浮游动物种类数、丰度及变化幅度均明显大于湾内,夏、秋季浮游动物种类数和丰度总体分布均呈现由湾内往湾外逐渐增加趋势.夏季浮游动物多样性指数平均为2.46,秋季为3.14.与历史资料比较:本次调查海域浮游动物种类数和平均丰度均有较大幅度升高,但平均生物量有较大幅度下降.     

滨海电厂温排水对临近海域浮游动物生态特征的影响研究

为评估滨海电厂温排水对浮游动物群落的影响,选取象山港国华电厂附近海域的10个站位,于2010、2011年春夏秋冬4个季节进行了环境因子调查及浮游动物采样。研究结果表明,国华电厂温排水提高了温度、盐度和电导率,降低了溶氧值;4个航次共计采集到浮游动物20种(含幼体),其中小拟哲水蚤、中华哲水蚤、腹针胸刺水蚤、太平洋纺锤水蚤、短尾类溞状幼体等种类为优势种;电厂附近水域浮游动物丰度季节分布为冬季春季夏季秋季,而种类数量为春季秋季冬季夏季;温排水的增温效应不改变浮游动物的季节分布格局,但不同月份的优势种因其发生改变;冬季温排水会提高浮游动物种丰度,但降低了多样性,而夏季温排水降低了浮游动物的种类、丰度及多样性,秋季丰度值达到最高丰度值达到最低;浮游动物的分布与电厂排水口分布有明显关系,并有"迁移"现象发生。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

<正>~~     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,