Trimble RTX后处理在填海验收测量中的应用

为探究Trimble RTX后处理(RTX-PP)用于海洋测绘领域填海验收测量的可行性,以港珠澳大桥项目东人工岛、西人工岛为例,利用RTX-PP技术在线解算控制点ITRF2014框架当前历元坐标,通过历元转换及框架变换得到控制点2000国家大地坐标系(CGCS 2000)坐标,与静态解算成果对比,点位精度不超过±0.05m,满足规范要求。表明RTX-PP可应用于填海验收平面控制点测量。     

缺少已知控制点时的平面控制测量方法研究

在目前海洋测绘中,平面控制测量主要采用静态同步观测方式,通过联测不少于2个已知控制点实施。为探究少于3个已知控制点时能否有效开展平面控制测量,结合工程试验,采用RTX后处理(RTX-PP)技术获得控制点ITRF2014框架当前历元坐标,然后根据已知控制点数量情况,分别采用四参数平面坐标转换、坐标平移转换、框架及历元转换将上述坐标转换至2000国家大地坐标系(CGCS 2000)坐标,并与控制点已知坐标对比。结果表明:点位精度介于0.01～0.03 m之间,满足海洋测绘中控制点点位精度要求。该测量方法可作为静态同步观测的有益补充,也可作为现行规范后续修订完善的有益尝试。     

克里金内插法实现坐标转换的应用研究

以陕西地区2000国家大地坐标系(CGCS2000)和旧1954年北京大地坐标系转换为例,探讨了利用普通克里金内插法进行坐标转换的实现方法,比较了采用不同变异函数和空间数据窗口的转换精度。试算结果表明:大地控制网的变形与方向无关;采用适当的变异函数模型比采用简单的线性变异函数模型精度提高约40%且空间数据窗口可大幅度缩小;基于普通克里金内插方法实现陕西地区坐标转换精度可达±0.092m。     

城市高精度GPS网到CGCS2000的转换方法

详细介绍了已建立的非2000国家大地坐标系的城市高精度GPS控制网成果到CGCS2000成果进行坐标转换的三种方法,即参考框架和参考历元转换、七参数转换和重新进行网平差;并以某市B级GPS控制网为例,对不同转换方法的精度及误差产生的原因进行了深入的分析,得出了采用七参数进行转换,既能保证成果精度又比重新进行网平差数据处理更简便而且实用的结论。     

从地方坐标系到2000国家大地坐标系的转换方法

探讨了我国原有地方坐标系与CGCS2000坐标系的定义差别,在我国相关学者研究成果的基础上,设计一种基于布尔莎七参数转换模型的坐标系统转换方法,可以实现除高等级大地控制点之外的各种地理信息数据从原有地方坐标到CGCS2000坐标的快速转换。     

CGCS 2000与PZ-90.02坐标系的对比

根据CGCS 2000和PZ-90.02坐标系的椭球基本常数,推导和比较了CGCS 2000椭球和PZ-90.02椭球的主要几何参数和物理参数,分析了同一点在两个椭球下的大地坐标、正常重力以及正常重力垂直梯度的差异。研究表明,同一点在CGCS 2000椭球与PZ-90.02椭球下的大地坐标差值随着经纬度变化而变化,经度、纬度和高度的最大差值的绝对值分别约为0.147 743 00″、0.011 603 10″和0.772 345m;CGCS 2000椭球与PZ-90.02椭球上的正常重力值和正常重力垂直梯度的差值的绝对值分别约为3.067 18×10~(-6)m/s~2和1.461 73×10~(-3)E。     

面向CGCS2000的格网坐标转换文件格式设计

基于格网的坐标转换，其过程可分为建立格网和格网内插两部分。建立格网过程中生成的格网文件是格网内插的前提，为了使格网文件便于解释和应用，需要制订合理的格网文件格式。目前，有NADCON和NTv2两种格式可供参考。通过这两种格式的比较分析，认为NTv2格式更优，并将其作为参考，研究了面向CGCS2000的格网坐标转换中所使用的格网文件的具体格式，并以1954北京坐标系（BJS54）到2000国家大地坐标系（CGCS2000）的转换为例，提供了设计样本。     

基于ADS40无控条件的海岛礁地形测量方法研究

针对远离大陆的海岛礁地形测绘与高程基准转换困难的问题,基于ADS40航摄系统获取远离大陆的海岛礁区域遥感影像,按照GPS差分无地面控制点的空中三角测量模式实现海岛礁的地理定位,选择高精度的卫星测高模型实现海岛礁区域的高程基准转换。在某海域进行了ADS40测量作业与高程基准转换试验,结果表明,无地面控制点空中三角测量的平面精度达到0.587m;基于卫星测高模型进行垂直基准转换的精度与同步验潮水位观测法得到的高程传递精度相当。     

基于CORS的区域动态框架网建设方法探讨

在介绍全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)连续运行参考站概念的基础上,分析了2000国家大地坐标系(CGCS2000)参考框架的发展现状。结合"环渤海GPS大地控制网"的建设与动态框架维护情况,探讨了在我国建立基于CORS的区域动态参考框架网的方法。     

多波束数据处理中的UTM直角坐标与经纬度坐标转换技术

简要介绍了地图投影的一般概念,重点描述了UTM的优点及其与大地坐标之间的相互转换,该转换方法软件化后形成的技术可以为多波束数据后处理商业软件提供坐标转换的补丁技术。最后附上部分经实际检验的Fortran程序供参考。     

利用高程基准模型实时获取海拔高技术研究

高程信息是时空位置的重要组成部分,实时获取高精度海拔高是测绘导航信息化的关键步骤之一。北斗导航终端能快速高效地测定大地高,结合高精度的数字高程基准模型,可实时获取精密海拔高程。在顾及1985国家高程基准与全球高程基准之间垂直偏差的基础上,基于GOCE+EGM08重力场模型构建了统一到CGCS 2000椭球的区域数字高程基准模型,该模型范围对应北斗区域导航的覆盖范围,即55°S~55°N,55°E~180°E,模型精度优于米级,满足北斗导航终端对海拔高的应用需求;利用实时SQLITE数据库技术,基于该数字高程基准模型构建了北斗导航终端的海拔实时获取系统,实现了任意测点精密海拔高程的实时获取。     

油气勘探中大地坐标系的特点及其应用

概述大地坐标系的定义及国内外常用大地坐标系的特点,并讨论了它们之间的区别与联系,阐述了大地坐标系在海洋油气勘探领域中的应用。WGS84坐标与CGCS2000坐标之间误差极小,二者在油气勘探中可互用。在今后一段时期内,WGS84仍将是油气勘探中所使用的主要坐标系。     

Feasibility of Coupled Pattern Reconstruction Technique in the Detection of Internal Waves

A key problem of contemporary static and kinematic positioning is the problem of transformation of conformai coordinates of universal Mercator projection (UMP) type from a local datum (regional, national) to a global datum, for instance, the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) with reference to Boyle (1987). Such a problem is met if we use WGS 84 GPS‐derived ellipsoidal coordinates of a point for localization in a local chart of UMP type. In this article we derive and test the equations of a curvilinear datum transformation of ellipsoidal GPS coordinates in a global datum to conformai coordinates of UMP type in a local datum. The curvilinear datum transformation includes three parameters for translation, three parameters for rotation, one scale parameter, and two form parameters which account for a change in the semimajor axis and in the relative eccentricity of the reference ellipsoid.     

Transformation of Lambert Conic Conformal Coordinates from a Global Datum to a Local Datum

This paper treats the problem of how to transform from global datum, for example, from the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS), to a local datum, for example, regional or national, for the practical case of the Lambert projection of the sphere or the ellipsoid-of-revolution to the cone. We design the two projection constants n(ϕ₁, ϕ₂) and m(ϕ₁) for the Universal Lambert Conic projection of the ellipsoid-of-revolution. The task to transform from a global datum with respect to the ellipsoid-of-revolution E_A,B² to local datum with respect to the alternative ellipsoid-of-revolution E_a,b², without local ellipsoidal height, is solved by an extended numerical example. Ideas in this paper could be of interest to those working with maps and coordinates transformation from global geodetic datum to local geodetic datum and vice versa, under the Universal Lambert Conic projection, and applicable to precise positioning and navigation, boundary demarcation and determination in the marine environment.     

Geodetic Datum of Indonesian Maritime Boundaries: Status and Problems

Indonesia has maritime boundaries with 10 countries namely: Australia, Timor Leste, Papua New Guinea (PNG), Palau, Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and India. Many treaties have been ratified concerning these boundaries. Unfortunately, many coordinates of boundary points mentioned in the treaties are not clear in relation to their geodetic datum. The uncertainty in geodetic datum of boundary points introduces complications and problems in spatial management of Indonesia's maritime boundaries, since it can displace the boundary lines from their assumed true location. This study investigates the possible original geodetic datums for the maritime boundaries between Indonesia and neighboring countries, in the case they are not explicitly stated in the treaties. The displacements of boundaries in WGS84 datum are generally in the order of a few hundred meters, i.e., about 200 to 400 m, depending on the assumed original geodetic datum being considered. These boundary displacements are spatially advantageous for Indonesia in some cases and also disadvantageous in others. The study will sum up with some conclusions and recommendations.     

Geodetic Datum of Indonesian Maritime Boundaries: Status and Problems

Indonesia has maritime boundaries with 10 countries namely: Australia, Timor Leste, Papua New Guinea (PNG), Palau, Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and India. Many treaties have been ratified concerning these boundaries. Unfortunately, many coordinates of boundary points mentioned in the treaties are not clear in relation to their geodetic datum. The uncertainty in geodetic datum of boundary points introduces complications and problems in spatial management of Indonesia's maritime boundaries, since it can displace the boundary lines from their assumed true location. This study investigates the possible original geodetic datums for the maritime boundaries between Indonesia and neighboring countries, in the case they are not explicitly stated in the treaties. The displacements of boundaries in WGS84 datum are generally in the order of a few hundred meters, i.e., about 200 to 400 m, depending on the assumed original geodetic datum being considered. These boundary displacements are spatially advantageous for Indonesia in some cases and also disadvantageous in others. The study will sum up with some conclusions and recommendations.     

从1980西安坐标系到2000国家大地坐标系的坐标变换

对1980西安坐标系和2000国家大地坐标系的转换关系,给出了应用CASIOfx-4800P计算器由平面直角坐标反解地理坐标的计算程序。应用这项程序,实现了从1980西安坐标系到2000国家大地坐标系的坐标变换。根据计算结果及其在1∶2.5万地形图上的图解精度,1∶2.5万~1∶50万地形图上同名点的坐标差异很小,都在图解精度0.2mm以内,所以地图改版时只需改变坐标系的名称即可。