平板近壁面双孔通气气液两相流场的数值模拟研究

基于自编程序发展了一种平板近壁面通气气液两相湍流流动数值模拟方法,并对近壁面双孔通气气液两相流场进行了数值模拟分析。研究结果表明：建立的数值计算方法摆脱了对传统 RANS 湍流模型的依赖, 可以较好地捕捉气液界面的失稳现象,模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。平板近壁面双孔通气气泡的掺混融合过程可以分为 3 个流动阶段：独立稳定发展阶段、初步掺混融合阶段以及充分融合阶段。流场中气泡的发展演化与旋涡结构相关,剪切层涡和反向旋转涡对在其掺混融合过程中起着主要作用。     

一种新型微泡套铣冲砂液的研制

针对渤海油田在大修井过程中出现的地层漏失严重、井下工具打捞困难、套铣进尺缓慢等问题,根据泡沫钻井的理论知识及其应用特点,研究开发了一种新型的环保型的套铣冲砂液,与传统的暂堵液相比,其黏度低、切力小、携砂能力好,润滑系数低、循环摩阻小,易于溶解,不会结块憋泵,后期不需要破胶等等.其主要配比为：0.5％BH-VIS＋3％FPJ-12＋3％XJW-1 ＋2％YS-A.它主要以微泡作为分散相,低黏胶液作为连续相,依靠泡沫承托能力强以及泡沫和生物聚合物的双层封堵的特点,达到一种良好的冲砂、降漏失效果.该技术在渤海油田得到了成功的应用,保证了大修作业的顺利进行.     

无比优雅的驼背鲸

连绵不断、节奏分明的低吟声从查塔姆海峡静寂的海水中冒出来,渐渐地,低吟声变成了尖锐的高调,并形成强有力的哀嚎.气泡上升到光滑的海面,围绕着冒泡的水柱产生了一个螺旋式的图案.突然,青鱼从海里射出来,玄武岩式的黑峰从海面升起,涌出一团泡沫.     

负载镧的EGDE交联壳聚糖微球对氟离子的吸附平衡与吸附动力学

采用负载镧的乙二醇二缩水甘油醚(EGDE)交联壳聚糖微球对含氟水进行吸附处理.该吸附剂的适宜工作条件为:温度30～50℃,pH值7.0,吸附时间30 min.用吸附等温线描述了F-在吸附剂上的吸附平衡,并用动力学模型研究了其吸附动力学机制.结果表明:吸附剂对F-的吸附平衡符合Langmuir吸附等温线和Freundlich吸附等温线,饱和吸附容量为25.7mg·g-1;该吸附剂对F-的吸附既包含化学吸附又包含物理吸附过程,以单分子层的化学吸附为主;吸附动力学符合拟二级动力学方程,吸附过程受化学吸附机理的控制,颗粒内扩散和液膜形成的边界层是其限速步骤.     

球状壳聚糖树脂对NO_2~-吸附特性的研究

以壳聚糖粉末为原料,采用反相悬浮交联法制备了球状壳聚糖树脂(MCR)。通过静态吸附实验,研究了pH和温度对MCR吸附NO-2的影响以及MCR对水溶液中NO-2的吸附热力学和动力学特性。结果表明,在酸性条件下,313~328K时,MCR对NO-2有较好的吸附性能。吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温线模型,属于单分子层吸附。吸附过程符合拟二级动力学模型,受粒子内扩散和液膜扩散联合控制。     

海气界面浪沫中泡沫液滴的尺寸分布

基于液团断裂、粉碎的原理研究浪沫中泡沫液滴的生成，描述了高风速下，波峰被风撕裂产生泡沫液滴的瞬态断裂特性，并基于液团破碎过程局部动能与表面能的能量最小原则，导出了泡沫液滴平均尺寸表达式。其中液滴的产生高度取有效波振幅，风速满足对数廓线分布。研究发现，液滴半径与海水粘性系数、密度、表面张力及风速有关，并与风速的－4／3次幂成正比。     

海洋细菌对稀土元素铈的富集矿化过程研究

采用从深海沉积物样品中分离培养的海洋微生物,分别进行几种海洋细菌（Jeotgalibacillus sp., Paenisporosarcina sp.,Sulfitobacter sp.）对稀土元素Ce的富集成矿过程的模拟实验。实验过程中利用ICP-MS、SEM、TEM等分析测试手段考察了微生物与稀土元素的相互作用过程。结果表明,三种海洋细菌对稀土Ce都有吸附富集作用,海洋细菌吸附富集稀土元素Ce的效率主要与细菌密度和稀土元素浓度有关,不同的海洋细菌对稀土元素的富集能力也有所不同。海洋细菌吸附富集稀土Ce并矿化的过程中,稀土元素Ce首先被吸附在细胞表面形成成核点,随后在细胞表面被矿化形成含稀土Ce的非晶相结构的矿物颗粒。通过考察海洋细菌对稀土Ce的生物成矿过程,进一步探讨了海洋微生物富集稀土成矿的过程和作用机制。     

典型水文条件对气泡运动的影响规律研究

本文以认知海洋中普遍存在的气泡上浮过程为目的,通过建立气泡运动、半径、传质传热等微分方程,综合构建了气泡运动的耦合模型,据此结合典型海洋水文条件与海水物性参数的关系,数值模拟获得水文条件对气泡运动的影响规律:(1)盐度、水温、波长、波高是影响气泡的水平偏移和上升时间的主要参数;(2)水温和波高的变化将导致气泡偏离海面预定释放位置;(3)低温气泡上浮时间少于高温气泡。本文有效模拟了水中气泡的上浮过程,为人类认知海水气泡现象,进而为海洋工程、航运安全、海气相互作用等工程实践与理论提供了技术支撑。     

钛胶海水提铀动力学研究Ⅲ——交换过程的扩散机理

水合氧化钛是一种无机离子交换剂.它对海水中铀的吸附是一种较为复杂的离子交换过程.除了一般的离子交换外,可能还伴随有络合[螯合][1]过程.在一般的情况下,离子交换的决定步骤是离子扩散.根据体系的性质不同,可以是离子在交换剂粒子内部的扩散(粒子扩散),或是在围绕粒子周围的液膜内部的扩散(液膜扩散).     

长江口重金属固液界面过程Ⅲ.水合氧化铁吸附Pb、Cu、Cd的动力学

本文模拟长江口某些环境条件,研究了水含氧化铁吸附Pb、Cu、Cd的动力学,测定了不同体系、不同温度下的正向速率常数,估算了Pb、Cu的吸附活化能分别约为7和11千卡/克分子.结果表明:水合氧化铁对Pb、Cu的吸附能力较强,对Pb、Cu、Cd三元素的吸附速率次序为Pb>Cu>Cd,与热力学平衡常数的次序相一致.论证了表面交换吸附反应是此固液界面过程的控制步骤的动力学机理,从而可对长江口现场调查结果予以理论上的解释.此外,本文探讨了界面吸附的正向速率常数和活化能的估算方法.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,