日本的浒苔治理经验及其对我国的启示

基于对日本较具典型性和代表性的浒苔治理经验分析，并结合我国国情，总结出日本浒苔治理经验对我国的重要启示和借鉴意义。     

海洋环境突发事件应急管理中的政府协调问题探析

以2008年青岛近海海域突发的浒苔事件为切入点，结合我国当前应急管理法律法规、应急预案及海洋行政管理体制现状，对海洋环境应急管理政府协调中存在的问题进行剖析，希望能引起相关部门的重视。     

论我国海洋环境突发事件的应急管理

与一般的海洋环境污染的预防和治理不同,海洋环境突发事件的应对属于危机管理领域的重要难题.海洋环境突发事件形成的危机状态通常具有突发性、不确定性和灾害性,就需要较完善的危机应对和管理体系.我国虽然建立了对海洋环境突发事件的应急管理制度,但仍存在诸多问题,需要在立法等方面加以完善.     

浒苔漂移轨迹预报系统

2008年6月下旬,青岛海域出现大量浒苔,并迅速蔓延至近岸,对第29届奥运会帆船赛事构成严重威胁。为给浒苔清理和打捞提供决策支持,国家海洋环境预报中心及时作出应急响应,在短时间内建立了浒苔漂移路径预测系统,向有关部门发布浒苔漂移轨迹预报和海洋环境预报,成功协助前线应急指挥中心完成了浒苔的控制和治理。本文对国家海洋环境预报中心建立的浒苔漂移轨迹预报模型进行了详细描述,并开展了浒苔漂移预报误差分析。     

浒苔对胶州湾海域休闲娱乐功能的损害评估

2008年以来胶州湾海域浒苔灾害连续暴发,破坏海岸带景观、干扰游客观光和水上活动。文章采用支付卡式条件估值法调查游客对浒苔灾害治理的平均支付意愿,间接估算出2015年浒苔对胶州湾海域休闲娱乐功能的损害值及其占当年青岛市旅游收入的比重;在此基础上,应用列联表分析探究影响游客支付意愿的各项因子及其影响程度;首次对浒苔灾害造成海域休闲娱乐功能的损害进行量化评估,研究结果可为我国沿海地区治理浒苔灾害、保护海洋环境提供依据。     

青岛近海浒苔光谱特征研究

针对从2008年以来,每年夏季我国黄海南部暴发大面积的浒苔(Enteromorpha)灾害,对海洋环境及经济造成不利影响的状况,为了进一步研究浒苔特性,为利用遥感手段监测浒苔提供一定的理论依据,通过实地测量不同条件下浒苔的光谱反射率曲线,定性分析了浒苔的光谱特征。结果表明,浒苔的基本光谱特征表现为在蓝光波段和红光波段形成反射谷,在绿光波段形成反射峰,而在近红外波段反射率明显增大,形成高反射峰。因此将红光波段和近红外波段作为敏感波段,利用NDVI(归一化植被指数)提取遥感图像上的浒苔信息,可取得较好效果,有利于浒苔监测。     

2008年青岛海域浒苔大爆发天气特征及成因分析

2008年6～7月,青岛近海海域出现了浒苔大爆发事件.本文通过分析卫星遥感的浒苔监测信息和海面风场资料表明,浒苔在5月中旬前后生成于黄海西北部海域,5,6月份黄海上空维持偏南风流场,在风应力作用下产生了偏北向表层海流,青岛海域大量积聚的浒苔是顺流漂移而至的.进一步分析研究气象和水文观测资料表明,浒苔的发生与海洋环境及降水、光照等水文气象条件有关.6,7月份浒苔漂移至青岛海域时,青岛的气温升高,降水较往年偏多,天气特征更加促进了浒苔的生长,因而造成2008年青岛海域浒苔大爆发事件.     

基于空间距离效应的青岛市浒苔治理支付意愿研究

支付意愿的空间属性是影响环境物品估值效度的主要因素之一,忽略对空间距离的考量可能导致最终资源环境物品或服务的货币估值产生偏差。文章以青岛市海域浒苔灾害为研究对象,使用条件价值评估法,构建支付意愿函数模型,测算受访者距青岛市海边的距离,探索浒苔治理支付意愿是否存在距离衰减现象;通过划分不同的距离区,测算不同距离区内公众浒苔治理支付意愿,最终汇总得出浒苔治理带来的经济价值。研究结果显示：公众浒苔治理支付意愿“距离衰减”效应明显,距离海边较近的公众倾向于为治理浒苔支付较高的金额;青岛市浒苔治理总经济价值为9.84亿元/a;不考虑距离衰减效应最终导致浒苔治理经济价值的高估达27.03%。研究结论可为空间尺度上的非市场价值评估提供新的研究思路和科学参考,不仅提高了条件价值评估法估值结果的有效性,也提供了更加精准的青岛市浒苔治理经济价值估值。     

青岛近海浒苔的污染与预防治理

通过青岛近海发生的浒苔污染事件,文章叙述了青岛市预防及治理浒苔污染采取的措施,并分析了浒苔污染的成因。提出应采取有效方法彻底解决近海水质的富营养化,才能预防浒苔污染事件的发生。     

基于SAR快速提取浒苔信息应用研究

2008年6月以来青岛近海出现的大面积浒苔对青岛奥帆赛场造成严重影响。如何快速、准确地发现浒苔,对治理浒苔具有显著的指导作用。采用卫星遥感数据,尤其是SAR数据对浒苔进行监测,运用一种基于区域增长面向对象的影像尺度分割方法,调整影像的分割尺度,快速提取浒苔信息,在浒苔遥感监测中效果显著。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...